How culture and science make race "genetic": Motives and strategies for discrete categorization of the continuous and heterogeneous

Literature and Medicine

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 240-268

  Condit, Celeste ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICA; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; HUMAN; RACE;

AFRICA; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; CULTURE; GENETIC RESEARCH; HUMANS; INTENTION; VARIATION (GENETICS);

EID: 41249089198     PISSN: 02789671     EISSN: 10806571     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/lm.2008.0000     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Barkan, Elazar. The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States Between the World Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992
2. Bevan, Jennifer L., John A. Lynch, Tasha N. Dubriwny Tina M. Harris, Paul J. Achter, Amy L. Reeder, and Celeste M. Condit. "Informed Lay Preferences for Delivery of Racially Varied Pharmacogenomics." Genetics in Medicine 5, no. 5 (2003): 393-399
3. Blomqvist, Ola, Joel Gelernter, and Henry R. Kranzler. "Family-Based Study of DRD2 Alleles in Alcohol and Drug Dependence." American Journal of Medical Genetics 96 (2000): 659-64
4. 2 Receptor Gene in Alcoholism." Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (1990): 2055-2060
5. 2 Receptor Gene and Alcoholism." Journal of the American Medical Association 264 (1990): 3156-3160
6. Braun, Lundy "Race, Ethnicity, and Health: Can Genetics Explain Disparities?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 45, no. 2 (2002): 159-174
7. Burchard, Esteban González. "Importance of Race/Ethnicity & Genetics in Biomedical Research and Clinical Practice; Lessons from the Genetics of Asthma in Latino Americans (GALA) Study & The Study of African Americans, Asthma, Genes and Environments (SAGE)." At the NIH Staff Training Session, Defining Race and Ethnicity in Biomedical and Behavioral Research, April 11 & 18, 2006
8. rd Ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1939/1984. 1984
9. Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca, Paolo Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza. The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994
10. Chen, Wei. J., Chia-Hsiang Chen, Jielen Huang, Yun-Pung P. Hsu, See-Voon Seow, Chiao-Chicy Chen, and Andrew T.A. Cheng. "Genetic Polymorphisms of the Promoter Region of Dopamine D2 Receptor and Dopamine Transporter Genes and Alcoholism Among Four Aboriginal Groups and Han Chinese in Taiwan." Psychiatric Genetics 11, no. 4 (2001): 182-95
11. Collins, Francis. From Spielberg to Kornberg: Genetics in the Undergraduate Classroom. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society for Human Genetics, October 1999
12. 2 Receptor Locus as a Modifying Gene in Neuropsychiatric Disorders." Journal of the American Medical Association 266 (1991): 1793-1800
13. Condit, Celeste Michelle. "Women's Reproductive Choices and the Genetic Model of Medicine. In Body Talk: Rhetoric, Technology, Reproduction, edited by Mary M. Lay, Laura Gurak, Clare Gravon, and Cynthia Mynti, 125-141. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000
14. Condit, Celeste and John Lucaites. Crafting equality: America's Anglo/African word. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993
15. Condit, Celeste M., Deirdre M. Condit, and Paul Achter. "Human Equality, Affirmative Action and Genetic Models of Human Variation." Rhetoric and Public Affairs 4, no. 1 (2001): 85-108
16. Condit, Celeste M., Alan Templeton, Benjamin R. Bates, Jennifer L. Bevan, and Tina M. Harris. "Attitudinal Barriers to Delivery of Race-targeted Pharmacogenomics among Informed Lay Persons." Genetics in Medicine 5, no. 5 (2003): 385-392
17. Condit, Celeste M., Roxanne L. Parrott, Benjamin R. Bates, Jennifer L. Bevan, and Paul J. Achter. "Exploration of the Impact of Messages about Genes and Race on Lay Attitudes." Clinical Genetics 66, no. 5 (2004): 402-408
18. Condit, Celeste M., Roxanne L. Parrott, Tina M. Harris, John A. Lynch, and Tasha Dubriwny "The Role of 'Genetics' in Popular Understandings of Race in the United States." Public Understanding of Science 13 (2004): 249-272
19. Condit, Celeste M., and L. B. Railsback. The Transilience Project. 2006. http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/Transilience/Transilience.html (accessed June 13, 2007)
20. 2 Dopamine Receptor (DRD2) Polymorphism is Associated with Severity of Alcohol Dependence." European Psychiatry 17, no. 1 (2002): 17-23
21. Coon, C. S., S. M. Garn, and J. B. Birdsell. Races: A Study of the Problems of Race Formation in Man. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas, 1950
22. Cooper, Richard. S. "Race, Genes, and Health - New Wine in Old Bottles?" International Journal of Epidemiology 32, no. 1 (2003): 23-25
23. Dunn, L. C. and Theodosius Dobzhansky. Heredity, Race, and Society: A Scientific Explanation of Human Differences, Rev. ed. New York: New American Library/Mentor Books, 1952
24. Duster, Troy. Backdoor to Eugenics. New York: Routledge, 1990
25. Fuller, Steve. Science. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1997
26. Gearan, Anne. "Clinton Smitten with Gene-mapping Project." Athens Banner-Herald, December 24, 1999, 4A
27. 2 Dopamine Receptor Gene (DRD1) and alcoholism." Journal of the American Medical Association 266 (1991): 1801-1834
28. Goldman, David, Gerald L. Brown, Bernard Albaugh, Rob Robin, Susan Goodson, Marie Trunzo, et al. "DRD2 dopamine Receptor Genotype, Linkage Disequilibrium, and Alcoholism in American Indians and Other Populations." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 17 (1993): 199-204
29. Gould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: Norton, 1981
30. Grey, Stephanie Houston."The Statistical War on Equality: Visions of American Virtuousity in The Bell Curve." Quarterly Journal of Speech 85, no. 3 (1999): 303-329
31. Harris, Randy Allen, ed. Landmark Essays on Rhetoric of Science. Mahwah, NJ: Hermagoras Press, 1997
32. Henig, Robin Marantz. "The Genome in Black and White (and Gray)." New York Times Magazine, October 10, 2004, 47
33. Hubbard, Ruth and Elijah Wald. Exploding the Gene Myth: How Genetic Information is Produced and Manipulated by Scientists, Physicians, Employers, Insurance Companies, Educators, and Law Enforcers. Boston: Beacon Press, 1993
34. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. "Addressing Racial and ethnic Health Care Disparities: Where do We go From Here?" [brochure]. http://www.iom.edu/?id=33252 (accessed July 11, 2007)
35. Kahn, Jonathan. "Getting the Numbers Right: Statistical Mischief and Racial Profiling in Heart Failure Research." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 46, no. 4 (2003): 473-483
36. Katz Rothman, Barbara. Genetic Maps and Human Imaginations: The Limits of Science in Understanding Who We Are. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1998
37. Kay, Lily E. The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993
38. Keller, Evelyn Fox. Making Sense of Life: Explaining Biological Development with Models, Metaphors, and Machines. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002
39. Krieger, Martin H. Doing Physics: How Physicists Take Hold of the World. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992
40. Lee, Sandra Soo-Jin, Joanna Mountain, and Barbara A. Koenig. "The Meanings of 'Race' in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research." Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics 1 (2001): 33-75
41. Lewontin, Richard. Human Diversity. New York: Scientific American Library, 1982
42. Limosin, F., P. Gorwood, J. Y. Loze, C. Dubertret, L. Gouya, J. C. Deybach, et al. 2002. "Male Limited Association of the Dopamine Receptor D2 Gene Taq1 a Polymorphism of Alcohol Dependence." American Journal of Medical Genetics 112 (2002): 343-346
43. Lynn, Richard. The Science of Human Diversity: A History of the Pioneer Fund. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2001
44. Marks, Jonathan. Human Biodiversity: Genes, Race, and History. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1995
45. Matsushita, Sachio, Taro Muramatsu, Masanobu Murakayama, Jun Nakane, and Susumu Higuchi. "Alcoholism, ALDH2 2 and the A1 Allele of the Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene: an Association Study. Psychiatry Research 104, no. 1 (2001): 19-26
46. McCann-Mortimer, Patricia, Martha Augoustinos, and Amanda LeCouteur. "'Race' and the Human Genome Project: Constructions of Scientific Legitimacy." Discourse & Society 15, no. 4 (2004): 409-432
47. th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2002
48. Phimister, Elizabeth G. "Medicine and the Racial Divide." New England Journal of Medicine 348, no. 12 (2003): 1081-1082
49. Pickering, Andrew. The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency, and Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995
50. Pritchard, J.K., Stephens, M., and P. Donnelly. "Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data." Genetics 155, 945-959 (2000)
51. Risch, Neil, Esteban Burchard, Elad Ziv, and Hua Tang. "Categorization of Humans in Biomedical Research: Genes, Race, and Disease." Genome Biology 3, no. 7 (2002): 1-12
52. Satel, Sally. "Medicine's Race Problem." Policy Review, 110 (2001). http://www.policyreview.org/DEC01/satel.html (accessed December 5, 2003; site now discontinued)
53. Smaje, Chris. Natural Hierarchies: The Historical Sociology of Race and Caste. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2000
54. Smedley, Brian D., Adrienne Y. Stith, and Alan R. Nelson, eds. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2003
55. Srader, Doyle. "The Nuremberg Doctors' Trial: Framing Collective Memory Through Argument." PhD diss., University of Georgia, 2003
56. Stevens, Jacqueline. "Symbolic Matter: DNA and Other Linguistic Stuff." Social Text 20, no. 1 (2002): 105-136
57. Taylor, Charles Alan. Defining Science: A Rhetoric of Demarcation. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1996
58. Thanos, Panayotis K., Nora D. Volkow, Paul Freimuth, Hiroyuki Umegaki, Hiroyuki Ikari, George Roth, Donald K. Ingram, and Robert Hitzermann. "Overexpression of Dopamine D2 Receptors Reduces Alcohol Self-administration." Journal of Neurochemistry 78, no. 5 (2001): 1094-103
59. Tucker, William H. The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002
60. U.S. Congress. Senator/Representative Hubert Humphrey. "United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization." Congressional Record. 81st Cong., 2d sess., September 7, 1950. Vol. 96, pt. 11: 14379-14380
61. Wade, Nicholas. "Race is Seen as Real Guide to Track Roots of Disease." New York Times, July 30 2002, F1
62. Wade, Peter. Race, Nature and Culture: An Anthropological Perspective. London: Pluto Press, 2002
63. Wilson, James F., Michael E. Weale, Alice C. Smith, Fiona Gratrix, Benjamin Fletcher, Mark G. Thomas, Neil Bradman, David B. Goldstein, et al. "Population Genetic Structure of Variable Drug Response." Nature Genetics 29 (2001): 265-269
64. Yancy Clyde W. "Does Race Matter in Heart Failure?" American Heart Journal 146, no. 2 (2003): 203-206