Shiga toxin-mediated hemolytic uremic syndrome: Time to change the diagnostic paradigm?

PLoS ONE

Volumn 2, Issue 10, 2007, Pages

  Bielaszewska, Martina ^a   Köck, Robin ^a   Friedrich, Alexander W ^a   von Eiff, Christof ^a   Zimmerhackl, Lothar B ^b   Karch, Helge ^a   Mellmann, Alexander ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SHIGA TOXIN; ADHESIN; HEMOLYSIN; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; FECES ANALYSIS; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; HUMAN; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; SEROTYPE; SHIGA TOXIN PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI; BACTERIUM ADHERENCE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; CHEMISTRY; ENTEROBACTER INFECTION; ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC ESCHERICHIA COLI; FECES; METABOLISM; PHYLOGENY; VIRULENCE;

ESCHERICHIA COLI;

ADHESINS, BACTERIAL; BACTERIAL ADHESION; BACTERIAL TYPING TECHNIQUES; ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC ESCHERICHIA COLI; ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS; FECES; GENOTYPE; HEMOLYSIN PROTEINS; HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; HUMANS; PHENOTYPE; PHYLOGENY; SHIGA TOXIN; VIRULENCE; VIRULENCE FACTORS;

EID: 41749108874     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001024     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Tarr PI, Gordon CA, Chandler WL (2005) Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet 365: 1073-1086.
2. Karch H, Tarr PI, Bielaszewska M (2005) Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in human medicine. Int J Med Microbiol 295: 405-418.
3. Siegler RL (2003) Postdiarrheal Shiga toxin-mediated hemolytic uremic syndrome. JAMA 290: 1379-1381.
4. Lynn RM, O'Brien SJ, Taylor CM, Adak GK, Chart H, et al. (2005) Childhood hemolytic uremic syndrome, United Kingdom and Ireland. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 590-596.
5. Gerber A, Karch H, Allerberger F, Verweyen HM, Zimmerhackl LB (2002) Clinical course and the role of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in pediatric patients, 1997-2000, in Germany and Austria: a prospective study. J Infect Dis 186: 493-500.
6. Tozzi AE, Caprioli A, Minelli F, Gianviti A, De Petris L, et al. (2000) Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome, Italy, 1988-2000. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 106-108.
7. Banatvala N, Griffin PM, Greene KD, Barrett TJ, Bibb WF, et al. (2001) The United States national prospective hemolytic uremic syndrome study: microbiologic, serologic, clinical, and epidemiologic findings. J Infect Dis 183: 1063-1070.
8. Brooks JT, Sowers EG, Wells JG, Greene KD, Griffin PM, et al. (2005) Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in the United States, 1983-2002. J Infect Dis 192: 1422-1429.
9. Sonntag A, Prager R, Bielaszewska M, Zhang W, Fruth A, et al. (2004) Phenotypic and genotypic analyses of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O145 strains from patients in Germany. J Clin Microbiol 42: 954-962.
10. Elliott EJ, Robins-Browne RM, O'Loughlin EV, Bennett-Wood V, Bourke J, et al. (2001) Nationwide study of haemolytic uraemic syndrome: clinical, microbiological, and epidemiological features. Arch Dis Child 85: 125-131.
11. Karmali MA, Mascarenhas M, Shen S, Ziebell K, Johnson S, et al. (2003) Association of genomic O island 122 of Escherichia coli EDL 933 with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli seropathotypes that are linked to epidemic and/or serious disease. J Clin Microbiol 41: 4930-4940.
12. Sandvig K (2001) Shiga toxins. Toxicon 39: 1629-1635.
13. Richardson SE, Karmali MA, Becker LE, Smith CR (1988) The histopathology of the hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Hum Pathol 19: 1102-1108.
14. Shaikh N, Tarr PI (2003) Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages: integrations, excisions, truncations, and evolutionary implications. J Bacteriol 185: 3596-3605.
15. Bielaszewska M, Prager R, Zhang W, Friedrich AW, Mellmann A, et al. (2006) Chromosomal dynamism in progeny of outbreak-related sorbitol-fermenting enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:NM. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 1900-1909.
16. Bielaszewska M, Prager R, Köck R, Mellmann A, Zhang W, et al. (2007) Shiga toxin gene loss and transfer in vitro and in vivo during enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O26 infection in humans. Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 3144-3150.
17. Zhang X, McDaniel AD, Wolf LE, Keusch GT, Waldor MK, et al. (2000) Quinolone antibiotic induces Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages, toxin production and death in mice. J Infect Dis 181: 664-670.
18. Wagner PL, Waldor MK (2002) Bacteriophage control of bacterial virulence. Infect Immun 70: 3985-3993.
19. Bielaszewska M, Friedrich AW, Aldick T, Schurk-Bulgrin R, Karch H (2006) Shiga toxin activatable by intestinal mucus in Escherichia coli isolated from humans: predictor for a severe clinical outcome. Clin Infect Dis 43: 1160-1167.
20. Donnenberg MS, Tzipori S, McKee ML, O'Brien AD, Alroy J, et al. (1993) The role of the eae gene of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in intimate attachment in vitro and in a porcine model. J Clin Invest 92: 1418-1424.
21. Mellmann A, Bielaszewska M, Zimmerhackl LB, Prager R, Harmsen D, et al. (2005) Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in human infection: in vivo evolution of a bacterial pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 41: 785-792.
22. Friedrich AW, Zhang W, Bielaszewska M, Mellmann A, Köck R, et al. (2007) Prevalence, virulence profiles, and clinical significance of Shiga toxin-negative variants of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 infection in humans. Clin Infect Dis 45: 39-45.
23. -. J Clin Microbiol 42: 4697-4701.
24. Bielaszewska M, Zhang W, Tarr PI, Sonntag AK, Karch H (2005) Molecular profiling and phenotype analysis of Escherichia coli O26:H11 and O26:NM: secular and geographic consistency of enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic isolates. J Clin Microbiol 43: 4225-4228.
25. Bielaszewska M, Tarr PI, Karch H, Zhang W, Mathys W (2005) Phenotypic and molecular analysis of tellurite resistance among enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and sorbitol-fermenting O157:NM clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol 43: 452-454.
26. Janka A, Bielaszewska M, Dobrindt U, Greune L, Schmidt MA, et al. (2003) Cytolethal distending toxin gene cluster in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H- and O157:H7: characterization and evolutionary considerations. Infect Immun 71: 3634-3638.
27. Toma C, Martinez Espinosa E, Song T, Miliwebsky E, Chinen I, et al. (2004) Distribution of putative adhesins in different seropathotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 42: 4937-4946.
28. -. Int J Med Microbiol 292: 207-214.
29. Karch H, Schubert S, Zhang D, Zhang W, Schmidt H, et al. (1999) A genomic island, termed "high pathogenicity island", is present in certain non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli clonal lineages. Infect Immun 67: 5994-6001.
30. Wirth T, Falush D, Lan R, Colles F, Mensa P, et al. (2006) Sex and virulence in Escherichia coli: an evolutionary perspective. Mol Microbiol 60: 1136-1151.
31. Park CH, Kim HJ, Hixon DL (2002) Importance of testing stool specimens for Shiga toxins. J Clin Microbiol 40: 3542-3543.
32. Beutin L, Marches O, Bettelheim KA, Gleier K, Zimmermann S, et al. (2003) HEp-2 cell adherence, actin aggregation, and intimin types of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy infants in Germany and Australia. Infect Immun 71: 3995-4002.
33. Zhang W, Mellmann A, Sonntag AK, Wieler L, Bielaszewska M, et al. (2007) Structural and functional differences between disease-associated genes of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O111. Int J Med Microbiol 297: 17-26.
34. Creuzburg K, Kohler B, Hempel H, Schreier P, Jacobs E, et al. (2005) Genetic structure and chromosomal integration site of the cryptic prophage CP-1639 encoding Shiga toxin. Microbiology 151: 941-950.
35. Ake JA, Jelacic S, Ciol MA, Watkins SL, Murray KF, et al. (2005) Relative nephroprotection during Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections: Association with intravenous volume expansion. Pediatrics 115: 673-680
36. Wong CS, Jelacic S, Habeeb RL, Watkins SL, Tarr PI (2000) The risk of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. New Engl J Med 342: 1930-1936.
37. Zimmernackl LB (2000) E. coli. antibiotics. and the hemolytic-uremic synorome. N Engl J Med 342: 1990-1991.
38. Cimolai N, Basalyga S, Mah DG, Morrison BJ, Carter JE, 1994 A Continuing assessment of risk factors for the development of Escherichia coli O157:H7-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clin Nephrol 42; 85-89.
39. Paton AW, Srimanote P, Woodrow MC, Paton JC (2001) Characterization of Saa, a novel autoagglutinating adhesin produced by locus of enterocyte effacement-negative Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli strains that are virulent for humans. Infect Immun 69: 6999-7009.
40. Tan PI, Neill MA, Clausen CR, Watkins SL, Christie DL et al. (1990) Escherichia coli O157:H7 and the hemolytic, uremic, syndromo: importance of early cultures in establishing the etiology. J Infect Dis 162: 553-356.
41. Bokete TN, Whittam TS, Wilson RA, Clausen CR, O'Callahan CM, et al. (1997) Genetic and phenotypic analysis of Escherichia coli with enteropathogenic characteristics isolated from Seattle children. J Infect Dis 175: 1382-1389.
42. Klein EJ, Stapp JR, Clausen CR, Boster DR, Wells JG, et al. (2002) Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea: a prospective point-of-care study. J Pediatr 141: 172-177.
43. Prager R, Strutz U, Fruth A, Tschäpe H (2003) Subtyping of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains using flagellar (H)-antigens: serotyping versus fliC polymorphisms. Int J Med Microbiol 292: 477-486.
44. Jelacic JK, Damrow T, Chen GS, Jelacic S, Bielaszewska M, et al. (2003) Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Montana: bacterial genotypes and clinical profiles. J Infect Dis 188: 719-729.
45. Zhang WL, Kohler B, Oswald E, Beutin L, Earth H, et al. (2002) Genetic diversity of intimin genes of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli strains. J Clin Microbiol 40: 4486-4492.
46. Fed EJ, Li BC, Aanensen DM, Hanage WP, Spratt BG (2004) eBURST: inferring patterns of evolutionary descent among clusters of related bacterial genotypes front multilocus sequence typing data. J Bacteriol 186: 1518-1530.
47. Bopp CA, Brenner FW, Fields PJ, et al. (2003) Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th ed. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology. pp 654-671.
48. Bockemühl J, Wong JD (2003) Yersinia. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th ed. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology. pp 672-683.
49. Nachamkin I (2003) Campylobacter and Arcobacter. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th ed. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology. pp 902-914.