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In order to avoid the other possibilities of interpretation for the obtained images, many control experiments were conducted. As a result, no current is detected without Pt-coated cantilever, humidified condition, bias voltage, and electrical connection between sample stage and membrane. This indicates that the detected current is attributed to electrochemical reactions, thus they reflect the proton conduction of the membrane. The influence of the applied bias voltage upon both the topographic and the phase images is also checked and found to be negligible
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In order to avoid the other possibilities of interpretation for the obtained images, many control experiments were conducted. As a result, no current is detected without Pt-coated cantilever, humidified condition, bias voltage, and electrical connection between sample stage and membrane. This indicates that the detected current is attributed to electrochemical reactions, thus they reflect the proton conduction of the membrane. The influence of the applied bias voltage upon both the topographic and the phase images is also checked and found to be negligible.
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