Assessment of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds in mainstream smoke from selected US cigarette brands and reference cigarettes

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 46, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 1721-1733

  Wilson, C L ^a   Bodnar, J A ^a   Brown, B G ^a   Morgan, W T ^a   Potts, R J ^a   Borgerding, M F ^a  

^a R J REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cigarette; Mainstream smoke; PCB; PCDD; PCDF; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

CIGARETTE SMOKE; DIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURAN; TAR;

ARTICLE; EXPOSURE; PARTICULATE MATTER; RISK ASSESSMENT; UNITED STATES; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; DIOXINS; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FILTRATION; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; REFERENCE STANDARDS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SMOKE; TETRACHLORODIBENZODIOXIN; TOBACCO; UNITED STATES;

EID: 40849112960     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.009     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Aoyama T., Ikeda K., Takatori A., and Obal T. Risk assessment of dioxins in cigarette smoke. Organohalogen Compd. 65 (2003) 321-324
2. Aylward L.L., and Hays S.M. Temporal trends in human TCDD body burden: decreases over three decades and implications for exposure levels. J. Exp. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 12 (2002) 319-328
3. Ball M., Päpke O., and Lis A. Polychlorodibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans in cigarette smoke. Bietr. Tabakforsch. Int. 14 (1990) 393-402
4. Ballschmiter K., Rappe C., and Buser H.R. Chemical properties, analytical and environmental levels of PCBs, PCTs, PCNs, and PCBs. In: Kimbrough R.D., and Jensen A.A. (Eds). Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Napthalenes, Dibenzodioxins, and Related Products (1980), Elsevier, Amsterdam 47-69
5. Bogdanffy M.S., and Keller D.A. Metabolism of xenobiotics by the respiratory tract. In: Gardner D.E., Crapo J.D., and McClellan R.O. (Eds). Toxicology of the Lung. third ed. (1999), Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia 85-124
6. Borgerding M., and Klus H. Analysis of complex mixtures - cigarette smoke. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 57 (2005) S43-S73
7. Brinkman U.A.T., and DeKok A. Production, properties, and uses. In: Kimbrough R.D., and Jensen A.A. (Eds). Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins, and Related Products (1989), Elsevier, Amsterdam 1-40
8. Bumb R.R., Crummet W.B., Cutie S.S., Gledhill J.R., Hummel R.H., Kagel R.O., Lamparski L.L., Luoma E.V., Miller D.L., Nestrick T.J., Shadoff L.A., Stehl R.H., and Woods J.S. Trace chemistries of fire: a source of chlorinated dioxins. Science 210 (1980) 385-390
9. Charnley G., and Doull J. Human exposure to dioxins from food, 1999-2002. Food Chem. Toxicol. 43 (2005) 671-679
10. Chepiga T.A., Morton M.J., Murphy P.A., Avalos J.T., Bombick B.R., Doolittle D.J., Borgerding M.F., and Swauger J.E. A comparison of the mainstream smoke chemistry and mutagenicity of a representative sample of the US cigarette market with two Kentucky reference cigarettes (K1R4F and K1R5F). Food Chem. Toxicol. 28 (2000) 949-962
11. DeVoogt P., and Brinkman U.A.T. Production, properties, and usage of polychlorinated biphenyls. In: Kimbrough R.D., and Jensen A.A. (Eds). Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins, and Related Products (1989), Elsevier, Amsterdam 3-45
12. Diana J.N., and Vaught A. Research Cigarettes (1990), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
13. Dixon M., and Borgerding M.F. Recent advances in the application and understanding of alternative smoking regimes. Recent Advances in Tobacco Science 32 (2006) 3-83
14. Dube M.F., and Green C.R. Methods of collection of smoke for research purposes. Recent Adv. Tobacco Sci. 8 (1982) 42-102
15. Hays S.M., and Aylward L.L. Dioxin risks in perspective: past, present, and future. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 37 (2003) 202-217
16. Hoffmann D., and Hoffmann I. The changing cigarette, 1950-1995. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 50 (1997) 307-364
17. Kiviranta H., Ovaskainen M.-L., and Vartiainen T. Market basket study on dietary intake of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PBDEs in Finland. Environ. Int. 20 (2004) 923-932
18. Löfroth G., and Zebhr Y. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 48 (1992) 789-794
19. Matsueda T., Kurokawa Y., Nakamura M., Takada S., and Fukamachi K. Concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs in cigarettes from various countries. Organohalogen Compd. 20 (1994) 331-334
20. Muto H., and Takizawa Y. Dioxins in cigarette smoke. Arch. Environ. Health 44 (1989) 171-174
21. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. NHANES 1999-2000. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/nhanes99_00.htm). Accessed 7 March 2007.
22. Nessel C.S., Amoruso M.A., Umbreit T.H., Meeker R.J., and Gallo M.A. Pulmonary bioavailability and fine particle enrichment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in respirable soil particles. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 19 (1992) 279-285
23. Norman A. Cigarette design and materials. In: Davis D.L., and Nelson M.T. (Eds). Tobacco: Production, Chemistry, and Technology (1999), Blackwell Science, London 353-387
24. Pillsbury H.C., Bright C.C., O'Conner K.J., and Irish F.W. Tar and nicotine in cigarette smoke. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 52 (1969) 458-462
25. Rappe C., Buser H.R., and Bosshardt H.P. Dioxins, dibenzofurans and other polyhalogenated aromatics: production, use, formation, and destruction. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 320 (1979) 1-18
26. Rodgman A. Studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette mainstream smoke: identification, tobacco precursors, control of levels: a review. Beitr. Tabakforch. Int. 19 (2001) 361-379
27. Rodgman A., and Green C.R. Toxic chemicals in cigarette mainstream smoke - hazard and hoopla. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 20 (2003) 481-545
28. Safe S. Development, validation, and limitations of toxic equivalency factors. Chemosphere 25 (1992) 61-64
29. Safe S. Development, validation, and problems with the Toxic Equivalency Factor approach for risk assessment of dioxins and related compounds. J. Anim. Sci. 76 (1995) 134-141
30. Safe S.H. Hazard and risk assessment of chemical mixtures using the toxic equivalency. Environ. Health Perspect. 106 Suppl 4 (1998) 1051-1058
31. Schecter A., Birnbaum L., Ryan J.J., and Constable J.D. Dioxins: an overview. Environ. Res. 101 (2006) 419-428
32. Smith C.J., Sykes D.C., Cantrell D.W., and Moldoveanu S. Dioxin levels in mainstream smoke from cigarettes with different TPM deliveries. Bietr. Tabakforsch. Int. 21 (2004) 205-209
33. US EPA, 1996. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods. Office of Solid Waste. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
34. US EPA, 2000. Exposure and human health reassessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds. National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
35. US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), 2004. PCDD/PCDF Exposure Estimates. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Plant and Dairy Foods. Washington, DC: US Food and Drug Administration. (http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/ ~ lrd/dioxee.html). Accessed 15 October 2007.
36. Van den Berg M., Birnbaum L., Denison M., De Vito M., Farland W., Feeley M., Fiedler H., Hakansson H., Hanberg A., Haws L., Rose M., Safe S., Schrenk D., Tohyama C., Tritscher A., Tuomisto J., Tysklind M., Walker N., and Peterson R.E. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol. Sci. 93 (2006) 223-241
37. van Leeuwen F.X., Feeley M., Schrenk D., Larsen J.C., Farland W., and Younes M. Dioxins: WHO's tolerable daily intake (TDI) revisited. Chemosphere 40 (2000) 1095-1101