Virulence factors of group B Streptococci

Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 109-118

  Burnham, Carey Ann D ^a   Tyrrell, Gregory J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Group B streptococcus; Meningitis; Pathogenesis; Streptococcus agalactiae; Virulence factors

Indexed keywords

BETA HEMOLYSIN; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C5A; CYCLIC AMP; HEMOLYSIN; HYALURONATE LYASE; LIPOTEICHOIC ACID; LYASE; PEPTIDASE; PROTEIN C; SCLEROPROTEIN; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BONE INFECTION; CELL TYPE; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; EPITHELIUM CELL; MENINGITIS; NEWBORN DISEASE; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PNEUMONIA; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SEPTICEMIA; SOFT TISSUE INFECTION; STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE;

EID: 4143104616     PISSN: 0954139X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00013542-200310000-00002     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Farley MM. Group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 33:556-561.
2. Schuchat A. Epidemiology of group B streptococcal disease in the United States: shifting paradigms. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998, 11:497-513.
3. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wegner JD, Harrison LH, Farley M, Reingold AL, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. N Engl J Med 1997, 337:970-976.
4. Tyrrell GJ, Senzielet LD, Spika JS, Kertesz DA, Alagraratnam M, Lovgren M, et al. Invasive disease due to group B streptococcal infection in adults: results from a Canadian, population-based, active laboratory surveillance study-1996. J Infect Dis 2000, 182:168-173.
5. Yaguupsky P, Menegus MA, Powel KR. The changing spectrum of group B streptococcal disease in infants: an eleven-year experience in a tertiary care hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis 1991, 10: 801-808.
6. Schuchat A, Deaver-Robinson K, Plikaytis BD, Zangwell KM, Mohle-Boetani J, Wegner JD. Multislate case-control study of maternal risk factors for neonatal group B streptococcal disease. The Active Surveillance Study Group. Pediatr Infect Dis 1994, 13:623-629.
7. Farley MM, Harvey RC, Studll T, Smith JD, Schuchat A, Wenger JD, et al. A population based assessment of invasive disease due to group B streptococcus in nonpregnant adults. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:1807-1811.
8. Lancefield RC. A serological differentation of specific types of bovine hemolytic streptococci (group B). J Exp Med 1934, 59:441-458.
9. Lancefield RC. Antigens of group B streptococci in relation to mouse-protective antibodies and immunity. In Robbins JB (editor): New Approaches for Inducing Natural Immunity to Pyogenic Organisms. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health; 1975: 145-179.
10. Glaser P, Rusniok C, Burchrieser C, Chevalier F, Frangeul L, Msadek T, et al. Genome sequence of Streptococcus agalactiae, a pathogen causing invasive neonatal disease. Mol Microbiol 2002, 45:1499-1513.
11. Tettelin H, Masignani V, Cieslewicz MJ, Eisen JA, Peterson S, Wessels MR, et al. Complete genome sequence and comparative genomic analysis of an emerging human pathogen, serotype V Streptococcus agalactiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:12391-12396.
12. Allardie JG, Baskett TF, Seshia MM, Bowman N, Malazdrewich R. Perinatal group B streptococcal colonization and infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982, 142:617-620.
13. Anthony B, Eisenstadt, Carter J, Kim K, Hobel C. Genital and intestinal carriage of group B streptococci during pregnancy. J Infect Dis 1981, 143:761-766.
14. Schuchat A, Oxtoby M, Chochi S, Sikes RK, Hightower A, Plikaytis BD, et al. Population-based risk factors for neonatal group B streptococcal disease: results of a cohort study in metropolitan Atlanta. J Infect Dis 1990, 162:672-977.
15. Wessels MR, Pozsgay V, Kasper DL, Jennings HJ. Structure and immunochemistry of an oligosaccharide repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of type III group B streptococcus. J Biol Chem 1987, 262:8262-8267.
16. Deng L, Kasper DL, Krick TP, Wessels MR. Characterization of the linkage between the type III capsular polysaccharide and the bacterial cell wall of group B Streptococcus. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:7497-7504.
17. Rubens CE, Wessels MR, Heggen LM, Kasper DL. Transposon mutagenesis of type III group B streptococcus: correlation of capsule expression with virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987, 84:7208-7212.
18. Jennings HJ, Lugowski C, Kasper DL. Conformational aspects critical to the immunospecificity of the type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide. Biochemistry 1981, 20: 4511-4518.
19. Kogan G, Uhrin D, Brisson JR, Paoletti LC, Alodgett AE, Kasper DL, et al. Structural and immunochemical characterization of the type VIII group B streptococcus polysaccharide. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:8786-8789.
20. Von Hunolstein C, d'Ascenzi S, Wagner B, Jelinkova J, Alfarone G, Recchia S, et al. Immmunochemistry of the capsular type polysaccharide and virulence properties of type VI Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus). Infect Immun 1993, 61:1272-1280.
21. Wessels, MR, DiFabio JL, Benedi V, Kasper DL, Michon F, Brisson J, et al. Structural determination and immunochemical characterization of the type V group B streptococcus capsular polysaccharide. J Biol Chem 1991, 266:6714-6719.
22. Jennings HJ, Rosell K, Katzenellenbogen E, Kasper D. Structural determination of the capsular polysaccharide antigen of type II group B streptococcus. J Biol Chem 1983, 258:1793-1798.
23. Marques MB, Kasper DL, Pangburn MK, Wessels MR. Prevention of C 3 deposition by capsular polysaccharide is a virulence mechanism of type III group B streptococci. Infect Immun 1992, 14:3986-3993.
24. Wessels MR, Rubens CE, Benedi V, Kasper DL. Definition of a bacterial virulence factor: sialyation of the group B streptococcal capsule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989, 86:8983-8987.
25. Hulse M, Smith S, Chi E, Pham A, Rubens C. Effect of type III group B streptococcal capsular polysaccharide on invasion of respiratory epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1993, 61:4835-4841.
26. Paoletti LC, Kasper DL, Michon F, DiFabio J, Holme K, Jennings HJ, et al. An oligosaccharide-tetanus toxiod conjugate vaccine against type III group B streptococcus. J Biol Chem 1990, 265:18278-18283.
27. Kasper DL, Paoletti LC, Wessels MR, Guttormsen H, Carey VJ, Jennings HJ, et al. Immune response to type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide-tetanus toxiod conjugate vaccine. J Clin Invest 1996, 98:2308-2314.
28. Paoletti LC, Wessels MR, Rodweald AK, Shroff AA, Jennings HJ, Kasper DL. Neonatal mouse protection against infection with multiple group B streptococcal (GBS) serotypes by maternal immunization with a tetravalent GBS polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. Infect Immun 1994, 62:3236-3243.
29. Nealon TJ, Mattingly SJ. Kinetic an chemical analyses of the biological significance of lipoteichoic acids in mediating adherence of serotype III group B streptococci. Infect Immun 1985, 50:107-115.
30. Fischer W. Physiology of lipotechoic acids in bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 1998, 29:233-302.
31. Teti G, Tomesello F, Chiofalo MS, Orefici G, Mastroeni P. Adherence of group B streptococci to adult and neonatal epithelial cells mediated by lipoteichoic acid. Infect Immun 1987, 55:3057-3064.
32. Goldschmidt JC, Panos C. Teichoic acids of Streptococcus agalactiae: chemistry, cytotoxicity and effect on bacterial adherence to human cells in tissue culture. Infect Immun 1984, 43:670-677.
33. Bernheimer AW, Linder R, Aviga LS. Nature and mechanism of action of the CAMP protein of Group B Streptococci. Infect Immun 1979, 23:838-844.
34. Christie R, Atkins NE, Munch-Petersen. A note on a lytic phenomenon shown by group B streptococci. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1944, 22:197-200.
35. Hassan AA, Akineden O, Lammler C, Huber-Schlenstedt R. Molecular characterization of phenotypically CAMP-negative Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis. J Vet Med 2002, 49:257-259.
36. Skalka B, Smola J. Lethal effect of CAMP-factor and UBERIS-factor-a new finding about diffusible exosubstances of Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus uberis. Zentralbl Bakt Mikrobiol Hyg 1981; 249:190-194.
37. Lang S, Palmer M. Characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae CAMP factor as a pore-forming toxin. J Biol Chem 2003, 278: 38167-38173.
38. Jurgens D, Sterzik B, Fehrenbach FJ. Unspecific binding of group B streptococcal cocytolysin (CAMP-factor) to immunoglobulins and its possible role in pathogenicity. J Exp Med 1987, 165: 720-732.
39. Nizet V. Streptococcal β-hemolysins: genetics and role in disease pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol 2002, 10:575-580.
40. Nizet V, Gibson RL, Chi EY, Framson PE, Hulse M, Rubens C. Group B Streptococcal beta-hemolysin expression is associated with injury of lung epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1996, 64:3818-3826.
41. Doran KS, Chang JCW, Beniot VM, Eckmann L, Nizet V. Group B Streptococcal β-hemolysin/cytolysin promotes invasion of human lung epithelial cells and the release of interlukin-8. J Infect Dis 2002, 185:196-203.
42. Marchlewicz BA, Duncan JL. Lysis of erythrocytes by a hemolysin produced by group B Streptococcus sp. Infect Immun 1981, 34:787-794.
43. Nizet V, Kim KS, Stins M, Jonas M, Chie EY, Nguyen D, Rubens CE. Invasion of brain microvascular endothelial cells by group B streptococci. Infect Immun 1997, 65:5074-5081.
44. Ring A, Depnering C, Pohl J, Nizet V, Shenep JL, Stremmel W. Synergistic action of nitric oxide release from murine macrophages caused by Group B Streptococcal cell wall and β-hemolysin/cytolysin. J Infect Dis 2002, 186:1518-1521.
45. Ring A, Braun JS, Pohl J, Nizet V, Stremmel W, Shenep JL. Group B Streptococcal β-hemolysin induces mortality and liver injury in experimental sepsis. J Infect Dis 2002, 185:1745-1753.
46. Marchlewicz BA, Duncan JL. Properties of a hemolysin produced by group B streptococci. Infect Immun 1980, 30:805-813.
47. Pritzlaff CA, Chang JC, Kuo SP, Tamura GS, Rubens CE, Nizet V. Genetic basis for the β-haemolytic/cytolytic activity of group B Streptococcus. Mol Microbiol 2001, 39:236-247.
48. Tapsall JW. Relationship between pigment production and haemolysin formation by Lancefield group B streptococci. J Med Microbiol 1987, 24:83-87.
49. Pritchard DG, Lin B, Willingham TR, Baker JR. Characterization of the Group B Streptococcal Hyaluronate Lyase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1994, 315:431-437.
50. Pritchard DG, Lin B. Group B Streptococcal neuraminidase is actually a hyaluronidase. Infect Immun 1993, 61:3234-3239.
51. Hayano S, Tanaka A. Sialidase-like enzymes produced by group A, B, C, G and L streptococci and by Streptococcus sanguis. J Bacteriol 1969, 1328-1333.
52. Lin B, Hollingshead SK, Coligan JE, Egan ML, Baker JR, Pritchard DG. Cloning and expression of the gene for Group B Streptococcal hyaluronate lyase. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:30113-30116.
53. Mello LV, de Groot BL, Li S, Jedrzejas MJ. Structure and flexibility of Streptococcus agalactiae hyaluronate lyase complex with its substrate. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:36678-36688.
54. Milligan TW, Baker CJ, Straus DC, Mattingly SJ. Association of elevated levels of extracellular neuraminidase with clinical isolates of type III group B streptococci. Infect Immun 1978, 21:738-746.
55. Granlund M, Oberg L, Sellin M, Norgren M. Identification of a novel insertion element is 1548 in Group B Streptococci, predominantly in strains causing endocarditis. J Infect Dis 1998, 177:967-976.
56. Yildirim AO, Fink K, Lammler CH. Distribution of the hyaluronate Iyase encoding gene hylB and the insertion element IS 1548 in streptococci of serological group B isolated from animals and humans. Res Vet Sci 2002, 73:131-135.
57. Jackson, RJ, Dao ML, Lim DV. Cell-associated collagenolytic activity by group B streptococci. Infect Immun 1994, 62: 5647-5651.
58. Lin B, Averett WF, Novak J, Chatham WW, Hollingshead SK, Coligan JE, et al. Characterization of PepB, a group B streptococcal oligopeptidase. Infect Immun 1996, 64:3401-3406.
59. Bolduc GR, Baron MJ, Gravekamp C, Lachenauer CS, Madoff LC. The alpha C protein mediates internalization of group B Streptococcus within human cervical epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2002, 4:751-758.
60. Ross RA, Madoff LC, Peoletti LC. Regulation of cell component production by growth rate in the group B Streptococcus. J Bacteriol 1999, 181:5389-5394.
61. Nagano N, Nagano Y, Taguchi F. High expression of a C protein β antigen gene among invasive strains from certain clonally related groups of type Ia and Ib group B Streptococci. Infect Immun 2002, 70:4643-4649.
62. Ferrieri P, Flores AE. Surface protein expression in group B streptococcal invasive isolates. In Horaund et al. (editors): Streptococci and the Host. New York: Plenum Press; 1997: 635-637.
63. Li J, Kasper DL, Ausubel FM, Rosner B, Michel JL. Inactivation of the α C protein antigen gene, bca, by a novel shuttle/suicide vector results in attenuation of virulence and immunity in group B Streptococcus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94: 13251-13256.
64. Madoff LC, Michel JL, Gong EW, Kling DE, Kasper DL. Group B streptococci escape host immunity by deletion of tandem repeat elements of the alpha C protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93:4131-4136.
65. Michel JL, Madoff LC, Kling DE, Kasper DL, Ausubel FM. Cloned alpha and beta C protein antigens of group B streptococci elicit protective immunity. Infect Immun 1991, 59:2023-2028.
66. Miller RA, Britigan BE. Role of oxidants in microbial pathophysiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997, 10:1-18.
67. Poyart C, Pellegrini E, Gaillot O, Boumaila C, Baptista M, Trieu-Cuot P. Contribution of Mn-cofactored superoxide dismutase (SodA) to the virulence of Streptococcus agalactiae. Infect Immun 2001, 69:5098-5106.
68. Bohnsack JF, Widjaja K, Ghazizadeh S, Rubens CE, Hiliyard DR, Parker CJ, et al. A role for C5 and C5a-ase in the acute neutrophil response to group B streptococcal infections. J Infect Dis 1997, 175:847-855.
69. Cheng W, Stafslein D, Purushothaman SS, Cleary P. The Group B Streptococcal C5a peptidase is both a specific protease and an invasin. Infect Immun 2002, 70:2408-2413.
70. Beckman C, Waggoner JD, Harris TO, Tamura GS, Rubens CE. Identification of novel adhesions from Group B Streptococci by use of phage display reveals that C5a peptidase mediates fibronectin binding. Infect Immun 2002, 70:2869-2876.
71. Cheng Q, Carlson B, Pillai S, Eby R, Edwards L, Olmsted SB, et al. Antibody against surface-bound C5a peptidase is opsonic and initiates macrophage killing of Group B Streptococci. Infect Immun 2001, 69:2302-2308.
72. Chmjouryguina I, A Survorov, Ferrieri P, Cleary PP. Conservation of the C5a peptidase genes in the group A and B streptococci. Infect Immun 1996, 64:2387-2390.
73. Fuss C, Palmaz JC, Sprague EA. Fibrinogen: structure, function, and surface interactions. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001, 12: 677-682.
74. Spellerberg B, Rozdzinski E, Martin S, Weber-Heynemann J, Lutticken R. rfg encodes a novel two-component signal transduction system of Streptococcus agalactiae. Infect Immun 2002, 70:2434-2440.
75. Lammler C, Chhatwal GS, Blobel H. Binding of human fibrinogen and its polypeptide chains to group B streptococci. Med Microbiol Immunol 1983, 172:149-153.
76. Schubert A, Zakikhany K, Schreiner M, Frank R, Spellerberg B, Eikmanns BJ, et al. A fibrinogen receptor from group B Streptococcus interacts with fibrinogen by repetitive units with novel ligand binding sites. Mol Microbiol 2002, 46:557-569.
77. Tamura GS, Rubens CE. Group B streptococci adhere to a variant of fibronectin attached to a solid phase. Mol Microbiol 1995, 15:581-589.
78. Tamura GS, Nittayajarn A, Schoetang DL. A glutamine transport gene glnQ, is required for fibronectin adherence and virulence of group B streptococci. Infect Immun 2002, 70:2877-2885.
79. Spellerberg B, Rozdzinski E, Martin S, Weber-Heynemann J, Schnitzler N, Lutticken R, et al. Lmb, a protein with similarities to the Lral adhesion family, mediates attachment of Streptococcus agalactiae to human laminin. Infect Immun 1999, 67:871-878.
80. Tamura GS, Nittayajarn A. Group B streptococci an other gram-positive cocci bind to cytokeratin 8. Infect Immun 2000, 68:2129-2143.
81. Jones AL, Needham RHV, Clancy A, Knoll KM, Rubens CE. Penicillin-binding proteins in Streptococcus agalactiae: a novel mechanism for evasion of immune clearance. Mol Microbiol 2003, 47:247-256.
82. Fettucciari K, Rosati E, Scaringi L, Cornacchione P, Migliorati G, Sabatini R, et al. Group B Streptococcus induces apoptosis in macrophages. J Immunol 2000, 165:3923-3933.
83. Buratta S, Fettucciari K, Mambrini R, Fetriconi I, Marconei P, Mozzi R. Group B streptococcus (GBS) modifies macrophage phosphatidylserine metabolism during induction of apoptosis. FEBS Lett 2002, 520:68-72.
84. Tyrrell GJ, Kennedy A, Shokoples SE, Sherburne RK. Binding and invasion of HeLa and MRC-5 cells by Streptococcus agalactiae. Microbiology 2002, 148:3921-3931.
85. Tamura GS, Kupers JM, Smith S, Raff H, Rubens CE. Adherence of group B streptococci to cultured epithelial cells: roles of environmental factors and bacterial surface components. Infect Immun 1994, 62:2450-2458.
86. Grebe TW, Stock JB. The histidine kinase superfamily. Adv Microb Physiol 1999, 41:139-227.
87. Poyart C, Lamy MC, Boumalia C, Fiedler F, Trieu-Cuot P. Regulation of D-alanyl-lipoteichoic acid biosynthesis in Streptococcus galactiae involves a novel two-component regulatory system. J Bacteriol 2001, 183:6324-6334.