High Rates of Co-occurrence of Hypertension, Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, and Diabetes Mellitus in a Large Managed Care Population

American Journal of Managed Care

Volumn 10, Issue 2 II, 2004, Pages 163-170

  Selby, Joe V ^a   Peng, Tiffany ^a   Karter, Andrew J ^a   Alexander, Mark ^a   Sidney, Stephen ^a   Lian, Jean ^b   Arnold, Amy ^b   Pettitt, Dan ^b  

^a DIVISION OF RESEARCH   (United States)

^b PFIZER INC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ADULT; ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA BASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MANAGED CARE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGISTER; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; CALIFORNIA; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS; HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS; HUMANS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; PREVALENCE;

EID: 1542724794     PISSN: 10880224     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. I. Reduction in mortality of persons with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension. JAMA. 1979;242:2562-2571.
2. Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. JAMA. 1991;265:3255-3264.
3. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1984;251:351-364.
4. Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1237-1245.
5. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344:1383-1389.
6. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977-986.
7. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352:837-853.
8. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352:854-865.
9. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ. 1998;317:703-713.
10. Curb JD, Pressel SL, Cutler JA, et al. Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension. JAMA. 1996;276:1886-1892.
11. Koskinen P, Manttari M, Manninen V, Huttunen JK, Heinonen OP, Frick MH. Coronary heart disease incidence in NIDDM patients in The Helsinki Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 1992;15:820-825.
12. Pyorala K, Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, et al. Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:614-620.
13. Goldberg RB, Mellies MJ, Sacks FM, et al. Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels: subgroup analyses in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial. Circulation. 1998;98:2513-2519.
14. ADA Consensus Panel. Role of cardiovascular risk factors in prevention and treatment of macrovascular disease in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1993;12:573-579.
15. Laakso M, Lehto S, Penttila I, Pyorala K. Lipids and lipoproteins predicting coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Circulation. 1993;88:1421-1430.
16. Goldschmid MG, Barrett-Connor E, Edelstein SL, Wingard DL, Cohn BA, Herman WH. Dyslipidemia and ischemic heart disease mortality among men and women with diabetes. Circulation. 1994;89:991-997.
17. Haffner SM. Management of dyslipidemia in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:160-178.
18. Meigs JB. Epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome, 2002. Am J Manag Care. 2002;8(11 suppl):S283-292.
19. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486-2497.
20. Epstein RS, Sherwood LM. From outcomes research to disease management: a guide for the perplexed. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124: 832-837.
21. Ellrodt G, Cook DJ, Lee J, Cho M, Hunt D, Weingarten S. Evidence-based disease management. JAMA. 1997;278: 1687-1692.
22. Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI). Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2413-2446.
23. Levin TR, Schmittdiel JA, Kunz K, et al. Costs of acid-related disorders to a health maintenance organization. Am J Med. 1997;103:520-528.
24. Go AS, Hylek EM, Borowsky LH, Phillips KA, Selby JV, Singer DE. Warfarin use among ambulatory patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) study. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:927-934.
25. Karter AJ, Ferrara A, Liu JY, Moffet HH, Ackerson LM, Selby JV. Ethnic disparities in diabetic complications in an insured population. JAMA. 2002;287:2519-2527.
26. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm. Accessed August 2002.
27. Reaven GM. 1988 Banting Lecture: role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988;37:1595-1607.
28. Despres J-P, Lamarche B, Mauriege P, et al. Hyperinsulininemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:952-957.
29. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GVH, Parving H-H, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348: 383-393.
30. Fedder DO, Doro CE, L'Italien GJ. New National Cholesterol Education Program III guidelines for primary prevention lipid-lowering drug therapy: projected impact on the size, sex, and age distribution of the treatment-eligible population. Circulation. 2002;105: 152-156.
31. Grant RW, Cagliero E, Murphy-Sheehy P, Singer DE, Nathan DM, Meigs JB. Comparison of hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia management in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Med. 2002;112:603-609.