Gazing upon Nanuk, the polar bear: The social and visual dimensions of the wildlife gaze in Churchill, Manitoba

Polar Geography

Volumn 30, Issue 1-2, 2007, Pages 37-53

  Lemelin, Raynald H ^a   Wiersma, Elaine C ^b  

^a LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEAR; CONFERENCE PROCEEDING; ECOTOURISM; PERCEPTION; PHOTOGRAPHY; POLAR REGION; PROTECTED AREA; TOURISM MANAGEMENT; TOURIST DESTINATION;

CANADA; CHURCHILL; MANITOBA; NORTH AMERICA;

URSUS MARITIMUS;

EID: 41749109151     PISSN: 1088937X     EISSN: 19390513     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10889370701666663     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (78)

1. Aitchison, C. (2000) Poststructural feminist theories of representing others: A response to the 'crisis' in leisure studies' discourse. Leisure Studies, 19, pp. 127-144.
2. Alessa, L. and Watson, A. E. (2002) Growing pressures on circumpolar north wilderness: A case for coordinated research and education. USDA Forest Service Proceedings of the Wilderness in The Circumpolar North: Searching for Compatibility in Ecological, Traditional, and Ecotourism Values, pp. 133-142. Rocky Mountains Research Station
3. Barnes, J., Burgess, J. and Pearce, D. (1992) Wildlife tourism. Economics for the Wilds: Wildlife, Wildlands, Diversity and Development, pp. 136-151. Earthscan, London
4. Beaumont, N. (2001) Ecotourism and the conservation ethic: Recruiting the uninitiated or preaching to the converted?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9, pp. 317-338.
5. Bell, M. M. (2004) An Invitation to Environmental Sociology, Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA
6. Black, A. (1996) Negotiating the tourist gaze: The example of Malta. Coping with Tourists: European Reaction to Mass Tourism, pp. 112-142. Berghahn Books, Oxford
7. Boo, E. (1990) Ecotourism: The Potentials and Pitfalls, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC
8. Bruner, E. (1989) Of cannibals, tourists, and ethnographers. Cultural Anthropology, 4, pp. 438-445.
9. Bulbeck, C. (2005) Facing the Wild: Ecotourism, Conservation and Animal Encounters, Earthscan, London
10. Burns, S. (1999) An Introduction to Tourism and Anthropology, Routledge, London
11. Campbell, L. M. (2002) Conservation narratives and the 'received wisdom' of ecotourism: Case studies from Costa Rica. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 4, pp. 300-325.
12. CBC (Canadian Broadcasting System) (1980) 24 Hours: Polar Bears
13. Chalfen, R. M. (1979) Photography's role in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 6, pp. 435-447.
14. Champ, J. G. (2002) A culturalist-qualitative investigation of wildlife media and value orientations. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 7, pp. 273-286.
15. Comeau, P. (1997) Dangerous liaison. Canadian Geographic, 10, pp. 57-60.
16. Crawshaw, C. and Urry, J. (1997) Tourism and the photographic eye. Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory, pp. 176-195. Routledge, New York
17. Curtin, S. (2005) Nature, wild animals and tourism: An experiential view. Journal of Ecotourism, 4, pp. 1-15.
18. Dann, G. and Phillips, J. (2000) Qualitative tourism research in the late twentieth century and beyond. Tourism in the 21st Century, pp. 247-265. Continuum International Publishing Group, New York
19. (1994) Handbook of Qualitative Research, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA
20. DeRuiter, D. S. and Donnelly, M. P. (2002) A qualitative approach to measuring determinants of wildlife value orientations. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 7, pp. 251-271.
21. Desmond, C. J. (1999) Staging Tourism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
22. Donnelly, P. (1994) Take my word for it: Trust in the context of birding and mountaineering. Qualitative Sociology, 17, pp. 215-240.
23. Dyck, G. M. and Baydack, R. K. (2004) Vigilance behaviour of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the context of wildlife-viewing activities at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Biological Conservation, 116, pp. 343-350.
24. Eliot, J. L. (1998) Polar bears: Stalkers of the high Arctic. National Geographic, 193, pp. 52-71.
25. Fine, G. A. (2003) Morel Tales: The Culture of Mushrooming, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL
26. Finkler, W. and Higham, J. (2004) The human dimensions of whale watching: An analysis based on viewing platforms. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 9, pp. 103-117.
27. Franklin, A. (2005) Animals and Modern Cultures, Sage Publication, Thousand Oaks, CA
28. Garlick, S. (2002) Revealing the unseen: Tourism, art and photography. Cultural Studies, 16, pp. 289-305.
29. Geertz, C. (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, Basic Books, New York
30. Giroul, C., Ouellet, G. and Soubrier, R. (2000) Université du Québec a Trois Rivières, Trois Riviéres, Québec, Canada
31. (1995) Polar Tourism: Tourism in the Arctic and Antarctic Regions, Wiley, New York
32. Harisson, J. (2002) Being A Tourist, UBC Press, Vancouver
33. Harisson, J. (2001) Thinking about tourists. International Sociology, 16, pp. 159-172.
34. Hastings, B. C. and Hammitt, W. E. (1995) Public preferences and perceptions toward wildlife viewing. Proceedings: Southeastern Recreation Research Conference, pp. 49-56. Myrtle Beach, SC
35. Herrero, J. and Herrero, S. (1997) Visitor Safety in Polar Bear Viewing Activities in the Churchill Region of Manitoba, Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
36. Herrero, J. and Herrero, S. (1999) Visitors and Polar Bears in Wapusk National Park: Planning, Report for Parks Canada
37. Holden, A. (2003) In need of new environmental ethics for tourism?. Annals of Tourism Research, 30, pp. 94-108.
38. Hunter, M. L. and Brehm, M. J. (2004) A qualitative examination of value orientations toward wildlife and biodiversity by rural residents of the intermountain region. Human Ecology Review, 11, pp. 13-26.
39. Jamal, T. and Hollinshead, K. (2001) Tourism and the forbidden zone: The undeserved power of qualitative inquiry. Tourism Management, 22, pp. 63-82.
40. Johnston, M. E. (1997) Polar tourism regulation strategies: Controlling visitors through codes of conduct and legislation. Polar Record, 33, pp. 13-20.
41. Johnston, M. E. (1998) Evaluating the effectiveness of visitor-regulation strategies for polar tourism. Polar Record, 34, pp. 25-30.
42. Jones, C. S. (1998) Predictive tourism models: Are they suitable in the polar environment?. Polar Record, 34, pp. 197-202.
43. Kirby, S. and McKenna, K. (1999) Experience Research Social Change, Methods from the Margins, Garamond Press, Toronto, ON
44. Lee, Y. S. (2001) Tourist gaze: Universal concept. Tourism Culture & Communication, 3, pp. 93-99.
45. Lemelin, R. H. (2004) The integration of human dimensions with the environmental context: A study of polar bear observers in the Cape Churchill Wildlife Management Area, Churchill, Manitoba. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
46. Lemelin, R. H. (2005) Wildlife tourism at the edge of chaos: Complex interactions between humans and polar bears in Churchill, Manitoba. Breaking Ice: Renewable Resource and Ocean Management in the Canadian North, pp. 183-202. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, AB
47. Lemelin, R. H. and Smale, J. A. (2006) Effects of environmental context on the experience of polar bear viewers in Churchill, Manitoba. Journal of Ecotourism, 5, pp. 176-191.
48. Lindberg, K. and McKercher, B. (1997) Ecotourism: A critical overview. Pacific Tourism Review, 1, pp. 65-79.
49. Lofland, J. and Lofland, L. H. (1995) Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observations and Analysis, Wadsworth Publishing, Belmont, CA
50. McKercher, B. (1996) Differences between tourism and recreation in parks. Annals of Tourism Research, 23, pp. 563-575.
51. Myers, H. and Forrest, S. (2000) Making change: Economic development in pond inlet, 1987 to 1997. Arctic, 53, pp. 134-145.
52. National Geographic (1982) Polar Bear Alert, National Geographic Videos, Videocassette
53. Nie, A. M. (2003) Beyond Wolves, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN
54. Norton, A. (1996) Experiencing nature: The reproduction of environmental discourse through safari tourism in East Africa. Geoforum, 27, pp. 355-373.
55. Nuttall, M. (2005) Tourism. Encyclopedia of the Arctic, pp. 2037-2040. Routledge, New York
56. Orams, M. B. (2000) Tourists getting to close to whales, is that what whale-watching is all about?. Tourism Management, 21, pp. 561-569.
57. (2001) Qualitative Research in Tourism. Ontologies, Epistemologies and Methodologies, Routledge, New York
58. Picard, M. (1995) Cultural heritage and tourist capital: Cultural tourism in Bali. International Tourism: Identity and Change, pp. 44-66. Sage, London
59. Preece, R. and Chamberlain, L. (1993) Animal Welfare and Human Values, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, ON
60. Ramsay, M. and Stirling, I. (1990) Fidelity of female polar bears to winter-den sites. Journal of Mammalogy, 71, p. 233.
61. Riley, R. W. and Love, L. L. (1999) The state of qualitative tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 27, pp. 164-187.
62. Ritchie, B. (2003) Managing Educational Tourism, Multilingual Matters Ltd
63. Russell, C. L. (1995) The social construction of orangutan: An ecotourist experience. Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 3, pp. 151-170.
64. Russell, C. L. and Ankenman, M. J. (1996) Orangutans as photographic collectibles: Ecotourism and the commodification of nature. Tourism Recreation Research, 21, pp. 71-78.
65. Russell, C. L. and Hodson, D. (2002) Whalewatching as critical education? Canadian Journal of Science. Mathematics and Technology Education, 2, pp. 485-504.
66. Ryan, J. R. (2000) Hunting with the camera: Photography, wildlife and colonialism in Africa. Animal, Spaces, Beastly Places: New Geographies of Human-Animal Relations, pp. 203-221. Routledge), London
67. Ryan, C., Huges, K. and Chirgwin, S. (1999) The gaze, spectacle and ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 27, pp. 148-163.
68. Scarce, R. (1998) What do wolves, mean? Conflicting social constructions of Canis lupus in 'Bordertown'. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 3, pp. 26-45.
69. Scarce, R. (2000) Fishy Business. Salmon Biology and the Social Construction of Nature, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA
70. Schanzel, H. A. and McIntosh, A. J. (2000) An insight into the personal and emotive context of wildlife viewing at the penguin place, Otago Peninsula, New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8, pp. 36-52.
71. Schwandt, T. (1994) Constructivists, interpretivists approaches to human inquiry. Handbook of Qualitative Research, pp. 118-137. Sage, London
72. Shackley, M. (2001) Flagship Species: Case Studies in Wildlife Tourism Management, The International Ecotourism Society, Burlington, VT
73. Sontag, S. On Photography, Anchor Books, Toronto, ON
74. Stewart, E. J., Draper, D. and Johnston, M. E. (2005) A review of tourism research in the polar regions. Arctic, 58, pp. 383-394.
75. Taylor, S. J. and Bogdan, R. (1998) Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY
76. Urry, J. (2002) The Tourist Gaze, Sage, London
77. Wright, R. G. (1998) A review of the relationships between visitors and ungulates in national parks. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, pp. 471-476.
78. Zeppel, H. (1999) Touring Aboriginal cultures: Encounters with Aboriginal people in Australian travelogues. Tourism Culture & Communication, 2, pp. 123-139.