Strong ion approach to acid-base disorders

Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 310-321

  De Morais, Helio Autran ^a,b   Constable, Peter D ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 41549168920     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-72-163949-6/50016-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (46)

1. Atkins CE, Tyler R, Greenlee F Clinical, biochemical, acid-base, and electrolyte abnormalities in cats after hypertonic sodium phosphate enema administration. Am J Vet Res 1985, 46:980-988.
2. Barsotti G, Lazzeri M, Cristofano C, et al. The role of metabolic acidosis in causing uremic hyperphosphatemia. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1986, 12:103-106.
3. a of nonvolatile buffers in canine plasma. J Vet Intern Med 2005, 19:507-514.
4. Constable PD, Hinchcliff KW, Muir WW Comparison of anion gap and strong ion gap as predictors of unmeasured strong ion concentration in plasma and serum from horses. Am J Vet Res 1998, 59:881-887.
5. Constable PD Total weak acid concentration and effective dissociation constant of nonvolatile buffers in human plasma. J Appl Physiol 2001, 91:1364-1371.
6. Constable PD Calculation of variables describing plasma nonvolatile weak acids for use in the strong ion approach to acid-base balance in cattle. Am J Vet Res 2002, 63:482-490.
7. Constable PD Clinical assessment of acid-base status: comparison of the Henderson-Hasselbalch and strong ion approaches. Vet Clin Pathol 2000, 29:115-128.
8. Constable PD A simplified strong ion model for acid-base equilibria: application to horse plasma. J Appl Physiol 1997, 83:297-311.
9. Constable PD Hyperchloremic acidosis: the classic example of strong ion acidosis. Anesth Analg 2003, 96:919-922.
10. Corey HE Stewart and beyond: new models of acid-base balance. Kidney Int 2003, 64:777-787.
11. de Morais HSA A nontraditional approach to acid-base disorders. Fluid therapy in small animal practice 1992, 297-320. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. S.P. DiBartola (Ed.).
12. de Morais HSA Chloride disorders: hyperchloremia and hypochloremia. Fluid therapy in small animal practice 2000, 73-82. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. ed 2. S.P. DiBartola (Ed.).
13. de Morais HSA Has Stewart finally arrived in the clinic?. J Vet Intern Med 2005, 19:489-490.
14. DiBartola SP, de Morais HSA Case examples. Fluid therapy in small animal practice 1992, 599-688. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. S.P. DiBartola (Ed.).
15. Durward A, Mayer A, Skellett A, et al. Hypoalbuminemia in critically ill children: incidence, prognosis, and influence in the anion gap. Arch Dis Child 2003, 88:419-422.
16. Emuakpor DS, Maas AHJ, Ruigrok TJC, et al. Acid-base curve nomogram for dog blood. Pflugers Archiv 1976, 363:141-147.
17. Fencl V, Leith DE Stewart's quantitative acid-base chemistry: applications for biology and medicine. Respir Physiol 1993, 91:1-16.
18. Fencl V, Jabor A, Kazda A, et al. Diagnosis of metabolic acid-base disturbances in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 162:2246-2251.
19. Figge J, Rossing TH, Fencl VL The role of proteins in acid-base equilibria. J Lab Clin Med 1991, 117:453-467.
20. Figge J, Jabor A, Kazda A, et al. Anion gap and hypoalbuminemia. Crit Care Med 1998, 26:1807-1810.
21. Fulton R, Fruechte L Poisoning induced by administration of a phosphate-containing urinary acidifier in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991, 198:8-12.
22. Hatherill M, Waggie Z, Purves L, et al. Correction of anion gap for albumin in order to detect occult tissue anions in shock. Arch Dis Child 2002, 87:526-529.
23. Jones NL Blood gases and acid base physiology 1987, Thieme Medical Publishers, New York. ed 2.
24. Kellum JA, Kramer DJ, Pinsky MR Strong ion gap: a methodology for exploring unexplained anions. J Crit Care 1995, 10:51-55.
25. Leisewitz AL, Jacobson LS, de Morais HSA, et al. The mixed acid-base disturbances of severe canine babesiosis. J Vet Intern Med 2001, 15:445-452.
26. Ling G, Stabenfeldt OH, Comer KM, et al. Canine hyperadrenocorticism: pretreatment clinical and laboratory evaluation of 117 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979, 174:1211-1215.
27. Madias NE, Bossert WH, Adrogué HJ Ventilatory response to chronic metabolic acidosis and alkalosis in the dog. J Appl Physiol 1984, 56:1640-1646.
28. McAuliffe JJ, Lind LJ, Leith DE, et al. Hypoproteinemic alkalosis. Am J Med 1986, 81:86-90.
29. McCullough SM, Constable PD Calculation of the total plasma concentration of nonvolatile weak acids and the effective dissociation constant of nonvolatile buffers in plasma for use in the strong ion approach to acid-base balance in cats. Am J Vet Res 2003, 64:1047-1051.
30. Meijer JC Canine hyperadrenocorticism. Current veterinary therapy VII 1980, 974-978. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. ed 7. R.W. Kirk (Ed.).
31. Moviat M, van Haren F, van der Hoeven H Conventional or physicochemical approach to intensive care unit patients with metabolic acidosis. Crit Care 2003, 7:R41-R45.
32. Naka T, Bellomo R Bench-to-bedside review: treating acid-base abnormalities in the intensive care unit-the role of renal replacement therapy. Crit Care 2004, 8:108-114.
33. Oh MS, Carroll HJ Current concepts. The anion gap. N Engl J Med 1977, 297:814-817.
34. Rocktaeschel J, Morimatsu H, Uchino S, et al. Acid-base status of critically ill patients with acute renal failure: analysis based on Stewart-Figge methodology. Crit Care 2003, 7:R60-R63.
35. Rossing TH, Boixeda D, Maffeo H, et al. Hyperventilation with hypoproteinemia. J Lab Clin Med 1988, 112:553-559.
36. Rossing TH, Maffeo N, Fencl V Acid-base effects of altering plasma protein concentration in human blood in vitro. J Appl Physiol 1986, 61:2260-2265.
37. Sirker AA, Rhodes A, Grounde RM, et al. Acid-base physiology: the traditional and the modern approaches. Anesthesia 2002, 57:348-356.
38. a of nonvolatile buffers in human plasma. J Appl Physiol 2003, 95:620-630.
39. Stewart PA Modern quantitative acid-base chemistry. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1983, 61:1444-1461.
40. Whitehair KJ, Haskins SC, Whitehair JG, et al. Clinical application of quantitative acid-base chemistry. J Vet Intern Med 1995, 9:1-11.
41. Whitworth JA, Mangos GJ, Kelly JJ Cushing, cortisol, and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension 2000, 36:912-916.
42. Wilkes P Hypoproteinemia, strong-ion difference, and acid-base status in critically ill patients. J Appl Physiol 1998, 84:1740-1748.
43. Wooten EW Calculation of physiological acid-base parameters in multicompartment systems with application to human blood. J Appl Physiol 2003, 95:2333-2344.
44. Wooten EW Science review: quantitative acid-base physiology using Stewart Model. Crit Care 2004, 8:448-452.
45. Gilfix BM, Bique M, Magder S A physical chemical approach to the analysis of acid-base balance in the clinical setting. J Crit Care 1993, 8:187-197.
46. Leith DE The new acid-base: power and simplicity 1990, 449-455. Proc ACVIM Forum, Washington, DC.