-
1
-
-
0029009105
-
Influence of the angular distribution of backscattered electrons on signals at different take-off angles in low-voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM)
-
Spranck M, Kässens M and Reimer L 1995 Influence of the angular distribution of backscattered electrons on signals at different take-off angles in low-voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) Scanning 17 97-105
-
(1995)
Scanning
, vol.17
, Issue.2
, pp. 97-105
-
-
Spranck, M.1
Kässens, M.2
Reimer, L.3
-
2
-
-
0002504150
-
Evaluation of a new correction procedure for quantitative electron probe microanalysis
-
Love G and Scott V D 1978 Evaluation of a new correction procedure for quantitative electron probe microanalysis J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 11 1369-76
-
(1978)
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
, vol.11
, Issue.10
, pp. 1369-1376
-
-
Love, G.1
Scott, V.D.2
-
3
-
-
84981772884
-
Accurate description of surface ionization in electron probe microanalysis: An improved formulation
-
Merlet C 1992 Accurate description of surface ionization in electron probe microanalysis: an improved formulation X-Ray Spectrom. 21 229-38
-
(1992)
X-Ray Spectrom.
, vol.21
, Issue.5
, pp. 229-238
-
-
Merlet, C.1
-
4
-
-
3142708481
-
Interaction of positron beams with surfaces, thin films and interfaces
-
Schultz P J and Lynn K G 1988 Interaction of positron beams with surfaces, thin films and interfaces Rev. Mod. Phys. 60 701-79
-
(1988)
Rev. Mod. Phys.
, vol.60
, Issue.3
, pp. 701-779
-
-
Schultz, P.J.1
Lynn, K.G.2
-
5
-
-
0000270880
-
Direct observation of elastic strain and relaxation at a metal-metal interface by Auger electron diffraction: Cu/Ni(0 0 1)
-
Chambers S A, Chen H W, Vitomirov I M, Anderson S B and Weaver J H 1986 Direct observation of elastic strain and relaxation at a metal-metal interface by Auger electron diffraction: Cu/Ni(0 0 1) Phys. Rev. B 33 8810-13
-
(1986)
Phys. Rev.
, vol.33
, Issue.12
, pp. 8810-8813
-
-
Chambers, S.A.1
Chen, H.W.2
Vitomirov, I.M.3
Anderson, S.B.4
Weaver, J.H.5
-
6
-
-
33748865049
-
Electron backscattering from thin films
-
Niedrig H 1982 Electron backscattering from thin films J. Appl. Phys. 53 R15-R49
-
(1982)
J. Appl. Phys.
, vol.53
, Issue.4
-
-
Niedrig, H.1
-
7
-
-
9244223044
-
Backscatter and dose perturbations for low- to medium-energy electron point sources at the interface between materials with different atomic numbers
-
Buffa F A and Verhaegen F 2004 Backscatter and dose perturbations for low- to medium-energy electron point sources at the interface between materials with different atomic numbers Radiat. Res. 162 693-701
-
(2004)
Radiat. Res.
, vol.162
, Issue.6
, pp. 693-701
-
-
Buffa, F.A.1
Verhaegen, F.2
-
8
-
-
34447304665
-
Investigation of electron trajectories of an x-ray tube in magnetic fields of MR scanners
-
Wen Z, Fahrig R, Conolly S and Pelc N J 2007 Investigation of electron trajectories of an x-ray tube in magnetic fields of MR scanners Med. Phys. 34 2048-58
-
(2007)
Med. Phys.
, vol.34
, Issue.6
, pp. 2048-2058
-
-
Wen, Z.1
Fahrig, R.2
Conolly, S.3
Pelc, N.J.4
-
9
-
-
33846612393
-
Study of increased radiation when an x-ray tube is placed in a strong magnetic field
-
Wen Z, Pelc N J, Nelson W R and Fahrig R 2007 Study of increased radiation when an x-ray tube is placed in a strong magnetic field Med. Phys. 34 408-18
-
(2007)
Med. Phys.
, vol.34
, Issue.2
, pp. 408-418
-
-
Wen, Z.1
Pelc, N.J.2
Nelson, W.R.3
Fahrig, R.4
-
10
-
-
41049085544
-
Quantifying the effect of off-focal (extra-focal) radiation on the output of x-ray systems
-
Ali E S M and Rogers D W O 2008 Quantifying the effect of off-focal (extra-focal) radiation on the output of x-ray systems Med. Phys. submitted
-
(2008)
Med. Phys.
-
-
Ali, E.S.M.1
Rogers, D.W.O.2
-
11
-
-
0346161384
-
Electron scattering in thick targets
-
Bishop H E 1967 Electron scattering in thick targets Br. J. Appl. Phys. 18 703-15
-
(1967)
Br. J. Appl. Phys.
, vol.18
, Issue.6
, pp. 703-715
-
-
Bishop, H.E.1
-
13
-
-
0000058469
-
Monte Carlo simulation of backscattered electrons and energy from thick targets and surface films
-
Dapor M 1992 Monte Carlo simulation of backscattered electrons and energy from thick targets and surface films Phys. Rev. B 46 618-25
-
(1992)
Phys. Rev.
, vol.46
, Issue.2
, pp. 618-625
-
-
Dapor, M.1
-
14
-
-
0001033049
-
Monte Carlo simulation of electron emission from solids
-
Kuhr J C and Fitting H J 1999 Monte Carlo simulation of electron emission from solids J. Electron Spectrosc. 105 257-73
-
(1999)
J. Electron Spectrosc.
, vol.105
, Issue.2-3
, pp. 257-273
-
-
Kuhr, J.C.1
Fitting, H.J.2
-
15
-
-
4243672850
-
Positron and electron backscattering from solids
-
Massoumi G R, Hozhabri N, Jensen K O, Lennard W N, Lorenzo M S and Schultz P J 1992 Positron and electron backscattering from solids Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 3873-6
-
(1992)
Phys. Rev. Lett.
, vol.68
, Issue.26
, pp. 3873-3876
-
-
Massoumi, G.R.1
Hozhabri, N.2
Jensen, K.O.3
Lennard, W.N.4
Lorenzo, M.S.5
Schultz, P.J.6
-
16
-
-
0000969366
-
Electron and positron backscattering in the medium-energy range
-
Massoumi G R, Lennard W N and Schultz P J 1993 Electron and positron backscattering in the medium-energy range Phys. Rev. B 47 11007-18
-
(1993)
Phys. Rev.
, vol.47
, Issue.17
, pp. 11007-11018
-
-
Massoumi, G.R.1
Lennard, W.N.2
Schultz, P.J.3
-
17
-
-
0037150833
-
Comparison of experimental and Monte Carlo simulated BSE spectra of multilayered structures and 'in-depth' measurements in a SEM
-
Rau E, Hoffmeister H, Sennov R and Kohl H 2002 Comparison of experimental and Monte Carlo simulated BSE spectra of multilayered structures and 'in-depth' measurements in a SEM J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35 1433-7
-
(2002)
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
, vol.35
, Issue.12
, pp. 1433-1437
-
-
Rau, E.1
Hoffmeister, H.2
Sennov, R.3
Kohl, H.4
-
18
-
-
0021499788
-
Monte Carlo calculations of keV electron and positron slowing down in solids II
-
Valkealahti S and Nieminen R M 1984 Monte Carlo calculations of keV electron and positron slowing down in solids II Appl. Phys. A 35 51-9
-
(1984)
Appl. Phys.
, vol.35
, Issue.1
, pp. 51-59
-
-
Valkealahti, S.1
Nieminen, R.M.2
-
19
-
-
0027577803
-
A comparison of Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering and x-ray production in solids
-
Ze-jun D and Ziqin W 1993 A comparison of Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering and x-ray production in solids J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 26 507-16
-
(1993)
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
, vol.26
, Issue.4
, pp. 507-516
-
-
Ze-Jun, D.1
Ziqin, W.2
-
20
-
-
58149210333
-
PENELOPE: An algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of the penetration and energy loss of electrons and positrons in matter
-
Baro J, Sempau J, Fernandez-Varea J M and Salvat F 1995 PENELOPE: an algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of the penetration and energy loss of electrons and positrons in matter Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 100 31-46
-
(1995)
Nucl. Instrum. Methods
, vol.100
, Issue.1
, pp. 31-46
-
-
Baro, J.1
Sempau, J.2
Fernandez-Varea, J.M.3
Salvat, F.4
-
22
-
-
0004125152
-
-
Berger M and Seltzer S 1973 ETRAN Monte Carlo code system for electron and photon transport through extended media Report CCC-107 Radiation Shielding Information Centre, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN
-
(1973)
Report CCC-107
-
-
Berger, M.1
Seltzer, S.2
-
23
-
-
70350673803
-
-
Brown F B (ed) 2003 MCNP-A general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code Version 5 Report LA-UR-03-1987 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM
-
(2003)
Report LA-UR-03-1987
-
-
Brown, F.B.1
-
26
-
-
0034104708
-
Accurate condensed history Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport: I. EGSnrc, the new EGS4 version
-
Kawrakow I 2000 Accurate condensed history Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport: I. EGSnrc, the new EGS4 version Med. Phys. 27 485-98
-
(2000)
Med. Phys.
, vol.27
, Issue.3
, pp. 485-498
-
-
Kawrakow, I.1
-
27
-
-
0003797114
-
-
Kawrakow I and Rogers D W O 2007 The EGSnrc Code System: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport NRC Technical Report PIRS-701 v4-2-2-5 National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada http://www.irs.inms.nrc.ca/inms/irs/EGSnrc/EGSnrc.html
-
(2007)
NRC Technical Report PIRS-701 v4-2-2-5
-
-
Kawrakow, I.1
Rogers, D.W.O.2
-
28
-
-
36649020653
-
Report of the AAPM Task Group No. 105: Issues associated with clinical implementation of Monte Carlo-based photon and electron external beam treatment planning
-
Chetty I J et al 2007 Report of the AAPM Task Group No. 105: issues associated with clinical implementation of Monte Carlo-based photon and electron external beam treatment planning Med. Phys. 34 4818-53
-
(2007)
Med. Phys.
, vol.34
, Issue.12
, pp. 4818-4853
-
-
Chetty, I.J.1
Al, E.2
-
29
-
-
33745808031
-
Configuration of the electron transport algorithm of PENELOPE to simulate ion chambers
-
Sempau J and Andreo P 2006 Configuration of the electron transport algorithm of PENELOPE to simulate ion chambers Phys. Med. Biol. 51 3533-48
-
(2006)
Phys. Med. Biol.
, vol.51
, Issue.14
, pp. 3533-3548
-
-
Sempau, J.1
Andreo, P.2
-
30
-
-
41049115062
-
Benchmarking EGSnrc in the kilovoltage energy range against experimental measurements of charged particle backscatter coefficients
-
Ali E S M and Rogers D W O 2008 Benchmarking EGSnrc in the kilovoltage energy range against experimental measurements of charged particle backscatter coefficients Phys. Med. Biol. 53 1527-43
-
(2008)
Phys. Med. Biol.
, vol.53
, Issue.6
, pp. 1527
-
-
Ali, E.S.M.1
Rogers, D.W.O.2
-
32
-
-
0016437591
-
Backscattering of 10-100 keV electrons from thick targets
-
Darlington E H 1975 Backscattering of 10-100 keV electrons from thick targets J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 8 85-93
-
(1975)
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
, vol.8
, Issue.1
, pp. 85-93
-
-
Darlington, E.H.1
-
33
-
-
0019527925
-
Measurements of angular distribution of the backscattered electrons in the energy range of 5 to 30 keV
-
Darlinski A 1981 Measurements of angular distribution of the backscattered electrons in the energy range of 5 to 30 keV Phys. Status Solidi a 63 663-8
-
(1981)
Phys. Status Solidi
, vol.63
, Issue.2
, pp. 663-668
-
-
Darlinski, A.1
-
34
-
-
0029556112
-
Experimental determination of angular-energy distributions of electrons backscattered by bulk gold and silicon samples
-
Gérard P, Balladore J L, Martinez J P and Ouabbou A 1995 Experimental determination of angular-energy distributions of electrons backscattered by bulk gold and silicon samples Scanning 17 377-86
-
(1995)
Scanning
, vol.17
, Issue.6
, pp. 377-386
-
-
Gérard, P.1
Balladore, J.L.2
Martinez, J.P.3
Ouabbou, A.4
-
35
-
-
0042286281
-
On the backscattering of electrons in the energy range of 10 to 100 keV (in German)
-
Kanter H 1957 On the backscattering of electrons in the energy range of 10 to 100 keV (in German) Ann. Phys. Lpz. 20 144-66
-
(1957)
Ann. Phys. Lpz.
, vol.20
, pp. 144-166
-
-
Kanter, H.1
-
36
-
-
36149057819
-
Backscattering of kilovolt electrons from thin films
-
Kanter H 1964 Backscattering of kilovolt electrons from thin films Br. J. Appl. Phys. 15 555-9
-
(1964)
Br. J. Appl. Phys.
, vol.15
, Issue.5
, pp. 555-559
-
-
Kanter, H.1
-
37
-
-
34250938162
-
Energy and angular distribution of backscattered electrons (in German)
-
Kulenkampff H and Rüttiger K 1954 Energy and angular distribution of backscattered electrons (in German) Z. Phys. 137 426-34
-
(1954)
Z. Phys.
, vol.137
, pp. 426-434
-
-
Kulenkampff, H.1
Rüttiger, K.2
-
38
-
-
11344255427
-
Energy distribution of backscattered electrons (in German)
-
Kulenkampff H and Spyra W 1954 Energy distribution of backscattered electrons (in German) Z. Phys. 137 416-25
-
(1954)
Z. Phys.
, vol.137
, pp. 416-425
-
-
Kulenkampff, H.1
Spyra, W.2
-
39
-
-
0016034574
-
Measurements of the energy distribution of backscattered kilovolt electrons with a spherical retarding-field energy analyser
-
Matsukawa T, Shimizu R and Hashimoto H 1974 Measurements of the energy distribution of backscattered kilovolt electrons with a spherical retarding-field energy analyser J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 7 695-702
-
(1974)
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
, vol.7
, Issue.5
, pp. 695-702
-
-
Matsukawa, T.1
Shimizu, R.2
Hashimoto, H.3
-
41
-
-
32644475722
-
New measurements and quantitative analysis of electron backscattering in the energy range of neutron β decay
-
Martin J W, Yuan J, Betancourt M J, Filippone B W, Hoedl S A, Ito T M, Plaster B and Young A R 2006 New measurements and quantitative analysis of electron backscattering in the energy range of neutron β decay Phys. Rev. C 73 015501
-
(2006)
Phys. Rev.
, vol.73
, pp. 015501
-
-
Martin, J.W.1
Yuan, J.2
Betancourt, M.J.3
Filippone, B.W.4
Hoedl, S.A.5
Ito, T.M.6
Plaster, B.7
Young, A.R.8
-
42
-
-
42549104120
-
-
Kawrakow I 2005 EGSnrc C++ class library Technical Report PIRS-898 National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada http://www.irs.inms.nrc.ca/ EGSnrc/pirs898/
-
(2005)
Technical Report PIRS-898
-
-
Kawrakow, I.1
-
43
-
-
0025788191
-
Calculation of water/air stopping-power ratios using EGS4 with explicit treatment of electron-positron differences
-
Malamut C, Rogers D W O and Bielajew A F 1991 Calculation of water/air stopping-power ratios using EGS4 with explicit treatment of electron-positron differences Med. Phys. 18 1222-8
-
(1991)
Med. Phys.
, vol.18
, Issue.6
, pp. 1222-1228
-
-
Malamut, C.1
Rogers, D.W.O.2
Bielajew, A.F.3
-
44
-
-
33746590927
-
Electron impact ionization cross sections for EGSnrc
-
Kawrakow I 2002 Electron impact ionization cross sections for EGSnrc Med. Phys. 29 1230 (abstract)
-
(2002)
Med. Phys.
, vol.29
, pp. 1230
-
-
Kawrakow, I.1
-
45
-
-
0003966099
-
-
Berger M J and Hubbell J H 1987 XCOM: Photon cross sections on a personal computer Report NBSIR87-3597 National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
-
(1987)
Report NBSIR87-3597
-
-
Berger, M.J.1
Hubbell, J.H.2
-
46
-
-
0022113394
-
Bremsstrahlung spectra from electron interactions with screened atomic nuclei and orbital electrons
-
Seltzer S M and Berger M J 1985 Bremsstrahlung spectra from electron interactions with screened atomic nuclei and orbital electrons Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 12 95-134
-
(1985)
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.
, vol.12
, Issue.1
, pp. 95-134
-
-
Seltzer, S.M.1
Berger, M.J.2
-
47
-
-
27744565298
-
Bremsstrahlung energy spectra from electrons with kinetic energy from 1 keV to 10 GeV incident on screened nuclei and orbital electrons of neutral atoms with Z = 1-100
-
Seltzer S M and Berger M J 1986 Bremsstrahlung energy spectra from electrons with kinetic energy from 1 keV to 10 GeV incident on screened nuclei and orbital electrons of neutral atoms with Z = 1-100 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 35 345-418
-
(1986)
At. Data Nucl. Data Tables
, vol.35
, Issue.3
, pp. 345-418
-
-
Seltzer, S.M.1
Berger, M.J.2
|