High-energy neutrinos in the context of multimessenger astrophysics

Physics Reports

Volumn 458, Issue 4-5, 2008, Pages 173-246

  Becker, Julia K ^a  

^a TU DORTMUND UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

AGN; Astrophysical neutrinos; Cosmic Rays; GRBs; Multimessenger astrophysics; Neutrino telescopes

Indexed keywords

EID: 40649108136     PISSN: 03701573     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2007.10.006     Document Type: Review

References (331)

1. Antonov R.A., et al. Astropart. Phys. 3 (1995) 231
2. K. Asakimori, et al. International Cosmic Ray Conference, 1995, p. 707
3. Aharonian F., et al. Phys. Rev. D 59 9 (1999) 092003
4. M. Ave, et al. 27th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2001, p. 381
5. Antonioli P., et al. New J. of Physics 6 (2004) 114
6. Antoni T., et al. Astropart. Phys. 24 (2005) 1
7. J.A. Aguilar, et al. (ANTARES Coll.), 1997. astro-ph/9707136
8. Abraham J., et al., (Auger Coll.). Science 318 (2007) 938
9. J. Abraham, et al. (Auger Coll.), PRL, 2007 (submitted for publication) ArXiv:0712.1909
10. Aynutdinov V., et al., (Baikal Coll.). Nuclear Instrum Methods Phys. Res. A. 567 (2006) 423
11. Aynutdinov V., et al., (Baikal Coll.). Astropart. Phys. 25 (2006) 140
12. Aharonian F.A., et al., (HEGRA Coll.). Astron. Astrophys. 349 (1999) 11
13. Alvarez-Muñiz J., and Halzen F. Astrophys. J. Lett. 576 (2002) L33
14. Aharonian F., et al., (HEGRA Coll.). Astron. Astrophys. 403 (2003) L1
15. Aharonian F., et al., (HEGRA Coll.). Astron. Astrophys. 406 (2003) L9
16. Aharonian F., et al., (H.E.S.S. Coll.). Astron. Astrophys. 436 (2005) L17
17. Aharonian F., et al., (H.E.S.S. Coll.). Astron. Astrophys. 442 (2005) 1
18. Aharonian F., et al., (H.E.S.S. Coll.). Science 314 (2006) 1424
19. Aharonian F., et al., (H.E.S.S. Coll.). Nature 440 (2006) 1018
20. Aharonian F., et al., (H.E.S.S. Coll.). Astron. Astrophys. 455 (2006) 461
21. Aharonian F., et al., (H.E.S.S. Coll.). Astron. Astrophys. 448 (2006) L19
22. Aharonian F., et al., (H.E.S.S. Coll.). Astron. Astrophys. 457 (2006) 899
23. Aharonian F., et al., (H.E.S.S. Coll.). Astron. Astrophys. 460 (2006) 743
24. Aharonian F., et al., (H.E.S.S. Coll.). Nature 439 (2006) 695
25. Aharonian F., et al., (H.E.S.S. Coll.). Astron. Astrophys. 475 (2007) L9
26. Aharonian F., et al., (H.E.S.S. Coll.). Astron. Astrophys. 470 (2007) 475
27. Aharonian F., et al., (H.E.S.S. Coll.). Astron. Astrophys. 473 (2007) L25
28. A. Achterberg, et al. (IceCube Coll.), IceCube contributions to ICRC 2005, astro-ph/0509330 2005.
29. A. Achterberg, et al. (IceCube Coll.), In J. of Phys., Conference Series, 2006. astro-ph/0611597; http://www.icecube.wisc.edu/tev/
30. Achterberg A., Biermann P.L., et al., (IceCube Coll.). Astropart. Phys. 26 (2006) 282
31. Achterberg A., et al., (IceCube Coll.). Astrophys. J. 664 (2007) 397
32. Achterberg A., et al., (IceCube Coll.). Phys. Rev. D. 75 10 (2007) 102001
33. Achterberg A., et al., (IceCube Coll.). ApJ 674 (2008) 357
34. Achterberg A., et al., (IceCube Coll.). Phys. Rev. D. 76 4 (2007) 042008
35. A. Achterberg, et al. (IceCube Coll.), ApJ 2007 (in press) ArXiv:0711.3022
36. Ahn M.H., et al., (K2K Coll.). Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 5 (2004) 051801
37. W.I. Axford, E. Leer, G. Skadron, 15th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 1978, p. 132
38. Alvarez-Muñiz J., and Mészáros P. Phys. Rev. D. 70 12 (2004) 123001
39. Albert J., et al., (MAGIC Coll.). Astrophys. J. Lett. 648 (2006) L105
40. Albert J., et al., (MAGIC Coll.). Astrophys. J. Lett. 642 (2006) L119
41. Albert J., et al., (MAGIC Coll.). Science 312 (2006) 1771
42. Albert J., et al., (MAGIC Coll.). Astrophys. J. Lett. 666 (2007) L17
43. Albert J., et al., (MAGIC Coll.). Astrophys. J. Lett. 667 (2007) L21
44. Albert J., et al., (MAGIC Coll.). Astrophys. J. Lett. 654 (2007) L119
45. de Angelis A., Mansutti O., and Roncadelli M. Phys. Rev. Lett. D 76 12 (2007) 121301
46. Aggouras G., et al., (Nestor Coll.). Astropart. Phys. 23 (2005) 377
47. ANTARES web-page, 2008. http://antares.in2p3.fr
48. Ahmed S.N., et al., (SNO Coll.). Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 18 (2004) 181301
49. Askaryan G.A. JETP 14 (1962) 441
50. Berger C., et al. Nuclear Instrum Methods Phys. Res. A. 262 (1987) 463
51. Bugaev E.V., et al. Nuovo Cim. C Geophys. Space Phys. C. 12 (1989) 41
52. Band D., et al. Astrophys. J. 413 (1993) 281
53. Boella G., et al. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 122 (1997) 299
54. Beacom J.F., et al. Phys. Rev. D. 68 9 (2003) 093005
55. Böser S., et al. Acoustic and Radio EeV Neutrino Detection Activities (2005), World Scientific Publishing
56. Becker J.K., et al. Astropart. Phys. 25 2 (2006) 118
57. Becker J.K., et al. Astropart. Phys. 28 1 (2007) 98
58. Besson D., et al. Astropart. Phys. 26 (2007) 367
59. Barwick S.W., et al., (ANITA Coll.). Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 17 (2006) 171101
60. Baring M.G. Nucl. Phys. B. Proc. Suppl. 136 (2004) 198
61. S. Barwick, J. of Phys.-TeV Particle Astrophysics II, Madison, Conference Series, 2006. http://www.icecube.wisc.edu/tev/
62. BATSE web-page, 2008. http://www.batse.msfc.nasa.gov/batse/
63. Bednarek W., Burgio G.F., and Montaruli T. New Astron. Rev. 49 (2005) 1
64. Becker J.K., Biermann P.L., and Rhode W. Astropart. Phys. 23 (2005) 355
65. J.K. Becker, P.L. Biermann, W. Rhode, 29th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2005
66. J.K. Becker, On the phenomenology of potential astrophysical neutrino sources, Ph.D. Thesis, Dortmund University, 2007
67. Bednarek W. Astrophys. J. 631 (2005) 466
68. Bell A.R. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 182 (1978) 147
69. Bell A.R. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 182 (1978) 443
70. BeppoSax web-page, 2008. http://www.asdc.asi.it/bepposax/
71. Brandt W.N., and Hasinger G. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.. 43 (2005) 827
72. D. Besson, et al. (IceCube Coll.), 29th International Cosmic Ray Conference, p. 21, 2005
73. Bisnovatyi-Kogan G.S. Astronomicheskii Zhurnal 47 (1970) 813
74. Bisnovatyi-Kogan G.S. Soviet Astron. 14 (1971) 652
75. J.K. Becker, et al. (MAGIC Coll.), in: GRB Conference, Santa Fe, 2007
76. T. Bretz, et al. (MAGIC Coll.) 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2007
77. Blandford R.D., and Ostriker J.P. Astrophys. J. Lett. 221 (1978) L29
78. Bednarz J., and Ostrowski M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 3911
79. Böttcher M. Astropart. Phys. 27 (2007) 278
80. Bednarek W., and Protheroe R.J. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (1997) 2616
81. Berezinsky V.S., and Smirnov A.Yu. Astrophys.. Space Sci. 32 (1975) 461
82. Biermann P.L., and Strittmatter P.A. Astrophys. J. 322 (1987) 643
83. Biermann P.L., and Sigl G. Lecture Notes in Physics vol. 576 (2000). p. 1. astro-ph/0202425
84. Berezinsky V.S., and Zatsepin G.T. Phys. Rev. Lett. 28 B (1969) 423
85. Chini R., et al. Astron. Astrophys. 221 (1989) L3
86. Campana S., et al. Nature 442 (2006) 1008
87. Connolly B.M., et al. Phys. Rev. D. 74 4 (2006) 043001
88. T.L. Cline, U.D. Desai, 11th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 1973, p. 80
89. CERN. PDFLIB-User's Manual, 8.04 edition
90. G. Chincarini, Proceedings of Vulcano Workshop 2006, 2006 (in press) astro-ph/0608414
91. Cocco A.G., Mangano G., and Messina M. J. Cosm. Astr. Phys. 6 (2007) 15
92. V. Connaughton, GRB conference, Santa Fe, 2007
93. Costa C.G.S. Astropart. Phys. 16 (2001) 193
94. Cox D.P. Astrophys. J. 178 (1972) 159
95. Cox D.P., and Smith B.W. Astrophys. J. Lett. 189 (1974) L105
96. Catanese M., et al., (Whipple Coll.). Astrophys. J. 501 (1998) 616
97. Daum K., et al. Zeitschrift für Phys. C 66 (1995) 417
98. Dziewonski A.M., and Andersson D.L. Phys. Earth Planetary Interiors 25 4 (1981) 297
99. B.R. Dawson, et al. (Auger Coll.), J. of Phys. - TeV Particle Astrophysics II, Madison, Conference Series, 2006. http://www.icecube.wisc.edu/tev/
100. Dar A. Chinese J. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 6 (2006) 301
101. Dermer C.D., Chiang J., and Böttcher M. Astrophys. J. 513 (1999) 656
102. A. Djannati-Ataï, et al., (H.E.S.S. Coll.), GLAST Symposium, Stanford, 2007
103. Dunlop J.S., and Peacock J.A. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 247 (1990) 19
104. Dar A., and de Rújula A. Phys. Rep. 405 (2004) 203
105. Engel R., Seckel D., and Stanev T. Phys. Rev. D. 64 9 (2001) 093010
106. Fossati G., et al. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 299 (1998) 433
107. H. Falcke, et al., 2006. astro-ph/0610652
108. H. Falcke, Jets from stars and galactic nuclei, 1996, p. 19
109. Falcke H., and Biermann P.L. Astron. Astrophys. 293 (1995) 665
110. Fermi E. Phys. Rev. 75 8 (1949) 1169
111. Fermi E. Astrophys. J. 119 (1954) 1
112. Falcke H., Malkan M.A., and Biermann P.L. Astron. Astrophys. 298 (1995) 375
113. Fiorentini G., Naumov V.A., and Villante F.L. Phys. Lett. B. 510 (2001) 173
114. E.E. Fenimore, E. Ramirez-Ruiz, Report number LA-UR 00-1791, 2000. astro-ph/0004176
115. D. Fargion, A. Salis, American Institute of Physics Conference Series, 1996, p. 754
116. Grigorov N.L., et al. Cosmic Rays (1975) p. 275
117. Glasmacher M.A.K., et al. Astropart. Phys. 10 (1999) 291
118. Gorham P.W., et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 4 (2004) 041101
119. Guetta D., et al. Astropart. Phys. 20 (2004) 429
120. Gorham P.W., et al. Phys. Rev. D. 72 2 (2005) 023002
121. Gehrels N., et al. Nature 444 (2006) 1044
122. Gorosabel J., et al. Astron. Astrophys. 450 (2006) 87
123. Guetta D., and Amato E. Astropart. Phys. 19 (2003) 403
124. P.W. Gorham, et al., (ANITA Coll.), 2006. hep-ex/0611008
125. Gaisser T.K. Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics (1990), Cambridge University Press
126. T. Gaisser, Workshop on Energy Budget in the High Energy Universe, 2006. astro-ph/0608553
127. Gaisser T.K., Halzen F., and Stanev T. Phys. Rep. 258 (1995) 173
128. Gehrels N., and Michelson P. Astropart. Phys. 11 (1999) 277
129. J.A. Goodman, et al., (MILAGRO Coll.), J. of Phys.-TeV Particle Astrophysics II, Madison, Conference Series, 2006. http://www.icecube.wisc.edu/tev/
130. N. Galante, et al., (MAGIC Coll.), GRB conference, Santa Fe, 2007
131. M. Gaug, et al., (MAGIC Coll.), in: 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2007
132. M.E. Gangl, J.H. Middlestadt, R.W. Eastes, Ultraviolet Technology IV, San Diego, CA, 1993 p. 50
133. Greisen K. Phys. Rev. Lett. 16 (1966)
134. A. Groß, Search for high energy neutrinos from generic AGN classes with AMANDA-II, Ph.D. Thesis, Universität Dortmund, 2006
135. Glück M., Reya E., and Vogt A. Z. Phys. C 53 (1992)
136. Ginzburg V.L., and Syrovatskii S.I. The Origin of Cosmic Rays (1964), Pergamon Press
137. D.A. Green, F.R. Stephenson, in: LNP Vol. 598: Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters, 2003, p. 7
138. Hurley K., et al. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 92 (1992) 401
139. Hartmann D.H., et al. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Series 90 (1994) 893
140. Honda M., et al. Phys. Rev. D 52 (1995) 4985
141. Honda M., et al. Phys. Rev. D 70 4 (2004) 043008
142. Hjorth J., et al. Astrophys. J. Lett. 630 (2005) L117
143. Hurley K., et al. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Series 164 (2006) 124
144. H. He, et al., 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2007
145. F. Halzen, Proceedings contribution for multimessenger conference in Barcelona. astro-ph/0611915 (July 2006)
146. Hess V.F. Phys. Z. 13 (1912) 1084
147. HETE-II web-page. http://space.mit.edu/HETE/, 2008
148. Halzen F., and Hooper D. Rep. Progress Phys. 65 (2002) 1025
149. High Resolution Fly's Eye Collaboration, 2002. ArXiv: astro-ph/0208301
150. Hillas A.M. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 22 (1984) 425
151. HiRes Coll. Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl. 136 (2004) 46
152. A. Haungs, et al., (KASCADE-Grande Coll.), 27th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2003, p. 985
153. Hörandel J.R., Kalmykov N.N., and Timokhin A.V. Astropart. Phys. 27 (2007) 119
154. F. Halzen, H. Landsman, T. Montaruli, 2005 astro-ph/0503348
155. Halzen F., and Martin A.D. Quarks and Leptons (1984), Wiley & Sons, Inc.
156. F. Halzen, A. O' Murchadha, arXiv:0705.1723 705, 2007. XII International Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice, Italy
157. Hörandel J.R. Astropart. Phys. 19 (2003) 193
158. Hill C.T., and Schramm D.N. Phys. Rev. D 31 (1985) 564
159. Hill C.T., Schramm D.N., and Walker T.P. Phys. Rev. D 34 (1986) 1622
160. Hooper D., Taylor A., and Sarkar S. Astropart. Phys. 23 (2005) 11
161. Hooper D., Sarkar S., and Taylor A. Astropart. Phys. 27 (2007) 199
162. Horan D., et al., (VERITAS Coll.). Gamma 2001: Gamma-Ray Astrophys.ics. AIP Conference Series vol. 587 (2001) 324
163. Jackson J.D. Klassische Elektrodynamik. 4th edition (2006), de Gruyter
164. D.D. Krasilnikov, et al. International Cosmic Ray Conference, 1985, p. 194
165. Khristiansen G.B., et al. Astropart. Phys. 2 (1994) 127
166. Kappadath S.C., et al. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 120 (1996) C619
167. Kirk J.G., et al. Astrophys. J. 542 (2000) 235
168. Krennrich F., et al. Astrophys. J. Lett. 560 (2001) L45
169. Kravchenko I., et al. Astropart. Phys. 19 (2003) 15
170. Krawczynski H., et al. Astrophys. J. 601 (2004) 151
171. Kappes A., et al. Astrophys. J. 656 (2007) 870
172. Kardashev N.S. Soviet Astron. A. J. 6 (1962) 317
173. Klein S.R. QCD at Cosmic Energies. Erice (Italy) (2004). astro-ph/0412546
174. Kowalski M., and Mohr A. Astropart. Phys. 27 (2007) 533
175. see e.g. Proccedings of Very Large Volume neutrino Telescopes. Catania (Italy), Nov 2005 (2008). http://www.km3net.org/publications.php KM3NeT web-page
176. Kohlhörster W. Phys. Z. 14 (1913) 1153
177. Konus Wind web-page. http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/wind.html, 2008
178. Koshiba M. Phys. Rep. 220 (1992) 229
179. Kravchenko I., et al., (RICE Coll.). Astropart. Phys. 20 (2003) 195
180. Kravchenko I., et al., (RICE Coll.). Phys. Rev. D 73 8 (2006) 082002
181. Kang H., Rachen J., and Biermann P.L. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 286 2 (1997) 257
182. Krymskii G.F. Akademiia Nauk SSSR Doklady 234 (1977) 1306
183. Klebesadel R.W., Strong I.B., and Olson R.A. Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 5 (1973) 322
184. Kashti T., and Waxman E. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 18 (2005) 181101
185. H.B.J. Koers, A.M.J. Wijers, ArXiv:0711.4791, 2007
186. V.A. Kuzmin, G.T. Zatsepin, 10th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 46, 1968, p. 617
187. Lehtinen N.G., et al. Phys. Rev. D 69 1 (2004) 013008
188. Learned J.G. Phys. Rev. D 19 (1979) 3293
189. Learned J.G., and Pakvasa S. Astropart. Phys. 3 (1995) 267
190. LUNASKA web-page. http://www.physics.adelaide.edu.au/astrophysics/lunaska/index.html, 2008
191. Loeb A., and Waxman E. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 5 (2006) 3
192. Mazets E.P., et al. Astrophys.. Space Sci. 33 (1975) 347
193. Mather J.C., et al. Astrophys. J. Lett. 354 (1990) L37
194. Mücke A., et al. SOPHIA: Monte-Carlo simulations of photohadronic processes. Comput. Phys. Commun. 124 (2000) 290
195. Mazzali P.A., et al. Astrophys. J. Lett. 599 (2003) L95
196. Mücke A., et al. Astropart. Phys. 18 (2003) 593
197. E. P. Mazets, et al. Konus catalog of short GRBs http://www.ioffe.ru/LEA/shortGRBs/Catalog/, 2005
198. McGlyn S., et al. Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Swift Era. AIP Conference Proceedings vol. 838 (2005)
199. K. Münich, et al., 29th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2005. astro-ph/0509330
200. Murase K., et al. Astrophys. J. Lett. 651 (2006) L5
201. K. Münich, et al. 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2007
202. E. Mach, Über Erscheinungen an fliegenden Projektilen, Separatum ex. Ver. nw. Kenntn., Wien, 1898
203. Mannheim K. Astropart. Phys. 3 (1995) 295
204. Mars-Odyssey web-page. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/, 2007
205. A. Meli, J.K. Becker, J.J. Quenby, 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, arXiv:0708.1438, 2007
206. A. Meli, J.K. Becker, J.J. Quenby, Cosmic Ray acceleration in subluminal and superluminal, relativistic shock environments, A&A. 2007 (submitted for publication)
207. P. Mészáros, Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Swift Era, in: AIP Conf. Proc. vol. 838, 2006, p. 234
208. Mazets E.P., Golenetskii S.V., and Il'inskii V.N. JETP Lett. 19 (1974) 77
209. K. Martens, et al., (HiRes Coll.), in: Lepton Photon Conference, 2007, arXiv:0707.4417
210. I.F. Mirabel, Proceedings contribution for multimessenger conference in Barcelona (July 2006), astro-ph/0610707
211. Mirabel I.F. Science 312 (2006) 1759
212. Murase K., and Nagataki S. Phys. Rev. D 73 6 (2006) 063002
213. Murase K., and Nagataki S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 5 (2006) 051101
214. Misiaszek M., Odrzywołek A., and Kutschera M. Phys. Rev. D 74 4 (2006) 043006
215. Möllenhoff C. Astron. Astrophys. 50 (1976) 105
216. Montaruli T. Particle Astrophys.ics Instrumentation. Proceedings of the SPIE vol. 4858 (2003) 92
217. Mannheim K., Protheroe R.J., and Rachen J.P. Phys. Rev. D 63 (2001) 23003
218. Mirabel I.F., and Rodriguez L.F. Nature 371 (1994) 46
219. Mészáros P., and Rees M.J. Astrophys. J. 476 (1997) 232
220. Martin A.D., Ryskin M.G., and Stasto A.M. Acta Phys. Pol. B 34 (2003) 3273
221. Mannheim K., Schulte M., and Rachen J. Astron. Astrophys. 303 (1995) L41
222. K. Münich, Messungen des atmosphärischen Neutrinospektrums mit dem AMANDA-II Detektor - Bestimmung eines 90% oberen Limits auf den extraterrestrischen Beitrag, Ph.D. Thesis, Universität Dortmund, 2007
223. Murase K. Phys. Rev. D 76 (2007) 123001
224. Mach E., and Wentzel J. Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der wissensch. Math. Naturw. Classe, Wien 21 (1884) 121 Experimental setup.
225. Mach E., and Wentzel J. Kaiserliche Akademie der wissensch. Math. Naturw. Classe, Wien 92 (1885) 625 Experimental results.
226. Mészáros P., and Waxman E. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 17 (2001) 171102
227. Naumann C., et al. Int. Journal of Mod. Phys. A 21 (2006) 92
228. D. Nedbal, et al., (H.E.S.S. Coll.), Astronomical Telegram, ATEL #1295, 2007
229. NEAR web-page. http://near.jhuapl.edu/instruments/XGRS/, 2008
230. NEMO web-page. http://nemoweb.lns.infn.it/, 2008
231. NESTOR web-page. http://www.nestor.org.gr/, 2008
232. T. Nishiyama, 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 3, 1999, p. 370
233. Nellen L., Mannheim K., and Biermann P.L. Phys. Rev. D 47 (1993) 5270
234. NSSTC web-page. http://gammaray.nsstc.nasa.gov, 2008
235. Ostrowski M., and Bednarz J. Astron. Astrophys. 394 (2002) 1141
236. Olbers H.W.M. Über die Durchsichtigkeit des Weltraums. Astron.~Jahrb.~für das Jahr 1826 (1826) Later puplished in the collection Olbers. Sein Leben und seine Werke, C.Schilling(Eds.), Julius Springer, 1894
237. Odrzywolek A., Misiaszek M., and Kutschera M. Astropart. Phys. 21 (2004) 303
238. S. Ozawa, et al., (Tibet Asgamma Coll.), 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2003, p. 143
239. Paciesas W.S., et al. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Series 122 (1999) 465
240. Petry D., et al. Astrophys. J. 580 (2002) 104
241. V. Pal'shin, Private Communication, 2007
242. Piran T. Phys. Rep. 314 (1999) 575
243. Piran T. Rev. Mod. Phys. 76 (2005) 1143
244. Protheroe R.J., and Johnson P.A. Astropart. Phys. 4 (1996) 253
245. Protheroe R.J., and Meyer H. Phys. Lett. B 493 (2000) 1
246. E. Prandini, et al., (MAGIC Coll.), 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2007
247. Podsiadlowski P., Rees M.J., and Ruderman M. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 273 (1995) 755
248. Punch M., et al., (Whipple Coll.). Nature 358 (1992) 477
249. Quinn J., et al., (Whipple Coll.). Astrophys. J. Lett. 456 (1996) L83
250. J.P. Rachen, American Institute of Physics Conference Series, 2000, p. 41
251. Rachen J.P., and Biermann P.L. Astron. Astrophys. 272 (1993) 161
252. W. Rhode, D. Chirkin, 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 3, 2001, p. 1017
253. Rhode W., and Daum K. Astropart. Phys. 4 (1996) 217
254. Rees M.J. Nature 227 (1970) 1303
255. RHESSI web-page. http://hessi.web.psi.ch/; http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/index.html, 2008
256. E. Resconi, et al., (IceCube Coll.), J. of Phys.-TeV Particle Astrophysics II, Madison, Conference Series, astro-ph/0611597, http://www.icecube.wisc.edu/tev/ 2006
257. Rybicki G.B., and Lightman A.P. Radiative Processes in Astrophys.ics (1979), J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.
258. Rachen J.P., and Mészáros P. Phys. Rev. D 58 12 (1998) 123005
259. Razzaque S., Mészáros P., and Waxman E. Phys. Rev. D 68 8 (2003) 083001
260. E. Roulet, Lectures at the ICTP Summer School on Particle Physics and Cosmology, astro-ph/0011570 2000
261. Stecker F.W., et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 2697
262. Saltzberg D., et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 2802
263. Sakamoto T., et al. Astrophys. J. 629 (2005) 311
264. Schroedter M., et al. Astrophys. J. 634 (2005) 947
265. M. Stamatikos, et al. 29th International Cosmic Ray Conference, p. 21, astro-ph/0510336 2005
266. A. Smith, et al., TeV Particle Astrophysics II. http://icecube.wisc.edu/tev/presentations.php, 2006
267. O. Scholten, et al., 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2007
268. Spergel D.N., et al. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Series 170 (2007) 377
269. Sakashita S. Astrophys. Space Sci. 14 (1971) 431
270. D. Saltzberg, J. of Phys.-TeV Particle Astrophysics II, Madison, Conference Series. http://www.icecube.wisc.edu/tev/, 2006
271. P. Sapienza, Proceedings of the ECRS2006 conference, astro-ph/0611105, 2006
272. Sato H. Prog. Theor. Phys. 58 2 (1977) 549
273. Stecker F.W., Baring M.G., and Summerlin E.J. Astrophys. J. Lett. 667 (2007) L29
274. Schmidt M. Nature 197 (1963) 1040
275. Schmidt M. Astrophys. J. 176 (1972) 303
276. Schmitz N. Neutrinophysik (1997), Teubner Studienbücher
277. Stecker F.W., de Jager O.C., and Salamon M.H. Astrophys. J. Lett. 390 (1992) L49
278. Sedov L.I. Rev. Mod. Phys. 30 (1958) 1077
279. A.W. Strong, I.V. Moskalenko, O. Reimer, AIP Conf. Proc. 745: High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy, 2005, p. 585
280. Stecker F.W., and Salamon M.H. Space Science Rev. 75 (1996) 341
281. T. Sakamoto, Swift-Bat Konus-Wind Hete-II Team, in: AIP Conf. Proc. 836: Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Swift Era, 2006, p. 43. astro-ph/0605717
282. G. Sinnis, A. Smith, J.E. McEnery, 10th Marcel Grossmann Meeting, 2005, p. 1068
283. Stecker F.W. Phys. Rev. 180 (1969) 1264
284. Stecker F.W. Astrophys.. Space Sci. 20 (1973) 47
285. Stecker F.W. Phys. Rev. D 72 10 (2005) 107301
286. Stecker F.W. Astropart. Phys. 26 (2007) 398
287. D. Steele, et al., (VERITAS Coll.), 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2007
288. Swift web-page. http://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/swift/swiftsc.html, 2007
289. T.A. Thompson, et al., astro-ph/0608699, 2006
290. A. Taylor, Private Communication, 2007
291. I. Taboada, M.V. D'Agostino, Astroparticle Physics. ArXiv:0711.2277, 2007 (submitted for publication)
292. Torres D.F., and Halzen F. Astropart. Phys. 27 (2007) 500
293. Ulysses web-page. http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/, 2008
294. H.-H. Voigt, et al. Landolt-Börnstein: Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, 1999
295. Vandenbroucke J., et al. Acoustic and Radio EeV Neutrino Detection Activities (2005), World Scientific Publishing
296. Varner G.S., et al. Nuclear Instrum Methods in Phys. Res. A 554 (2005) 437
297. Villasenor J.S., et al. Nature 437 (2005) 855
298. J. Vandenbroucke, J. of Phys.-TeV Particle Astrophysics II, Madison, Conference Series, 2006. astro-ph/0611503; http://www.icecube.wisc.edu/tev/
299. Voelk H.J., and Biermann P.L. Astrophys. J. Lett. 333 (1988) L65
300. Vandenbroucke J., Gratta G., and Lehtinen N. Astrophys. J. 621 (2005) 301
301. Vietri M. Astrophys. J. 453 (1995) 883
302. V. Vasileiou, (MILAGRO Coll.), GRB conference, Santa Fe, 2007
303. Volkova L.V. Soviet J. Nuclear Physics 31 (1980) 748
304. Wheaton W.A., et al. Astrophys. J. Lett. 185 (1973) L57
305. Willott C.J., et al. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 322 (2001) 536
306. Waxman E. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Series 127 (2000) 519
307. Waxman E., and Bahcall J.N. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (1997) 2292
308. Waxman E., and Bahcall J.N. Phys. Rev. D 59 (1999) 23002
309. Waxman E., and Bahcall J.N. Astrophys. J. 541 (2000) 707
310. Wiebel-Sooth B., Biermann P.L., and Meyer H. Astron. Astrophys. 330 (1998) 389
311. Weinberg S. Gravitation and Cosmology-Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity (1972), John Wiley & Sons
312. Y. Wei, Untersuchung der neutrinoinduzierten Myonen im Frejus-Untergrunddetektor, Ph.D. Thesis, Bergische Universität GH Wuppertal, 1993
313. Winkler C. New Astron. Rev. 48 (2004) 183
314. Wischnewski R. NIM-A 567 (2006) 433
315. Waxman E., Kulkarni S.R., and Frail D.A. Astrophys. J. 497 (1998) 288
316. Waxman E., and Loeb A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 7 (2001) 071101
317. Woltjer L. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 10 (1972) 129
318. Wijers R., Rees M.J., and Mészáros P. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 288 (1997) L51
319. P.M. Woods, C. Thompson, astro-ph/0406133, 2004
320. Wdowczyk J., Tkaczyk W., and Wolfendale A.W. J. Phys. A 5 (1972) 1419
321. Yoshida S., et al. Astropart. Phys. 3 (1995) 105
322. Yoshida S., et al. Astropart. Phys. 3 (1995) 105
323. T. Yamamoto, et al., (Auger Coll.), 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, arXiv:0707.2638 2007
324. Yüksel H., and Kistler M.D. Phys. Rev. D 75 8 (2007) 083004
325. De Young D.S. Astrophys. J. 648 (2006) 200
326. Yao W.-M., et al., (Particle Data Group). J. Phys. G 33 (2006) 1
327. Yoshida S., and Teshima M. Prog. Theoret. Phys. 89 (1993) 833
328. Zhang B., et al. Astrophys. J. 655 (2007) 989
329. Zas E. New J. Phys. 7 (2005) 130
330. Zier C., and Biermann P.L. Astron. Astrophys. 396 (2002) 91
331. Zhang B., and Mészáros P. Internat. J. Modern Phys. A 19 (2004) 2385