Age-related differences in the motivation of learning english as a foreign language: Attitudes, selves, and motivated learning behavior

Language Learning

Volumn 58, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 327-355

  Kormos, Judit ^a   Csizér, Kata ^b  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b EÖTVÖS LORÁND UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

Author keywords

Age; L2 motivation; L2 motivational self system; Language attitudes; Motivated learning; Selves

Indexed keywords

EID: 42149148918     PISSN: 00238333     EISSN: 14679922     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2008.00443.x     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Carlson, R. (1965). Stability and change in the adolescent's self-image. Child Development, 36, 659 666.
2. Central Statistical Office 2004). Census, 2001: Ethnic minorities in Hungary. Budapest : Central Statistical Office.
3. Chambers, G. N. (1999). Motivating language learners. Clevedon, UK : Multilingual Matters.
4. Clément, R. (1980). Ethnicity, contact and communicative competence in a second language. In H. M. Giles, W. P. Robinson, & P. M. Smith (Eds Language: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 147 154). Oxford : Pergamon.
5. Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1994). Motivation, self-confidence, and group cohesion in the foreign language classroom. Language Learning, 44, 417 448.
6. Clément, R., & Kruidenier, B. G. (1983). Orientation in second language acquisition: The effects of ethnicity, milieu, and target language on their emergence. Language Learning, 33, 273 291.
7. Clément, R., & Kruidenier, B. G. (1985). Aptitude, attitude and motivation in second language proficiency: A test of Clément's model. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 4, 21 37.
8. Council of Europe 2001). Common European framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
9. Crystal, D. (2003). English as a global language (2nd ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
10. Csizér, K., & Kormos, J. (2008). The relationship of inter-cultural contact and language learning motivation among Hungarian students of English and German. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 29, 30 48.
11. Csizér, K. & Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The internal structure of language learning motivation and its relationship with language choice and learning effort. Modern Language Journal, 89, 19 36.
12. Dörnyei, Z. (1990). Conceptualizing motivation in foreign-language learning. Language Learning, 40, 45 78.
13. Dörnyei, Z. (1994). Motivation and motivating in the foreign language classroom. Modern Language Journal, 78, 273 284.
14. Dörnyei, Z. (2000). Motivation in action: Toward a process-oriented conceptualisation of student motivation. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 519 538.
15. Dörnyei, Z. (2001a). Teaching and researching motivation. London : Longman.
16. Dörnyei, Z. (2001b). Motivational strategies. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
17. Dörnyei, Z. (2002). Motivational basis of language learning tasks. In Z. Dörnyei, P. Robinson, & P. Skehan (Eds Individual differences in second language and instructed language learning (pp. 137 158). Amsterdam : Benjamins.
18. Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.
19. Dörnyei, Z., Csizér, K., & Németh, N. (2006). Motivational dynamics, language attitudes and language globalisation: A Hungarian perspective. Clevedon, UK : Multilingual Matters.
20. Dörnyei, Z. & Kormos, J. (2000). The role of individual and social variables in oral task performance. Language Teaching Research, 4, 275 300.
21. Dörnyei, Z., & Ottó, I. (1998). Motivation in action: A process model of L2 motivation. Working Papers in Applied Linguistics (Thames Valley University, London), 47, 173 210.
22. Gálik, N. (2006). An investigation into the relationship of motivational and attitudinal dispositions and the L2 Motivational Self-System. Unpublished master's thesis, Eötvös University, Budapest.
23. Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London : Edward Arnold.
24. Gardner, R. C. (2001). Integrative motivation and second language acquisition. In Z. Dörnyei & R. Schmidt (Eds Motivation and second language acquisition Technical Report 23, pp. 1 19). Honolulu, HI : University of Hawai'i, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
25. Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E. (1959). Motivational variables in second language acquisition. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 13, 266 272.
26. Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E. (1972). Attitudes and motivation in second language learning. Rowley, MA : Newbury House.
27. Gardner, R. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (1993). A student's contribution to second-language learning. Part II: Affective variables. Language Teaching, 26, 1 11.
28. Gardner, R. C., Tremblay, P. F., & Masgoret, A.-M. (1997). Towards a full model of second language learning: An empirical investigation. Modern Language Journal, 81, 344 362.
29. Guiora, A. Z., & Acton, W. (1979). Personality and language: A restatement. Language Learning, 29, 193 204.
30. Guiora, A.Z., Beit-Hallahmi, B., Brannon, R. C. L., Dull, D. Y., & Scovel, T. (1972). The effects of experimentally induced changes in ego states on pronunciation ability in a second language: An exploratory study. Comprehensive Psychology, 13, 421 428.
31. Halász, G., & Lannert, J. (2007). Report on the Hungarian state education, 2006. Budapest : OKI.
32. Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319 340.
33. Higgins, E. T. (1999). When do self-discrepancies have specific relations to emotions? The second-generation question of Tangney, Niedenthal, Covert, and Barlow (1998). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1313 1317.
34. Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 112 126.
35. Kimura, Y., Nakata, Y., & Okumura, T. (2001). Language learning motivation of EFL learners in Japan: A cross-sectional analysis of various learning milieus. JALT Journal, 23 (1 47 68.
36. Kormos J., Csizér, K., Menyhárt, A., & Török, D. (2008). "Great expectations": The motivational profile of Hungarian English language students. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 7, 65 82.
37. Lamb, M. (2004). Integrative motivation in a globalizing world. System, 32, 3 19.
38. Lukács, K 2002). Foreign language teaching in present-day Hungary: An EU perspective. novELTy, 9 (1 4 26.
39. MacIntyre, P. D. (2002). Motivation, anxiety and emotion in second language acquisition. In P. Robinson (Ed Individual differences and instructed language learning (pp. 45 68). Amsterdam : Benjamins.
40. MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. Modern Language Journal, 82, 545 562.
41. Masgoret, A.-M., & Gardner, R. C. (2003). Attitudes, motivation and second language learning: A meta-analysis of studies conducted by Gardner and associates. Language Learning, 53, 123 163.
42. Nikolov, M. (1999). "Why do you learn English?" "Because the teacher is short." A study of Hungarian children's foreign language motivation. Language Teaching Research, 3, 33 56.
43. Noels, K. (2001). New orientations in language learning motivation: Towards a model of intrinsic, extrinsic, and integrative orientations and motivations. In Z. Dörnyei & R. Schmidt (Eds Motivation and second language acquisition (Technical Report 23, pp. 43 68). Honolulu, HI : The University of Hawai'i, Second Language & Curriculum Center.
44. Noels, K. A. (2003). Learning Spanish as a second language: Learners' orientations and perceptions of their teachers' communication style. In Z. Dörnyei (Ed Attitudes, orientations, and motivations in language learning (pp. 97 136). Oxford : Backwell.
45. Országos Közoktatási Intézet (National Institute of Public Education) (2004). A középiskolák sorrendjei 2004-ben [The rank order of Hungarian secondary schools in 2004]. Retrieved November 21, 2006, from http://www.oki.hu/oldal.php?tipus= cikk&kod=kozepiskolai-Neuwirth-Kozepiskolak
46. Ryan, S. (2005). Motivational factors questionnaire. Nottingham : School of English Studies, University of Nottingham.
47. Schumann, J. H. (1986). Research on the acculturation model for second language acquisition. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 7, 379 392.
48. Shaaban, K. A., & Ghaith, G. M. (2000). Student motivation to learn English as a foreign language. Foreign Language Annals, 33, 632 644.
49. Shoaib, A., & Dörnyei, Z. (in press). Affect in life-long learning: Exploring L3 motivation in a dynamic process. In P. Benson & D. Nunan (Eds Learners' stories: Difference and diversity in language learning. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
50. Sifakis, N. C. (2004). Teaching EIL - teaching International or Intercultural English? What teachers should know. System, 32, 237 250.
51. Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2000). Linguistic genocide in education- or worldwide diversity and human rights Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
52. Tremblay, P. F., & Gardner, R. C. (1995). Expanding the motivation construct in language learning. Modern Language Journal, 79, 505 518.
53. Ushioda, E. (1996). Developing a dynamic concept of motivation. In T. J. Hickey (Ed Language, education and society in a changing world (pp. 239 245). Clevedon, UK : Multilingual Matters.
54. Ushioda, E. (1998). Effective motivational thinking: A cognitive theoretical approach to the study of language learning motivation. In E. A. Soler & V. C. Espurz (Eds Current issues in English language methodology (pp. 77 89). Castelló de la Plana, Spain : Universitat Jaume I.
55. Ushioda, E. (2001). Language learning at university: Exploring the role of motivational thinking. In Z. Dörnyei & R. Schmidt (Eds Motivation and second language acquisition (Technical Report 23, pp. 93 125). Honolulu, HI : University of Hawai'i, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
56. Warden, C. A., & Lin, H. J. (2000). Existence of integrative motivation in an Asian EFL setting. Foreign Language Annals, 33, 535 547.
57. Wen, X. (1997). Motivation and language learning with students of Chinese. Foreign Language Annals, 30, 235 251.
58. Widdowson, H. G. (1993). The ownership of English. IATEFL annual conference report, Plenaries 1993. Whitstable, UK : IATEFL.
59. Williams, M., & Burden, L. R. (1997). Psychology for language teachers. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
60. Williams, M., Burden, L. R., & Lanvers, U. (2002). 'French is the language of love and stuff': Students perceptions of issues related to motivation in learning a foreign language. British Educational Research Journal, 28, 503 528.
61. Yashima, T. (2000). Orientations and motivations in foreign language learning: A study of Japanese college students. JACET Bulletin, 31, 121 134.
62. Yashima, T. (2002). Willingness to communicate in a second language: The Japanese EFL context. Modern Language Journal, 86, 54 66.