Early nutritional therapy: The role of enteral and parenteral routes

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 255-260

  De Aguilar Nascimento, José E ^a,d   Kudsk, Kenneth A ^b,c  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MATO GROSSO   (Brazil)

^b WILLIAM S MIDDLETON MEMORIAL VETERANS HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^d NONE   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Critical care; Enteral nutrition; Parenteral nutrition; Perioperative care

Indexed keywords

BURN; CALORIC INTAKE; DIET THERAPY; ELECTIVE SURGERY; ENTERIC FEEDING; HUMAN; INJURY; INTENSIVE CARE; LOW CALORY DIET; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; REVIEW;

CRITICAL ILLNESS; ENERGY INTAKE; ENTERAL NUTRITION; HUMANS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 42149091091     PISSN: 13631950     EISSN: 15353885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3282fba5c6     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Weimann A, Braga M, Harsanyi L, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: surgery including organ transplantation. Clin Nutr 2006; 25:224-244.
2. ASPEN Board of Directors. Guidelines for use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 26(Suppl):1SA-138SA.
3. Klein S, Kinney J, Jeejeebhoy K, et al. Nutrition support in clinical practice: review of published data and recommendations for future research directions. National Institutes of Health, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, and American Society for Clinical Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1997; 21:133-156.
4. Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Drover JW, et al. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adult patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2003; 27:355-373.
5. Cerra FB, Benitez MR, Blackburn GL, et al. Applied nutrition in ICU patients. A consensus statement of the American College of Chest Physicians. Chest 1997; 111:769-778.
6. Kreymann KG, Berger MM, Deutz NE, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: intensive care. Clin Nutr 2006; 25:210-223.
7. Giner M, Laviano A, Meguid MM, Gleason JR. In 1995 a correlation between malnutrition and poor outcome in critically ill patients still exists. Nutrition 1996; 12:23-29.
8. Heyland DK. Nutritional support in the critically ill patients. A critical review of the evidence. Crit Care Clin 1998; 14:423-440.
9. Gramlich L, Kichian K, Pinilla J, et al. Does enteral nutrition compared to parenteral nutrition result in better outcomes in critically ill adult patients? A systematic review of the literature. Nutrition 2004; 20:843-848.
10. Fuhrman MP, Winkler M, Biesemeier C. The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Standards of Practice for nutrition support dietitians. J Am Diet Assoc 2001; 101:825-832.
11. Kudsk KA, Carpenter G, Petersen S, Sheldon GF. Effect of enteral and parenteral feeding in malnourished rats with E. coli-hemoglobin adjuvant peritonitis. J Surg Res 1981; 31:105-110.
12. Kudsk KA, Stone JM, Carpenter G, Sheldon GF. Enteral and parenteral feeding influences mortality after hemoglobin-E. coli peritonitis in normal rats. J Trauma 1983; 23:605-609.
13. Kudsk KA, Gomez FE, Kang W, Ueno C. Enteral feeding of a chemically defined diet preserves pulmonary immunity but not intestinal immunity: the role of lymphotoxin {beta} receptor. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007; 31:477-481. This interesting experimental study shows that parenteral nutrition reduces the expression of both lung and gut lymphotoxin β-receptor, a molecule essential for development of lymphoid tissue, compared with enteral feeding.
14. Sano Y, Gomez FE, Kang W, et al. Intestinal polymeric immunoglobulin receptor is affected by type and route of nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007; 31:351-356. This experimental study shows how enteral stimulation is valuable for the production of intestinal sIgA.
15. Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, et al. TEN vs. TPN following major abdominal trauma: reduced septic morbidity. J Trauma 1989; 29:916-922.
16. Kudsk KA, Croce MA, Fabian TC, et al. Enteral vs. parenteral feeding: effects on septic morbidity following blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. Ann Surg 1992; 215:503-511.
17. Moore FA, Feliciano DV, Andrassy RJ, et al. Early enteral feeding, compared with parenteral, reduces postoperative septic complications: the results of a meta-analysis. Ann Surg 1992; 216:172-183.
18. Peter JV, Moran JL, Phillips-Hughes J. A metaanalysis of treatment outcomes of early enteral versus early parenteral nutrition in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:213-220.
19. Kudsk KA. Current aspects of mucosal immunology and its influence by nutrition. Am J Surg 2001; 183:390-398.
20. Sacks GS, Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Kudsk KA. Use of parenteral nutrition in patients receiving isolated kidney or simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007; 31:8-11.
21. Heyland DK, MacDonald S, Keefe L, Drover JW. Total parenteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1998; 280:2013-2019.
22. Rohm KD, Schollhorn T, Boldt J, et al. Nutrition support and treatment of motility disorders in critically ill patients: results of a survey on German intensive care units. Eur J Anaesth 2008; 25:58-66. doi: 10.1017/S0265021507002657.
23. Preiser JC, Berre J, Carpentier Y, et al. Management of nutrition in European intensive care units: results of a questionnaire. Working Group on Metabolism and Nutrition of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25:95-101.
24. Debaveye Y, Van den Berghe G. Risks and benefits of nutritional support during critical illness. Annu Rev Nutr 2006; 26:513-538.
25. Mentec H, Dupont H, Bocchetti M, et al. Upper digestive intolerance during enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: frequency, risk factors, and complications. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:1955-1961.
26. Kyle UG, Genton L, Heidegger CP, et al. Hospitalized mechanically ventilated patients are at higher risk of enteral underfeeding than nonventilated patients. Clin Nutr 2006; 25:727-735.
27. Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Kudsk KA. Clinical costs of feeding tube placement. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007; 31:269-273. This study showed that the incidence of airway malpositioning of enteral tubes is high and thus rigid protocols and new devices are required.
28. Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Kudsk KA. Use of small-bore feeding tubes: successes and failures. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2007; 10:291-296.
29. Stapleton RD, Jones N, Heyland DK. Feeding critically ill patients: what is the optimal amount of energy? Crit Care Med 2007; 35 (9 Suppl):S535-S540. An interesting review focusing on the controversial optimum amount of energy to be delivered to the critically ill.
30. Bauer P, Charpentier C, Bouchet C, et al. Parenteral with enteral nutrition in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26:893-900.
31. Rubinson L, Diette GB, Song X, et al. Low caloric intake is associated with nosocomial bloodstream infections in patients in the medical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:350-357.
32. Dickerson RN, Boschert KJ, Kudsk KA, Brown RO. Hypocaloric enteral tube feeding in critically ill obese patients. Nutrition 2002; 18:241-246.
33. McCowen KC, Friel C, Sternberg J, et al. Hypocaloric total parenteral nutrition: effectiveness in prevention of hyperglycemia and infectious complications: a randomized clinical trial. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:3606-3611.
34. Dhaliwal R, Jurewitsch B, Harrietha D, Heyland DK. Combination enteral and parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: harmful or beneficial? A systematic review of the evidence. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30:1666-1671.
35. Devos P, Preiser J-C. Current controversies around tight glucose control in critically ill patients. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2007; 10:206-209.
36. Heidegger CP, Romand JA, Treggiari MM, Pichard C. Is it now time to promote mixed enteral and parenteral nutrition for the critically ill patient? Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:963-969. This review concludes that parenteral nutrition combined with enteral nutrition could be an effective alternative when enteral nutrition alone fails to achieve goals.
37. Wu PR, Xu L, Zhang ZM. Comparative study of postoperative early enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition in esophageal carcinoma. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 2006; 9:320-322.
38. Mazaki T, Ebisawa K. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition after gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in the English literature. J Gastrointest Surg 2007. doi: 10.1007/s11605-007-0362-1. [Epub ahead of print]. An excellent meta-analysis that ensures once more the superiority of enteral nutrition over parenteral nutrition in gastrointestinal surgery.
39. Adams S, Dellinger P, Wertz MJ, et al. Enteral vs parenteral nutritional support following laparotomy for trauma: a randomized prospective trial. J Trauma 1986; 26:882-891.
40. Simpson F, Doig GS. Parenteral vs. enteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a meta-analysis of trials using the intention to treat principle. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31:12-23.
41. Collier B, Guillamondegui O, Cotton B, et al. Feeding the open abdomen. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007; 31:410-415.
42. Jacobs DG, Jacobs DO, Kudsk KA, et al. Practice management guidelines for nutritional support of the trauma patient. J Trauma 2004; 57:660-678.
43. Wasiak J, Cleland H, Jeffery R. Early versus late enteral nutritional support in adults with burn injury: a systematic review. J Hum Nutr Diet 2007; 20:75-83.
44. Lam MM, Tien NG, Khoa CM. Early enteral feeding for burned patients: an effective method which should be encouraged in developing countries. Burns 2008; 34:192-196. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2007.03.010. This is a randomized trail showing by immune, metabolic variables and clinical outcome the advantages of early enteral nutrition in severe burned patients.
45. Chen Z, Wang S, Yu B, Li A. A comparison study between early enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition in severe burn patients. Burns 2007; 33:708-712. This small RCT showed that early enteral feeding preserves gastrointestinal motility, lowers the repercussion of ischemia/reperfusion injury, and maintains the mucosal barrier.
46. Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH. Enteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a critical review of the evidence. Intensive Care Med 1993; 19:435-442.
47. Ibrahim EH, Mehringer L, Prentice D, et al. Early versus late enteral feeding of mechanically ventilated patients: results of a clinical trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 26:174-181.
48. Galbán C, Montejo JC, Mesejo A, et al. An immune-enhancing enteral diet reduces mortality rate and episodes of bacteremia in septic intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:643-648.
49. Radrizzani D, Bertolini G, Fachini R, et al. Early enteral immunonutrition vs. parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients without severe sepsis: a randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32:1191-1198.
50. Bertolini G, Iapichino G, Radrizzani D, et al. Early enteral immunonutrition in patients with severe sepsis. Results of an interim analysis of a randomized multicentre clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:834-840.
51. Bansal V, Ochoa JB. Arginine availability, arginase, and the immune response. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2003; 6:223-228.
52. McClave SA, Chang WK, Dhaliwal R, Heyland DK. Nutrition support in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review of the literature. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2006; 30:143-156.
53. Sax HC, Warner BW, Talamini MA, et al. Early total parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis: lack of beneficial effects. Am J Surg 1987; 153:117-124.
54. Xian-Li H, Qing-Jiu M, Jian-Guo L, et al. Effect of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with and without glutamine dipeptide supplementation on outcome in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Clin Nutr Suppl 2004; 1:43-47.
55. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1359-1367.
56. Petrov MS, Zagainov VE. Influence of enteral versus parenteral nutrition on blood glucose control in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review. Clin Nutr 2007; 26:514-526. This systematic review of six trails clearly showed that enteral nutrition is associated with better glucose control compared to parenteral nutrition in severe pancreatitis.