The use of copper and silver in carbon point-of-use filters for the suppression of Legionella throughput in domestic water systems

Journal of Applied Microbiology

Volumn 104, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 998-1007

  Molloy, S L ^a   Ives, R ^b   Hoyt, A ^c   Taylor, R ^c   Rose, J B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT HILO   (United States)

^b MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Access Business Group LLC   (United States)

Author keywords

Carbon; Copper; Domestic water; Filter; Legionella; Point of use; Silver

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; BANDPASS FILTERS; COPPER; EFFLUENTS; SILVER; WATER FILTRATION;

A-CARBON; CARBON FILTERS; CHALLENGE EVENTS; DOMESTIC POINTS; DOMESTIC WATER; DOMESTIC-WATER SYSTEMS; FILTER; LEGIONELLAE; POINT-OF-USE; POINT-OF-USE FILTERS;

CARBON;

CARBON; COPPER; SILVER;

BACTERIUM; CARBON; COPPER COMPOUND; DOMESTIC WASTE; DRINKING WATER; EFFLUENT; FILTER; SILVER; WATER POLLUTION;

ARTICLE; BIOFILTER; CHLORINATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DECHLORINATION; EFFLUENT; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; NONHUMAN; PARTICLE SIZE; PH MEASUREMENT; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TREATMENT;

LEGIONELLA; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA;

EID: 40849111585     PISSN: 13645072     EISSN: 13652672     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03655.x     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation 1995) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 19th edn. Washington, DC : American Public Health Association.
2. American Public Health Association (APHA) (1999). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Section 9215 D, 20th edn.
3. Atlas, R.M. (1999) Legionella: from environmental habitats to disease pathology, detection and control. Environ Microbiol 1, 283 293.
4. Bartram, J., Cotruvo, J., Exner, M., Fricker, C. Glasmacher, A. (eds 2003). Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking-Water Safety: the Significance of HPCs for Water Quality and the Human Health. London, UK : Published on behalf of WHO by IWA Publishing.
5. Benin, A.L., Benson, R.F. Besser, R.E. (2002) Trends in legionnaires' disease, 1980-1998: declining mortality and new patterns of diagnosis. Clin Infect Dis 35, 1039 1046.
6. Berthelot, P., Grattard, F., Ros, A., Lucht, F. Pozzetto, B. (1998) Nosocomial legionellosis outbreak over a three-year period: investigation and control. Clin Microbiol Infect 4, 385 391.
7. Blanc, D.S., Carrara, Ph., Zanetti, G. Francoli, P. (2005) Water disinfection with ozone, copper and silver ions, and temperature increase to control Legionella: seven years of experience in a university teaching hospital, J Hosp Infect 60, 69 72.
8. Bollin, G.E., Plouffe, J.F., Para, M.F. Hackman, B. (1985) Aerosols containing Legionella pneumophila generated by shower heads and hot water faucets. Appl Environ Microbiol 50, 1128 1131.
9. Breiman, R.F., Fields, B.S., Sanden, G.N., Volmer, L., Meier, A. Spika, J.S. (1990) Association of shower use with Legionnaires' disease: possible role of amoebae. JAMA 263, 2924 2926.
10. Brewer, W.S. Carmichael, W.W. (1979) Microbial characterization of granular activated carbon filter systems. J Am Water Works Assoc 71, 738 740.
11. Britton, G. Freihofer, V. (1978) Influence of extracellular polysaccharides on the toxicity of copper and cadmium towards Klebsiella ozenae. Microb Ecol 4, 119 125.
12. Cargill, K.L., Pyle, B.H., Sauer, R.L. McFeter, G.A. (1992) Effects of culture conditions and biofilm formation on the iodine susceptibility of Legionella pneumophila. Can J Microbiol 38, 423 429.
13. Center for Disease Control (2004) Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks associated with drinking water - United States, 2001-2002. MMWR Surveill Summaries 53 (SS08 23 45.
14. CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005a) Legionellosis: Legionnaires' Disease (LD) and Pontiac Fever. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/legionellosis_g.htm.
15. Center for Disease Control (2005b) Summary of notifiable diseases - United States, 2003. MMWR Wkly 52, 1 88.
16. Center for Disease Control (2006) Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks associated with drinking water and water not intended for drinking - United States, 2003-2004. MMWR Surveill Summaries 55 (SS12 31 58.
17. Colford, J.M., Roy, S., Beach, M.J., Hightower, A., Shaw, S. Wade, T.J. (2006) A review of households drinking water intervention trials and an approach to the estimation of endemic waterborne gastroenteritis in the United States. J Water Health 4 (Suppl 2 71 78.
18. Cordes, L.G., Weisenthal, A.M., Gorman, G.W., Phair, J.P., Sommers, H.M., Brown, A., Yu, V.L., Magnussen, M.H., et al. (1981) Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from hospital shower heads. Ann Intern Med 94, 195 197.
19. Domek, M.J., LeChevallier, M.W., Cameron, S.C. McFeters, G.A. (1984) Evidence for the role of copper in the injury process of coliform bacteria in drinking water. Appl Environ Microbiol 48, 289 293.
20. Fields, B.S., Benson, R.F. Besser, R.E. (2002) Legionella and Legionnaire's disease: 25 years of investigation. Clin Microbiol Rev 15, 506 526.
21. Fiore, A.E., Nuorti, J.P., Levine, O.S., Marx, A., Weltman, A.C., Yeager, S., Benson, R.F., Pruckler, J., et al. (1998) Epidemic Legionnaires' disease two decades later: old sources, new diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis 26, 426 433.
22. Fisman, D.N., Lim, S., Wellenium, G.A., Johnson, C., Britz, P., Gaskins, M., Maher, J., Mittleman, M.A., et al. (2005) It's not the heat, it's the humidity: wet weather increases Legionellosis risk in the greater Philadelphia Metropolitan area. J Infect Dis 192, 2066 2073.
23. Friedman, B.A. Dugan, P.R. (1968) Concentration and accumulation of metallic ions by the bacterium Zoogloea. Dev Ind Microbiol 9, 381 387.
24. Helms, C.M., Massanari, R.M., Wenzel, R.P., Pfaller, M.A., Moyer, N.P. Hall, N. (1988) Legionnaires' disease associated with a hospital water system. A five-year progress report on continuous hyperchlorination. JAMA 259, 2423 2427.
25. Hobman, J.L., Penn, C.W. Pallen, M.J. (2007) Laboratory strains of Escherichia coli: model citizens or deceitful delinquents growing old disgracefully? Mol Microbiol 64, 881 885.
26. Keller, D.W., Hajjeh, R., DeMaria, A., Fields, B.S., Pruckler, J.M., Benson, R.S., Kludt, P.E., Lett, S.M., et al. (1996) Community outbreak of Legionnaires' disease: an investigation confirming the potential for cooling towers to transmit Legionella species. Clin Infect Dis 22, 257 261.
27. Kool, J.L., Carpenter, J.C. Fields, B.S. (1999) Effect of monochloramine disinfection of municipal drinking water on risk of nosocomial legionnaires' disease. Lancet 353, 272 277.
28. Kuchta, J.M., States, S.J., McGlaughlin, J.E., Overmeyer, J.H., Wadowsky, R.M., McNamara, A.M., Wolford, R.S. Yee, R.B. (1985) Enhanced chlorine resistance of tap water-adapted Legionella pneumophila as compared with agar medium-passaged strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 50, 21 26.
29. Kusnetsov, J.M., Ottoila, E. Martikainen, P.J. (1996) Growth, respiration and survival of Legionella pneumophila at high temperatures. J Appl Bacteriol 81, 341 347.
30. Landeen, L.K., Yahya, M.T. Gerba, C.P. (1989) Efficacy of copper and silver ions and reduced levels of free chlorine in inactivation of Legionella pneumophila. Appl Environ Microbiol 55, 3045 3050.
31. Langmark, J., Storey, M.V., Ashbolt, N.J. Stenstrom, T.-A. (2005) Accumulation and fate of microorganisms and microspheres in biofilms formed in a pilot-scale water distribution system. Appl Environ Microbiol 71, 706 712.
32. LeChevallier, M.W., Hassenauer, T.S., Camper, A.K. McFeters, G.A. (1984) Disinfection of bacteria attached to granular activated carbon. Appl Environ Microbiol 48, 918 923.
33. Leoni, E., De Luca, G., Legnani, P.P., Sacchetti, R., Stampi, S. Zanetti, F. (2005) Legionella waterline colonization: detection of Legionella species in domestic, hotel and hospital hot water systems. J Appl Microbiol 98, 373 379.
34. Lin, Y.-S.E., Radisav, V.D., Stout, J.E. Victor, Y.L. (1996) Individual and combined effects of copper and silver ions on inactivation of Legionella pneumophila. Water Res 30, 1905 1913.
35. Lück, P.C., Leupold, I., Hlawitschka, M., Helbig, J.H., Carmienke, I., Jatzwauk, L. Guderitz, T. (1993) Prevalence of Legionella species, serogroups and monoclonal subgroups in hot water systems in south-eastern Germany. Zeitblatt für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin 193, 450 460.
36. Marston, B.J., Plouffe, J.F. File, T.M. (1997) Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization - results of a population-based active surveillance study in Ohio. Arch Intern Med 157, 1709 1718.
37. Murga, R., Forster, T.S., Brown, E., Pruckler, J.M., Fields, B.S. Donlan, R.M. (2001) Role of biofilms in the survival of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable-water system. Microbiology 147, 3121 3126.
38. Perola, O., Kauppinen, J., Kusnetsov, J., Karkkainen, U.M., Luck, P.C. Katila, M.L. (2005) Persistent Legionella pneumophila colonization of a hospital water supply: efficacy of control methods and a molecular epidemiological analysis. APMIS 113, 45 53.
39. Reasoner, D.J., Blannon, J.C. Geldreich, E.E. (1987) Microbiological characteristics of third-faucet point-of-use devices. J Am Water Works Assoc 79, 60 66.
40. Slawson, R.M., Lee, H. Trevors, J.T. (1990) Bacterial interactions with silver. Biol Met 3, 151 154.
41. Snyder, J.W., Craig, J.R., Anderson, R.E. Bissonnette, G.K. (1995) Effect of point-of-use, activated carbon filters on the bacteriological quality of rural groundwater supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol 61, 4291 4295.
42. Stewart, M.H., Wolfe, R.L. Means, E.G. (1990) Assessment of the bacteriological activity associated with granular activated carbon treatment of drinking water. Appl Environ Microbiol 56, 3822 3829.
43. Stout, J.E. Yu, V.L. (1997) Legionellosis. N Engl J Med 337, 682 687.
44. Stout, J.E. Yu, V.L. (2003) Experiences of the first 16 hospitals using copper-silver ionization for Legionella control: implications for the evaluation of other disinfection modalities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 24, 563 568.
45. Thomas, V., Bouchez, T., Nicolas, V., Robert, S., Loret, J.F. Levi, Y. (2004) Amoebae in domestic water systems: resistance to disinfection treatments and implication in Legionella persistence. J Appl Microbiol 97, 950 963.
46. Tobin, R.S., Smith, D.K. Lindsay, J.A. (1981) Effects of activated carbon and bacteriostatic filters on microbiological quality of drinking water. Appl Environ Microbiol 41, 646 651.
47. Wadowsky, R.M. Yee, R.B. (1985) Effect of non-Legionellaceae bacteria on the multiplication of Legionella pneumophila in potable water. Appl Environ Microbiol 49, 1206 1210.
48. Wadowsky, R.M., Wilson, T.M., Kapp, N.J., West, A.J., Kuchta, J.M., States, S.J., Dowling, J.N. Yee, R.B. (1991) Multiplication of Legionella spp. in tap water containing Hartmannella vermiformis. Appl Environ Microbiol 57, 1950 1955.
49. Weber, W.J. Jr., Pirbazari, M. Melson, G.L. (1978) Biological growth on activated carbon: and investigation by scanning microscopy. Environ Sci Technol 12, 817 819.
50. Woods, R., Schneider, D., Winkworth, C.L., Riley, M.A. Lenski, R.E. (2006) Tests of parallel molecular evolution in a long-term experiment with Escherichia coli. PNAS 103, 9107 9112.
51. Yee, R.B. Wadowsky, R.M. (1982) Multiplication of Legionella pneumophila in unsterilized tap water. Appl Environ Microbiol 43, 1330 1334.
52. Yu, V.L. (2000) In Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires' disease). In: Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases ed. Mandell, G.L., Bennett, J.E. Dolin, R. pp. 2424 2435 Philadelphia : Churchill Livingston.
53. Zacheus, O.M. Martinkainen, P.J. (1994) Occurrence of legionellae in hot water distribution systems of Finnish apartment buildings. Can J Microbiol 40, 993 999.