Fathers' role in the etiology, prevention and treatment of child anxiety: A review and new model

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 539-558

  Bögels, Susan ^a   Phares, Vicky ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDER; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; CHILD REARING; CLINICAL STUDY; FAMILY INTERACTION; FATHER CHILD RELATION; HUMAN; MODEL; MOTHER CHILD RELATION; PATERNAL ATTITUDE; PATERNAL BEHAVIOR; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REVIEW;

ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CHILD; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FATHER-CHILD RELATIONS; FATHERS; HUMANS; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; PATERNAL BEHAVIOR; ROLE;

EID: 40649088332     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.011     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Allen J.P., Hauser S.T., Bell K.L., and O'Connor T.G. Longitudinal assessment of autonomy and relatedness in adolescent-family interactions as predictors of ego development and self-esteem. Child Development 65 (1994) 179-194
2. Amato P.R., and Rezac S.J. Contact with nonresidential parents, interparental conflict, and children's behavior. Journal of Family Issues 15 (1994) 191-207
3. Amato P.R., and Rivera F. Paternal involvement and children's behavior problems. Journal of Marriage and the Family 61 (1999) 375-384
4. Bagner D.M., and Eyberg S.M. Father involvement in parent training: When does it matter?. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 32 (2003) 599-605
5. Barmish A.J., and Kendall P.C. Should parents be co-clients in cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxious youth?. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 34 (2005) 569-581
6. Barnett R.C., Kibria N., Barach G.K., and Pleck J.H. Adult daughter-parent relationships and their associations with daughters' subjective well-being and psychological distress. Journal of Marriage and the Family 53 (1991) 29-42
7. Barnett R.C., Marshall N.L., and Pleck J.H. Adult son-parent relationships and their associations with sons' psychological distress. Journal of Family Issues 13 (1992) 505-525
8. Barrett P.M., Dadds M.R., and Rapee R.M. Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64 (1996) 459-468
9. Barrett P.M., Duffy A.L., Dadds M.R., and Rapee R.M. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders in children: Long-term (6-year) follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 69 (2001) 135-141
10. Barrett P.M., Fox T., and Farrell L.J. Parent-child interactions with anxious children and with their siblings: An observational study. Behaviour Change 22 (2005) 220-235
11. Barrett P.M., and Short A.L. Parental involvement in the treatment of anxious children. In: Kazdin A.E., and Weisz J.R. (Eds). Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2003), Guilford, New York 101-119
12. Barrett P.M., and Turner C.M. Prevention strategies. In: Morris T.L., and March J.S. (Eds). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. 2nd ed. (2004), Guilford, New York 371-386
13. Beidel D.C., and Turner S.M. At risk for anxiety: I. Psychopathology in the offspring of anxious parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36 (1997) 918-924
14. Belsky J. Variation in susceptibility to environmental influence: An evolutionary argument. Psychological Inquiry 8 (1997) 182-186
15. Belsky J., Gilstrap B., and Rovine M. The Pennsylvania infant and family development project: I. Stability and change in mother-infant and father-infant interaction in a family setting at one, three, and nine months. Child Development 55 (1984) 692-705
16. Belsky J., Hsieh K., and Crinic K. Mothering, fathering and infant negativity as antecedents of boys' externalizing problems and inhibition at age 3: Differential susceptibility to rearing experiences?. Development and Psychopathology 10 (1998) 301-319
17. Biederman J., Rosenbaum J.F., Bolduc E.A., Faraone S.V., and Hirschfield D.R. A high risk study of young children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia with and without comorbid depression. Psychiatry Research 37 (1991) 333-348
18. Bögels S.M., and Brechman-Toussaint M. Family issues in child anxiety: Attachment, family functioning, parental rearing and beliefs. Clinical Psychology Review 7 (2006) 834-856
19. Bögels, S.M., & Perotti, E.C. (submitted for publication). Does father knows best? A formal model on paternal advantage in childhood social anxiety.
20. Bögels S.M., and Siqueland L. Family cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with clinical anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 45 (2006) 134-141
21. Bögels S.M., and van Melick M. The relationship between child-report, parent self-report, and partner report of perceived parental rearing behaviors and anxiety in children and parents. Personality and Individual Differences 37 (2004) 1583-1596
22. Bögels S.M., van Oosten A., Muris P., and Smulders P. Familial correlates of social anxiety in children and adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy 39 (2001) 273-287
23. Booth A., and Amato P.R. Parental marital quality, parental divorce, and relations with parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family 56 (1994) 21-34
24. Bosco G.L., Renk K., Dinger T.M., Epstein M.K., and Phares V. The connections between adolescents' perceptions of parents, parental psychological symptoms, and adolescent functioning. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 24 (2003) 179-200
25. Brakel A.M.L., van Muris P., Bögels S.M., and Thomassen C. A multifactorial model for the aetiology of anxiety in non-clinical adolescents: Main and interactive effects of behavioural inhibition, attachment, and parental rearing. Journal of Child and Family Studies 15 (2006) 568-578
26. Brennan P.A., Hammen C., Katz A.R., and Le Braque R.M. Maternal depression, paternal psychopathology, and adolescent diagnostic outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 70 (2002) 1075-1085
27. Brestan E.V., and Eyberg S.M. Effective psychosocial treatments of conduct-disordered children and adolescents: 29 years, 82 studies, and 5,272 kids. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 27 (1998) 180-189
28. Bruggen, C., Bögels, S.M., & Stams, G.J. (submitted for publication). Parental control and child anxiety: A meta-analysis.
29. Brunelli S.A., Wasserman G.A., Rauh V.A., and Alvarado L.E. Mothers' reports of paternal support: Associations with maternal child-rearing attitudes. Merrill Palmer Quarterly 41 (1995) 152-171
30. Burlingham D. The preoedipal infant-father relationship. Psychoanalytic Study of Child 28 (1973) 23-47
31. Cabrera N.J., Tamis LeMonda C.S., Bradley R.H., Hofferth S., and Lamb M.E. Fatherhood in the twenty-first century. Child Development 71 (2000) 127-136
32. Cartwright-Hatton S., McNally D., and White C. A new cognitive behavioural parenting intervention for families of young anxious children: A pilot study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 33 (2005) 243-247
33. Caspi A., Elder G.H., and Bem D.J. Moving away from the world: Life-course patterns of shy children. Developmental Psychology 24 (1988) 824-831
34. Chamberlain P., and Smith D.K. Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: The Oregon multidimensional treatment foster care model. In: Kazdin A.E., and Weisz J.R. (Eds). Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2003), Guilford Press, New York 282-300
35. Chorpita B.F., Albano A.M., and Barlow D.H. Cognitive processing in children: Relation to anxiety and family influences. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 25 (1996) 170-176
36. Clarke-Stewart K.A. And daddy makes three: The father's impact on mother and young child. Child Development 49 (1978) 466-478
37. Connell A.M., and Goodman S.H. The association between psychopathology in fathers versus mothers and children internalizing and externalizing behavior problems: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 128 (2002) 746-773
38. Cooper P.J., Fearn V., Willets L., Seabrook H., and Parkinson M. Affective disorders in the parents of a clinical sample of children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders 93 (2006) 205-212
39. Coplin J.W., and Houts A.C. Father involvement in parent training for oppositional child behavior: Progress or stagnation?. Child and Family Behavior Therapy 13 (1991) 29-51
40. Crawford A.M., and Manassis K. Familial predictors of treatment outcome in childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40 (2001) 1182-1189
41. Crystal D.S. Concepts of deviance in children and adolescents: The case of Japan. Deviant Behavior 15 (1994) 241-266
42. Cummings E.M., and O'Reilly A.W. Fathers in family context: Effects of marital quality on child adjustment. In: Lamb M.E. (Ed). The role of the father in child development (3rd ed., pp. 49-65). (1997), Whiley, New York
43. De Rosnay M., Cooper P.J., Tsigaras N., and Murray L. Transmission of social anxiety from mother to infant: An experimental study using a social referencing paradigm. Behaviour Research and Therapy 44 (2006) 1165-1175
44. Duhig A.M., Phares V., and Birkeland R.W. Involvement of fathers in therapy: A survey of clinicians. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 4 (2002) 389-395
45. Earls F. The fathers (not the mothers): Their importance and influence with infants and young children. Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development (1977) 81-107
46. Edwards G., Barkley R.A., Laneri M., Fletcher K., and Metevia L. Parent-adolescent conflict in teenagers with ADHD and ODD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 29 (2001) 557-572
47. Elliot A.J., and Trash T.M. The intergenerational transmission of fear of failure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (2004) 957-971
48. Flouri E., and Buchanan A. Life satisfaction in teenage boys: The moderating role of father involvement and bullying. Aggressive Behavior 28 (2002) 126-133
49. Flouri E., and Buchanan A. The role of father involvement in children's later mental health. Journal of Adolescence 26 (2003) 63-78
50. Flouri E., and Buchanan A. The role of father involvement and mother involvement in adolescents' psychological well-being. British Journal of Social Work 33 (2003) 399-406
51. Fox N.A., Kimmerly N.L., and Shafer W.D. Attachment to mother/attachment to father: A meta-analysis. Child Development 62 (1991) 210-225
52. Frascaroli F. Paternal involvement in child caregiving and infant sociability. Infant Mental Health Journal 25 (2004) 509-521
53. Gerull F.C., and Rapee R.M. Mother knows best: The effect of maternal modelling on acquisition of fear and avoidance behaviour in toddlers. Behaviour Research and Therapy 40 (2002) 279-287
54. Ginsburg G.S., and Schlossberg M.C. Family-based treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. International Review of Psychiatry 14 (2002) 143-154
55. Ginsburg G.S., Silverman W.K., and Kurtines W.K. Family involvement in treating children with phobic and anxiety disorders: A look ahead. Clinical Psychology Review 15 (1995) 457-473
56. Gottman J.M. What predicts divorce? (1994), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
57. Greco L.A., and Morris T.L. Paternal child-rearing style and child social anxiety: Investigation of child perceptions and actual father behavior. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 24 (2002) 259-267
58. Greif J.L., and Greif G.L. Including fathers in school psychology literature: A review of four school psychology journals. Psychology in the Schools 41 (2004) 575-580
59. Grossmann K., Grossmann K.E., Fremmer-Bombik E., Kindler H., Scheurer-Englisch H., and Zimmerman P. The uniqueness of the child-father attachment relationship: Fathers' sensitive and challenging play as a pivotal variable in a 16-year longitudinal study. Social Development 11 (2002) 307-331
60. Harris K.M., Furstenberg F.F., and Marmer J.K. Paternal involvement with adolescents in intact families: The influence of fathers over the life course. Demography 35 (1998) 201-216
61. Hetherington E.M. Effects of father absence on personality development in adolescent daughters. Developmental Psychology 7 (1972) 313-326
62. Howes P., and Markman H.J. Marital quality and child functioning: A longitudinal investigation. Child Development 60 (1989) 1044-1051
63. Hudson J.L., Flannery-Schroeder E., and Kendall P. Primary prevention of anxiety disorders. In: Dozois D.J.A., and Dobson K.S. (Eds). Prevention of anxiety and depression: Theory, research, and practice (2004), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 101-130
64. Hudson J.L., and Rapee R.M. Parent-child interactions in clinically anxious children and their siblings. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 31 (2002) 548-555
65. Hudson J.L., and Rapee R.M. Parental perceptions of overprotection: Specific to anxious children or shared between siblings?. Behaviour Change 22 (2005) 185-194
66. Hummel R.M., and Gross A.M. Socially anxious children: An observational study of parent-child interaction. Child and Family Behavior Therapy 23 (2001) 19-40
67. Jorm A.F., Dear K.B.G., Rodgers B., and Christensen H. Interaction between mother's and father's affection as a risk factor for anxiety and depression symptoms. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 38 (2003) 173-179
68. Kagan J., and Snidman N. Early childhood predictors of adult anxiety disorders. Biological Psychiatry 46 (1999) 1536-1541
69. Kane P., and Garber J. The relations among depression in fathers, children's psychopathology, and father-child conflict: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 24 (2004) 339-360
70. Kashdan T.B., Jacob R.G., Pelham W.E., Lang A.R., Hoza B., Blumenthal J.D., et al. Depression and anxiety in parents of children with ADHD and varying levels of oppositional defiant behaviors: Modeling relationships with family functioning. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 33 (2004) 169-181
71. Kendall P.C. Coping Cat workbook (1990), Workbook Publishing, Ardmore, PA
72. Kendall P.C., Aschenbrand S.G., and Hudson J.L. Child-focused treatment of anxiety. In: Kazdin A.E., and Weisz J.R. (Eds). Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2003), Guilford, New York 81-100
73. Kendall P.C., Hudson J.L., Choudhury M., Webb A., and Pimentel S. Cognitive-behavioral treatment for childhood anxiety disorders. In: Hibbs E.D., and Jensen P.S. (Eds). Psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical practice. (2nd ed.) (2005), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 47-73
74. Kendall P.C., and Ollendick T.H. Setting the research and practice agenda for anxiety in children and adolescence: A topic comes of age. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 11 (2004) 65-74
75. Kiliç E.Z., Özgüven H.D., and Sayil I. The psychological effects of parental mental health on children experiencing disaster: The experience of Bolu Earthquake in Turkey. Family Process 42 (2003) 485-495
76. Kohlmann C., Schumacher A., and Streit R. Trait anxiety and parental child-rearing behavior: Support as a moderator variable?. Anxiety Research 1 (1988) 53-64
77. Kotelchuck M. The infant's relations to the father: Experimental evidence. In: Lamb M.E. (Ed). The role of the father in child development. 1st ed. (1976), Wiley, New York 329-344
78. Kotelchuck M. The infant's relationship to the father: Experimental evidence. In: Lamb M.E. (Ed). The role of the father in child development. (1981), Whiley, New York
79. Labrell F. Paternal play with toddlers: Recreation and creation. European Journal of Psychology of education 11 (1996) 43-54
80. Ladan A. Over vaders en werk (About fathers and work). In: Ladan A., Mettrop P.J.G., and Wolters W.H.G. (Eds). De betekenis van de vader: Psycho-analytische visies op het vaderschap (The meaning of the father: Psycho-analytic perspectives on fathership) (1985), Boom, Meppel 53-68
81. Lamb M.E. Interactions between two-year-olds and their mothers and fathers. Psychological Reports 38 (1976) 447-450
82. Lamb M.E. Father-infant and mother-infant interaction in the first year of life. Child Development 48 (1977) 167-181
83. Lamb M.E. The father's role in the facilitation of infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal 1 (1980) 140-149
84. Lamb M.E. Paternal influences on early socio-emotional development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 23 (1982) 185-190
85. Lamb M.E. The history of research on father involvement: An overview. Marriage and Family Review 29 (2000) 23-42
86. Lamb M.E., and Elster A.B. Adolescent mother-infant-father relationships. Developmental Psychology 21 (1985) 768-773
87. Lamb M.E., Hwang C.P., Frodi A.M., and Frodi M. Security of mother- and father-infant attachment and its relation to sociability with strangers in traditional and non-traditional Swedish families. Infant Behavior and Development 5 (1982) 355-367
88. Lamb M.E., and Lewis C. The development and significance of father-child relationships in two-parent families. In: Lamb M.E. (Ed). The role of the father in child development (2004), Wiley, Hoboken, NJ
89. Last C.G., Hersen M., Kazdin A., Francis G., and Grubb H.J. Psychiatric illness in the mothers of anxious children. American Journal of Psychiatry 144 (1987) 1580-1583
90. Last C.G., Hersen M., Kazdin A., Orvashel H., and Perrin S. Anxiety disorders in children and their families. Archives of General Psychiatry 48 (1991) 928-935
91. Last U., and Klein H. Impact of parental Holocaust traumatization on offsprings' reports of parental child-rearing practices. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 13 (1984) 267-283
92. Lazar A., Sagi A., and Fraser M.W. Involving fathers in social services. Children and Youth Services Review 13 (1991) 287-300
93. Logan D.E., and King C.A. Parental facilitation of adolescent mental health services utilization: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice 8 (2001) 319-333
94. Marsiglio W., Amato P., Day R., and Lamb M.E. Scholarship on fatherhood in the 1990's and beyond. Journal of Marriage and the Family 62 (2000) 1173-1191
95. Mattanah J.F. Parental psychological autonomy and children's academic competence and behavioral adjustment in late childhood: More than just limit-setting and warmth. Merrill-Parker Quarterly 47 (2001) 355-376
96. McCabe K.M., Clark R., and Barnett D. Family protective factors among urban African American youth. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 28 (1999) 137-150
97. McClure E.B., Brennan P.A., Hammen C., and Le Brocque R.M. Parental anxiety disorders, child anxiety disorders, and the perceived parent-child relationship in an Australian high-risk sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 29 (2001) 1-10
98. McCombs Thomas A., and Forehand R. The role of paternal variables in divorced and married families: Predictability of adolescent adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 63 (1993) 126-135
99. McHale J.P., and Rasmussen J.L. Coparental and family group-level dynamics during infancy: Early family precursors of child and family functioning during preschool. Development and Psychopathology 10 (1998) 39-59
100. McLanahan S., and Teitler J. The consequences of father absence. In: Lamb M.E. (Ed). Parenting and child development in "nontraditional"families (1999), Lawrence Erlbaum Associate Publishers, Mahwah 83-102
101. Mendlowitz S.L., Manassis K., Bradley S., Scapillato D., Miezitis S., and Shaw B.F. Cognitive-behavioral group treatments in childhood anxiety disorders: The role of parental involvement. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38 (1999) 1223-1229
102. Merinkangas K.R., Dierker L.C., and Szatmari P. Psychopathology among offspring of parents with substance abuse and/or anxiety disorders: A high-risk study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39 (1998) 711-120
103. Messer S.C., and Beidel D.C. Psychosocial correlates of childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33 (1994) 975-983
104. Mezulis A.H., Shibley Hyde J., and Clarke R. Father involvement moderates the effect of maternal depression during a child's infancy on child behavior problems in kindergarten. Journal of Family Psychology 18 (2004) 575-588
105. Monck E., Graham P., Richman N., and Dobbs R. Adolescent girls II: Background factors in anxiety and depressive states. British Journal of Psychiatry 165 (1994) 770-780
106. Muris P., Bögels S.M., Meesters C., Van der Kamp N., and van Oosten A. Parental rearing, fearfulness, and problem behaviour in clinically referred children. Personality and Individual Differences 21 (1996) 813-818
107. Nauta M.H., Scholing A., Emmelkamp P., and Minderaa R. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for children with anxiety disorders in a clinical setting: No additional effect of a cognitive parent training. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42 (2003) 1270-1278
108. Paquette D. Theorizing the father-child relationship: Mechanisms and developmental outcomes. Human Development 47 (2004) 193-219
109. Paquette D., Carbonneau R., Dubeau D., Bigras M., and Tremblay R.E. Prevalence of father-child rough-and-tumble play and physical aggression in preschool children. European Journal of Psychology of Education 18 (2003) 171-189
110. Parke R.D., Dennis J., Flyr M.L., Morris K.L., Killian C., McDowell D.J., et al. Fathering and children's peer relationships. In: Lamb M.E. (Ed). The role of the father in child development (2004), Wiley, Hoboken, NJ
111. Perry N.W., and Millimet C.R. Child-rearing antecedents of low and high anxiety eighth-grade children. In: Spielberger C.D. (Ed). Stress and anxiety vol IV (1977), Hemisphere, Oxford, England 189-204
112. Pfaffenberg R.S., and Asnes D.P. Chronic disease in former college students: III. Precursors of suicide in early and middle life. American Journal of Public Health 56 (1966) 1026-1036
113. Phares V., and Compas B.E. The role of fathers in child and adolescent psychopathology: Make room for daddy. Psychological Bulletin 111 (1992) 387-412
114. Phares V., Fields S., and Binitie I. Getting fathers involved in child-related therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 13 (2006) 42-52
115. Phares V., Fields S., Kamboukos D., and Lopez E. Still looking for poppa. American Psychologist 60 (2005) 735-736
116. Phares V., Lopez E., Fields S., Kamboukos D., and Duhig A.M. Are fathers involved in pediatric psychology research and treatment?. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 30 (2005) 631-643
117. Pleck J.H. Paternal involvement: Levels, sources, and consequences. In: Lamb M.E. (Ed). The role of the father in child development. 3rd ed. (1997), Whiley, New York 66-103
118. Poznanski E.O., Krahenbuhl V., and Zrull J.P. Childhood depression: A longitudinal perspective. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 15 (1976) 491-501
119. Rapee R.M. Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review 17 (1997) 47-67
120. Rapee R.M. Group treatment of children with anxiety disorders: Outcome and predictors of treatment response. Australian Journal of Psychology 52 (2000) 125-129
121. Renk K., McKinney C., Klein J., and Oliveros A. Childhood discipline, perceptions of parents, and current functioning in female college students. Journal of Adolescence 29 (2006) 73-88
122. Shortt A.L., Barrett P.M., and Fox T.L. Evaluating the FRIENDS program: A cognitive-behavioral group treatment for anxious children and their parents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 30 (2001) 525-535
123. Silverman W.K., and Berman S.L. Psychosocial interventions for anxiety disorders in children: Status and future directions. In: Silverman W.K., and Treffers P.D.A. (Eds). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Research, assessment, and intervention (2001), Cambridge University Press, New York 313-334
124. Silverstein B., and Lynch A.D. Gender differences in depression: The role played by paternal attitudes of male superiority and maternal modeling of gender-related limitations. Sex Roles 38 (1998) 539-555
125. Spelke E., Zelaza P., Kagan J., and Kotelchuck M. Father interaction and separation protest. Developmental Psychology 9 (1973) 83-90
126. Spence S.H., Donovan C., and Brechman-Toussaint M. The treatment of childhood social phobia: The effectiveness of a social skills training-based, cognitive-behavioural intervention, with and without parental involvement. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 41 (2000) 713-726
127. Summers P., Forehand R., Armistead L., and Tannenbaum L. Parental divorce during early adolescence in Caucasian families: The role of family process variables in predicting the long-term consequences for early adult psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (1998) 327-336
128. Thomas A.M., and Forehand R. The role of paternal variables in divorced and married families: Predictability of adolescent adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 63 (1993) 126-135
129. Turner S.M., Beidel D.C., and Costello A. Psychopathology in the offspring of anxiety disorders patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 55 (1987) 229-235
130. Twenge J.M. The age of anxiety? The birth cohort change in anxiety and neuroticism, 1952-1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 (2000) 1007-1021
131. Van der Bruggen, C., Bögels, S.M., & van Zeilst, N. (submitted for publication). Paternal and maternal control and parental and child trait anxiety: An observational study.
132. Verschueren, K. (1996). Een velige gehechtheid, een positief zelf? Representaties van gehechtheidsrelaties en van het zelf en sociaal-emotionele competentie bij kleuters [A safe attachment, a positive self? Representations of attachment relationships, of the self, and social-emotive competencies in toddlers]. PhD Thesis, Catholic University Leuven.
133. Wagner B.M., and Phillips D.A. Beyond beliefs: Parent and child behaviors and children's perceived academic competence. Child Development 63 (1992) 1380-1391
134. Waters E. The reliability and stability of individual differences in infant-mother attachments. Child Development 49 (1978) 483-494
135. Webster-Stratton C. The effects of father involvement in parent training for conduct problem children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 26 (1995) 801-810
136. Webster-Stratton C., and Reid M.J. The incredible years parents, teachers, and children training series: A multifaceted treatment approach for young children with conduct problems. In: Kazdin A.E., and Weisz J.R. (Eds). Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2003), Guilford, New York 224-240
137. Weisz J.R., Southam-Gerow M.A., Gordis E.B., and Connor-Smith J. Primary and secondary control enhancement training for youth depression: Applying the deployment-focused model of treatment development and testing. In: Kazdin A.E., and Weisz J.R. (Eds). Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2003), Guilford, New York 165-183
138. Wood J.J., McLeod B.D., Sigman M., Hwang W.C., and Chu B.C. Parenting and childhood anxiety: Theory, empirical findings, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 44 (2003) 134-151
139. Yogman M.W., Kindlon D., and Earls F. Father involvement and cognitive/behavioral outcomes of preterm infants. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34 (1995) 58-66