Ecotourism and the conservation ethic: Recruiting the uninitiated or preaching to the converted???

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 317-341

  Beaumont, Narelle ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE SUNSHINE COAST   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATTITUDINAL SURVEY; ECOTOURISM; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; PUBLIC ATTITUDE;

AUSTRALIA; LAMINGTON NATIONAL PARK; QUEENSLAND;

EID: 0034788950     PISSN: 09669582     EISSN: 17477646     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09669580108667405     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Aldridge, D. (1989) How the ship of interpretation was blown off course in the tempest: Some philosophical thoughts. In D.L. Uzzell (ed.) Heritage Interpretation. Volume 1: The Natural and Built Environment (pp. 64-87). London: Belhaven Press.
2. Asfeldt, M. (1992) The impact of guided wilderness canoe trips on the participants' atti tudes to, concerns for and behaviours toward the environment. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton.
3. Atkinson, G.R. (1981) The Relationship Between Outdoor Recreation Participation and Environ mental Concern. Doctoral dissertation, Boston University, MA. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.
4. Australian Conservation Foundation (1994) Tourism policy. Unpublished document.
5. Ballantine, J.L. And Eagles, P.F.J. (1994) Defining Canadian ecotourists. Journal of Sustain able Tourism 2 (4) , 210-14.
6. Beaumont, N. (1998) The meaning of ecotourism according to. Is there now consensus for defining this 'natural' phenomenon? An Australian perspective. Pacific Tourism Review 2, 239-50.
7. Beckmann, E. (1989) An Evaluation of the 1988/89 Summer Holiday Program in National Parks in Victoria. Armidale, NSW: University of New England, Department of Ecosystem Management.
8. Beckmann, E.A. (1991) Environmental Interpretation for Education and Management in Australian National Parks and Other Protected Areas. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of New England, Armidale, NSW.
9. Beckmann, E.A. (1993) Evaluation of DCNR Visitor InterpretationPrograms with Emphasis on Night Walks and Rockpool Rambles Summer 1992/93. Report for Department of Conserva tion and Natural Resources, Victoria.
10. Bikales, E.A. And Manning, R.E. (1990) Outdoor recreation and environmental concern: A further exploration. In T.A. More, M.P. Donnelly, A.R. Graefe and J.J. Vaske (eds) Proceedings of the 1990 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium (pp. 13-18). USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-145. Radnor, PA: Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
11. Blamey, R.K. (1995) The Nature of Ecotourism. Occasional Paper No. 21. Canberra: Bureau of Tourism Research.
12. Blane, J.M. And Jaakson, R. (1994) The impact of ecotourism boats on the St Lawrence Beluga whales. Environmental Conservation 21, 267-9.
13. Boo, E. (1990) Ecotourism: The Potentials and Pitfalls. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund.
14. Boo, E. (1991) Pitfalls and liabilities of eco-tourism development. In Proceedings of the 1991 World Congress on Adventure Travel and Eco-tourism (pp. 145-9). Englewood, CO: Adventure Travel Society.
15. Borden, R.J. And Schettino, A.P. (1979) Determinants of environmentally responsible behavior. Journal of Environmental Education 10 (4) , 35-9.
16. Brown, N. (1991) Adventure travel and eco-tourism in the 21st century. In Proceedings of the 1991 World Congress on Adventure Travel and Eco-tourism (pp. 15-21). Englewood, CO: Adventure Travel Society.
17. Burrus-Bammel, L.L., Kidd, W.E. And Bammel, G. (1980) Expected consequences, enjoyability, and other evaluation scales. Current Issues VI: The Yearbook of Environ mental Education and Environmental Studies (pp. 295-310).
18. Butler, R.W. (1990) Alternative tourism: Pious hope or Trojan horse? Journal of Travel Research 28 (3) , 40-45.
19. Butler, R.W. (1991) Tourism, environment, and sustainable development. Environmental Conservation 18, 201-9.
20. Cater, E. (1994) Ecotourism in the third world-problems and prospects for sustainability. In E. Cater and G. Lowman (eds) Ecotourism: A Sustainable Option? (pp. 69-86). Chichester: John Wiley.
21. Charters, T. (1996) Ecotourism: A tool for conservation. In T. Charters, M. Gabriel and S. Prasser (eds) National Parks: Private Sector's Role (pp. 77-84). Toowoomba: USQ Press.
22. Coleman, D. And Lamond, C. (1993) Burleigh Heads Information Centre Evaluation. Report for the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage. Brisbane: Griffith University, Centre for Leisure Research.
23. Cronin, L. (1994) Key Guide to Australia's National Parks. Chatswood, NSW: Reed.
24. Davis, E.L., Doran, R.L. And Farr, S.D. (1980) An analysis of the environmental awareness of YCC campers-Summer 1979. Current Issues VI: The Yearbook of Environmental Educa tion and Environmental Studies (pp. 327-37).
25. Department of Tourism (1994) National Ecotourism Strategy. Canberra: Australian Govern ment Publishing Service.
26. Dresner, M. And Gill, M. (1994) Environmental education at summer nature camp. Journal of Environmental Education 25 (3) , 35-41.
27. Dunlap, R.E. And Heffernan, R.B. (1975) Outdoor recreation and environmental concern: An empirical examination. Rural Sociology 40, 18-30.
28. Eagles, P.F.J. And Cascagnette, J.W. (1995) Canadian ecotourists: Who are they? Tourism Recreation Research 20 (1) , 22-8.
29. Eagles, P.F.J. And Demare, R. (1995) Factors influencing children's environmental atti tudes. Unpublished manuscript.
30. Eagly, A.H. And Chaiken, S. (1993) The Psychology of Attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
31. Elkington, J. (1992) Environmental concern: Does the tourist care? In Tourism and the Envi ronment: Challenges and Choices for the 90s (pp. 57-61). Conference proceedings. London: The Conference.
32. Fien, J. (1992) Education for the environment: A critical ethnography. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland.
33. Forestry Tasmania (1994) Guided Nature-based Tourism in Tasmania's Forests: Trends, Constraints and Implications. Hobart: Forestry Tasmania.
34. Forestry Tasmania (1996) Interpretation signs. How well do they really work? Unpub lished report.
35. Gillett, D.P., Thomas, G.P., Skok, R.L. And McLaughlin, T.F. (1991) The effects of wilder ness camping and hiking on the self-concept and the environmental attitudes and knowledge of twelfth graders. Journal of Environmental Education 22 (3) , 33-44.
36. Goss, H. (1994) Ivory tower tours inc. New Scientist Supplement (pp. 22-23) , 26 November.
37. Goudberg, N.J., Cassells, D.S. And Valentine, P.S. (1991) The prospects for an ecotourism industry in northern Queensland wet tropical rainforests. In N. Goudberg, M. Bonnell and D. Benzaken (eds) Tropical Rainforest Research in Australia (pp. 25-38). Proceedings of a workshop held in Townsville, 4-6 May, 1990. Townsville: Institute for Tropical Rainforest Studies.
38. Gray, D.B. (1985) Ecological Beliefs and Behaviors: Assessment and Change. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
39. Hall, C.M. (1994) Ecotourism in Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific: Appro priate tourism or a new form of ecological imperialism? In E. Cater and G. Lowman (eds) Ecotourism: A Sustainable Option? (pp. 137-57). Chichester: John Wiley.
40. Ham, S. (1992) Environmental Interpretation: A Practical Guide for People with Big Ideas and Small Budgets. Golden, CO: North American Press.
41. Hatch, D. (1998) Understanding the Australian nature-based tourism market. In S. McArthur and B. Weir (eds) Australia's Ecotourism Industry:A Snapshotin 1998 (pp. 1-5). Brisbane: Ecotourism Association of Australia.
42. Hungerford, H. And Volk, T. (1990) Changing behavior through environmental educa tion. Journal of Environmental Education 21 (3) , 8-21.
43. Hvenegaard, G.T. (1994) Ecotourism: A status report and conceptual framework. Journal of Tourism Studies 5 (2) , 24-35.
44. Jackson, E.L. (1986) Outdoor recreation participation and attitudes to the environment. Leisure Studies 5, 1-23.
45. Jackson, E.L. (1987) Outdoor recreation participation and views on resource development and preservation. Leisure Sciences 9, 235-50.
46. Keen, M. (1991) The effect of the Sunship Earth program on knowledge and attitude devel opment. Journal of Environmental Education 22 (3) , 28-32.
47. Lindberg, K. And Huber, R.M., Jr (1993) Economic issues in ecotourism management. In K. Lindberg and D. Hawkins (eds) Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers (pp. 82 115). North Bennington, VT: Ecotourism Society.
48. Lindberg, K. And McKercher, B. (1997) Ecotourism: A critical overview. Pacific Tourism Review 1, 65-79.
49. Lisowski, M. And Disinger, J.F. (1991) The effect of field-based instruction on student understandings of ecological concepts. Journal of Environmental Education 23 (1) , 19-23.
50. Maloney, M.P. And Ward, M.P. (1973) Ecology: Let's hear from the people. An objective scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist 28, 583-6.
51. Maloney, M.P., Ward, M.P. And Braucht, G.N. (1975) A revised scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist 30, 787-90.
52. Markwell, K. (1996) Challenging the pedagogic basis of contemporary environmental interpretation. Australian Journal of Environmental Education 12, 9-14.
53. Mather, J. (1997) Call of the wild. The Road Ahead (pp. 31-2) , June.
54. McArthur, S. And Hall, C.M. (1993) Visitor management and interpretation at heritage sites. In C.M. Hall and S. McArthur (eds) Heritage Management in New Zealand and Australia: Visitor Management, Interpretation and Marketing (pp. 18-39). Auckland: Oxford University Press.
55. Moscardo, G. (1995) The what, why and how of visitor interpretation and evaluation: Starting at the beginning. Unpublished manuscript, CRC-Reef Research Centre, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland.
56. Nelson, J.G. (1994) The spread of ecotourism: Some planning implications. Environmental Conservation 21, 248-55.
57. Oliver, J. (1992) All things bright and beautiful: Are tourists getting responsible adult environmental education programs? In B. Weiler (ed.) Ecotourism Incorporating the Global Classroom. 1991 International Conference Papers (pp. 54-60). Canberra: Bureau of Tourism Research.
58. Olsen, M.E., Lodwick, D.G. And Dunlap, R.E. (1992) Viewing the World Ecologically. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
59. Olson, E.C., Bowman, M.L. And Roth, R.E. (1984) Interpretation and nonformal environ mental education in natural resources management. Journal of Environmental Education 15 (4) , 6-10.
60. Orr, D.W. (1992) Ecological Literacy: Education and the Transition to a Postmodern World. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
61. Padua, S.M. (1994) Conservation awareness through an environmental education programme in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Environmental Conservation 21, 145-51.
62. Perdue, R.R. And Warder, D.S. (1980) Environmental education and attitude change. Journal of Environmental Education 12 (3) , 25-8.
63. Petty, R.E., McMichael, S. And Brannon, L. (1992) The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion: Applications in recreation and tourism. In M.J. Manfredo (ed.) Influencing Human Behavior: Theory and Application in Recreation, Tourism and Natural Resources Management (pp. 77-101). Champaign, IL: Sagamore Publishing.
64. Pinhey, T.K. And Grimes, M.D. (1979) Outdoor recreation and environmental concern: A reexamination of the Dunlap-Heffernan thesis. Leisure Sciences 3 (1) , 1-11.
65. Queensland Department of Tourism, Small Business and Industry (1997) Queensland Ecotourism Plan. Brisbane: Department of Tourism, Small Business and Industry.
66. Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service (1984) Interpretation Manual. Brisbane: Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service.
67. Richmond, J.M. (1978) Some outcomes of an environmental knowledge and attitudes survey in England. Research in Science Education 8, 119-25.
68. Risk, P.H. (1982a) Conducted activities. In G.W. Sharpe (ed.) Interpreting the Environment (2nd edn) (pp. 174-93). New York: John Wiley.
69. Risk, P.H. (1982b) Educating for interpreter excellence. In G.W. Sharpe (ed.) Interpreting the Environment (2nd edn) (pp. 614-29). New York: John Wiley.
70. Saleh, F. And Karwacki, J. (1996) Revisiting the ecotourist: The case of Grasslands National Park. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 4 (2) , 61-80.
71. Salt, P. (1993) An assessment of the Wangat Lodge primary school age environmental education program. In K. Markwell and S. Muloin (eds) Open to Interpretation 1993: Embracing Interpretationin the Year of Indigenous Peoples. Proceedings of the 1993 National Conference of the Interpretation Australia Association Inc. (pp. 185-7). Collingwood, Victoria: Interpretation Australia Association.
72. Shepard, C.L. And Speelman, L.R. (1985/1986) Affecting environmental attitudes through outdoor education. Journal of Environmental Education 17 (2) , 20-23.
73. Steele, P. (1995) Ecotourism: An economic analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 3 (1) , 29-44.
74. Uysal, M., Jurowski, C., Noe, F.P. And McDonald, C.D. (1994) Environmental attitude by trip and visitor characteristics. Tourism Management 15, 284-94.
75. Valentine, P.S. (1992) Nature-based tourism. In B. Weiler and C.M. Hall (eds) Special Interest Tourism (pp. 105-27). London: Belhaven Press.
76. Van Liere, K.D. And Noe, F.P. (1981) Outdoor recreation and environmental attitudes: Further examination of the Dunlap-Heffernan thesis. Rural Sociology 46, 505-13.
77. Van Matre, S. (1990) Earth Education: A New Beginning. Warrenville, IL: Institute for Earth Education.
78. Veal, A.J. (1992) Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism: A Practical Guide. Harlow, Essex: Longman.
79. Wet Tropics Management Authority (1994) Wet Tropics Interpretive Rangers Induction and Training Course: Park Interpretation Skills. Cairns, Queensland: Wet Tropics Manage ment Authority.
80. Wheeller, B. (1993) Sustaining the ego. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 1 (2) , 121-9.
81. Woods, B. And Moscardo, G. (1996) Adding value to tourist operations through interpre tation: Is interpretation good for tourism, or tourism good for interpretation? In Interpretation in Action. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference of Interpretation Australia Association Inc (pp.109-13). Collingwood, Victoria: Interpretation Australia Association.
82. World Heritage Unit, Environment Australia (1997) WorldHeritageRainforests. Brochure.
83. Zajonc, R.B. (1968) Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 9 (2) , Part 2