Conservation narratives and the 'received wisdom' of ecotourism: Case studies from Costa Rica

International Journal of Sustainable Development

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 300-325

  Campbell, Lisa M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Conservation experts; Costa Rica; Ecotourism; Wildlife

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; SOCIAL ASPECTS;

COMMUUNITY-BASED CONSERVATION; ECOTOURISM; WILDLIFE CONSERVATION;

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

ECOTOURISM; NATURE CONSERVATION; PROTECTED AREA; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

CENTRAL AMERICA; COSTA RICA; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 0141588060     PISSN: 09601406     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/IJSD.2002.003755     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Adams, W.M. (1990) Green Development: Environment and Sustainability in the Third World, Routledge, London.
2. Akama, J. (1996) 'Western environmental values and nature-based tourism in Kenya', Tourism Management, Vol. 17, pp. 567-574.
3. ANAI (1994) 'Marine turtle conservation project: Gandoca Beach, Talamanca, Costa Rica', ANAI, San José, Costa Rica.
4. ANAI (1995) 'Conservation of the leatherback turtle in Gandoca/Manzanillo National Wildlife Refuge: volunteers manual', ANAI, San José, Costa Rica.
5. Anger, D. (1989) 'No queremos el refugio': conservation and community in Costa Rica', Alternatives, Vol. 16, pp. 18-22.
6. ATEC (no date) 'ATEC: an overview', ATEC, Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, Costa Rica.
7. Baker, J.E. (1997) 'Development of a model system for touristic hunting revenue collection and allocation', Tourism Management, Vol. 18, pp. 273-286.
8. Barreto, R. (1996) 'A social analysis of mainstream conservation: the case of sea turtles', MA Thesis, Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto.
9. Bjorndal, K.A., Wetherall, J.A., Bolten, A.B. and Mortimer, J.A. (1999) Twenty-six years of green turtle nesting at Tortuguero, Costa Rica: an encouraging trend', Conservation Biology, Vol. 13, pp. 126-134.
10. Blangy, S. and Nielsen, T. (1993) 'Ecotourism and minimum impact policy', Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 20, pp. 357-360.
11. Bonner, R. (1993) At the Hand of Man: Peril and Hope for Africa's Wildlife, Simon & Schuster, London.
12. Boo, E. (1990) Ecotourism: The Potentials and Pitfalls, WWF, Baltimore.
13. Buckley, R. (1994) 'A framework for ecotourism', Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 21, pp. 629-642.
14. Campbell, C.L. (1994) 'The Effects of Flash Photography on Nesting Behavior of Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) at Tortuguero, Costa Rica', Proceedings of the 14th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, March, Hilton Head Island, North Carolina.
15. Campbell, L.M. (1997) 'International conservation and local development: the sustainable use of marine turtles in Costa Rica', PhD dissertation, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
16. Campbell, L.M. (1999) 'Ecotourism in rural developing communities', Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 26, pp. 534-553.
17. Campbell, L.M. (2000) 'Human need in rural developing areas: perceptions of wildlife conservation experts', The Canadian Geographer, Vol. 44, pp. 167-181.
18. Cater, E. (1994) 'Ecotourism in the Third World: problems and prospects for sustainability', in Cater, E. and Lowman, G. (Editors) Ecotourism: A Sustainable Option?, Wiley, Chichester.
19. Cater, E. and Lowman, G. (1994) Ecotourism: A Sustainable Option?, Wiley, Chichester.
20. (1999) Organizational background, CCC homepage. Online: www.cccturtle.org/cccwelc.htm. Accessed 29 November, 1999.
21. Ceballos-Lasurain, H. (1996) Tourism, Ecotourism and Protected Areas, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
22. Chacon, D. (1994) 'Leatherback nesting at Gandoca/Manzanillo Wildlife Refuge', Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, March, Hilton Head Island, North Carolina.
23. Ecotourism Society (1992) The Ecotourism Society Document, Ecotourism Society, USA.
24. Ecotourism Society (1998) 'Ecotourism Statistical Fact Sheet: General Tourism Statistics', Ecotourism Society, Washington, D.C.
25. Fairhead, J. and Leach, M. (1995) 'False forest history, complicit social analysis: rethinking some West African environmental narratives'. World Development, Vol. 23, pp. 1023-1035.
26. Filion, F.L., Foley, J.P. and Jacquemot, A.J. (1994) 'The economics of global tourism', in Munasinghe, M. and McNeely, J. (Editors) Protected Area Economics and Policy: Linking Conservation and Sustainable Development, World Bank, Washington.
27. Frazier, J.G. (1997) 'Sustainable development: modern elixir or sack dress?', Environmental Conservation, Vol. 24, pp. 182-193.
28. Frcese, C. (Compiler) (1994) 'The commercial, consumptive use of wild species: implications for biodiversity conservation', WWF-International, Gland, Switzerland.
29. Freese, C. (Compiler) (1996) 'The commercial, consumptive use of wild species: managing it for the benefit of biodiversity', WWF-US/WWF International, Washington, D.C./Gland, Switzerland.
30. Godfrey, D. (1999) 'CCC Celebrates 40 Years of Sea Turtle Conservation', Vol. Winter, p. 4.
31. Groombridge, B. and Luxmoore, R. (1989) The Green Turtle & Hawksbill (Reptilia:Cheloniidae): World Status, Exploitation and Trade, CITES, Switzerland.
32. Gutic, J. (1994) 'Sea turtle eco-tourism brings economic benefit to community', Marine Turtle Newsletter, Vol. 64, pp. 10-12.
33. Hales, D. (1989) 'Changing concepts of national parks', in Western, D. and Pearl, M.C. (Editors) Conservation for the 21st Century, Oxford University Press, New York.
34. Hall, C.M. and Butler, R.W. (1995) 'In search of common ground: reflection on sustainability, complexity and process in the tourism system', Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 3, pp. 99-105.
35. Harris, B. (1995a) 'Figueres, aides debate tourism problems', The Tico Times, June 30, p. 9.
36. Harris, B. (1995b) 'Number game: how much have park visits dropped?', The Tico Times, February 17, p. 9.
37. Harris, B. (1995c) 'High park fees lower visits', The Tico Times, January 27, p. 1.
38. Heinen, J.T. (1993) 'Park-people relations in Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal: a socio-economic analysis', Environmental Conservation, Vol. 20, pp. 25-33.
39. Honey, M. (1999) Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise?, Island Press, Washington, D.C.
40. ICT (1998) 1997 Tourism Statistical Yearly Report, ICT, San José, Costa Rica.
41. IUCN (1993) Parks for Life: Report of the IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
42. Jacobson, S.K. and Robles, R. (1992) 'Ecotourism, sustainable development, and conservation education: development of a tour guide training program in Tortuguero, Costa Rica', Environmental Management, Vol. 16, pp. 701-713.
43. Johnson, S.A., Bjorndal, K.A. and Bolten, A. (1996) 'A survey of organized turtle watch participants on sea turtle nesting beaches in Florida', Chelonian Conservation and Biology, Vol. 2, pp. 60-65.
44. Kangas, P., Shave, M. and Shave, P. (1995) 'Economics of an ecotourism operation in Belize', Environmental Management, Vol. 19, pp. 669-673.
45. Las Baulas Leatherback Turtle Project (1999) '1998/99 nesting results', available online at www.coas.drexel.edu/environ/costa-rica/Las_Baulas? Results_progress/1998_99/main%project.html, November 1999.
46. Leach, M. and Mearns, R. (1996) 'Introduction', in Leach, M. and Mearns, R. (Editors) The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment, The International African Institute, Oxford.
47. Lee, D.N.B. and Snepenger, D.J. (1992) 'An ecotourism assessment of Tortuguero, Costa Rica', Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 19, pp. 367-370.
48. Lindberg, K., Enriques, J. and Sproule, K. (1996) 'Ecotourism questioned: case studies from Belize', Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 23, pp. 543-562.
49. Lusigi, W.J. (1992) 'New approaches to wildlife conservation', in Lusig, W.J. (Editor) Managing Protected Areas in Africa: Report from a Workshop on Protected Area Management in Africa, Mweka, Tanzania, UNESCO-World Heritage Fund, Paris.
50. Marks, S. (1984) The Imperial Lion: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Central Africa, Bowker, Epping, UK.
51. McConahay, M.J. (1993) 'Tortuguero', Sierra, Vol. 78, p. 42.
52. Mclarney, W.O. and Salas, J.A. (1986) Campesino land titling and wildland preservation, Costa Rica (Gandoca), ANAI, San José, Costa Rica.
53. McNeely, J.A. (1988) Economics and Biological Diversity: Developing and Using Economic Incentives to Conserve Biological Resources, IUCN, McGregor and Werner Inc., Washington.
54. McNeely, J.A. (1990) 'How conservation strategies contribute to sustainable development', Environmental Conservation, Vol. 17, pp. 9-13.
55. Meyer, C. (1997) 'Public-nonprofit partnerships and North-South green finance', Journal of Environment and Development, Vol. 6, pp. 123-146.
56. Meyer, C.A. (1993) 'Environmental NGOs in Ecuador', Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 27, pp. 191-210.
57. Mowforth, M. and Munt, I. (1998) Tourism and Sustainability: New Tourism in the Third World, Routledge, London.
58. Naranjo, I. and Arauz., R. (1994) 'Local guides in the leatherbacks of Guanacaste Marine National Park: sustained development and sea turtle conservation', Proceedings of the 13th Annual Sea Turtle Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, 23-27 February 1993, Florida.
59. Orams, M.B. (1995) 'Towards a more desirable form of ecotourism', Tourism Management, Vol. 16, pp. 3-8.
60. Paladino, F.V., Spotila, J. and Rostal, D. (1993) 'Earthcorps briefing: Costa Rican sea turtles', Earthwatch, Watertown, MA.
61. Parry, D. and Campbell, B. (1992) 'Attitudes of rural communities to animal wildlife and its utilization in Chobe Enclave and Mababe Depression, Botswana', Environmental Conservation, Vol. 19, pp. 245-251.
62. Parsons, J. (1962) The Green Turtle and Man, University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida.
63. Place, S.E. (1991) 'Nature tourism and rural development in Tortuguero', Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 18, pp. 186-201.
64. Price, M. (1994) 'Ecopolitics and environmental nongovernmental organizations in Latin America', The Geographical Review, Vol. 84, pp. 42-58.
65. Price, M.F. (1996) People and Tourism in Fragile Environments, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
66. Roe, E. (1991) 'Development narratives, or making the best of blueprint development', World Development, Vol. 19, pp. 287-300.
67. Roe, E.M. (1996) 'Sustainable development and cultural theory', International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, Vol. 3, pp. 1-14.
68. Romeril, M. (1989) 'Tourism: the environmental dimension', in Cooper, C.P. (Editor) Progress in Tourism, Recreation, and Hospitality Management, Volume 1, Belhaven, London.
69. Romeril, M. (1994) 'Alternative tourism: the real tourism alternative?', in Cooper, C.P. and Lockwood, J. (Editors) Progress in Tourism, Recreation, and Hospitality Management, Volume 6, John Wiley, Chichester, UK.
70. Ross, S. and Wall, G. (1999) 'Ecotourism: towards congruence between theory and practice', Tourism Management, Vol. 20, pp. 123-132.
71. Scheyvens, R. (1999) 'Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities', Tourism Management, Vol. 20, pp. 245-249.
72. Simmons, D.G. (1994) 'Community participation in tourism planning', Tourism Management, Vol. 15, pp. 98-108.
73. Sindiga, I. (1995) 'Wildlife-based tourism in Kenya: land use conflicts and government compensation policies over protected areas', Journal of Tourism Studies, Vol. 6, pp. 45-55.
74. Spotila, J.R., Steyermark, A.C., Williams, K. and Paladino, F.V. (1994) 'The status of Las Baulas de Guanacaste National Park in Costa Rica', Proceedings of the 14th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, March 1994, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina.
75. Stewart, W.P. and Sekartjakrarini, S. (1994) 'Disentangling ecotourism', Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 21, pp. 629-642.
76. Stonich, S.C. (1998) 'Political ecology of tourism', Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 25, pp. 25-54.
77. Sunderlin, W.D. (1995) 'Managerialism and the conceptual limits of sustainable development', Society and Natural Resources, Vol. 8, pp. 481-492.
78. Taft, C. (1999) 'Lawsuit bans sea turtle killing in Costa Rica', Velador, Vol. Spring, p. 2.
79. Troëng, S. (1998) 'Poaching threatens the green turtle rookery at Tortuguero, Costa Rica', Marine Turtle Newsletter, Vol. 79, pp. 11-12.
80. Troëng, S. (1999a) 'Part 6 - Poacher Patrol and Teaching Turtle', Notes from the field, available at www.cccturtle.org/part6g99.htm, October 1999.
81. Troëng, S. (1999b) 'Part 7 - Peaking', Notes from the field, available at www.cccturtle.org/part7gg99.htm, October 1999.
82. Troëng, S., Zanre, R., Singer, C., Pinion, T., Castro, J., Harrison, E., Ayala, D., Hinestroza, L.M., Polo, A., Quijada, A., Castillo, A., Ho, P. and Rankin, T.A. (1998) 'Programa De Tortuga Verde 1998', Caribbean Conservation Corporation and Ministerio del Ambiente y Energia de Costa Rica, Tortuguero, Costa Rica.
83. Utting, P. (1994) 'Social and political dimensions of environmental protection in Central America', Development and Change, Vol. 25, pp. 231-259.
84. Wells, M. and Brandon, B. (1992) People and Parks: Linking Protected Area Management with Local Communities, IBRD, Washington.
85. Western, D. (1989) 'Conservation without parks: wildlife in the rural landscape', in Western, D. and Pearl, M.C. (Editors) Conservation for the 21st Century, Oxford University Press, New York.
86. Western, D. and Wright, M.A. (1994) 'The background to community-based conservation', in Western, D. and Wright, M.A. (Editors) Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation, Island Press, Washington, D.C.
87. Whelan, T. (1991) 'Ecotourism and its role in sustainable development', in Whelan, T. (Editor) Nature Tourism: Managing for the Environment, Island Press, Washington, D.C.
88. Wild, C. (1994) 'Issues in ecotourism', in Cooper, C.P. and Lockwood, J. (Editors) Progress in Tourism, Recreation, and Hospitality Management, Volume 6, John Wiley, Chichester, UK.
89. Yu, D.W., Hendrickson, T. and Castillo, A. (1997) 'Ecotourism and conservation in Amazonian Peru: short-term and long-term challenges', Environmental Conservation, Vol. 24, pp. 130-138.
90. Ziffer, K. (1989) Ecotourism. An Uneasy Alliance, Conservation International, Washington, D.C.