The primordial stakeholder: Advancing the conceptual consideration of stakeholder status for the natural environment

Journal of Business Ethics

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 55-73

  Driscoll, Cathy ^a   Starik, Mark ^b  

^a SAINT MARY S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Environment; Relationships; Stakeholder; Sustainability

Indexed keywords

EID: 4043141452     PISSN: 01674544     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:BUSI.0000013852.62017.0e     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Agle, B. R., R. K. Mitchell and J. A. Sonnenfeld: 1999, 'Who Matters to CEOs? An Investigation of Stakeholder Attributes and Salience, Corporate Performance, and CEO Values', Academy of Management Journal 42, 507-525.
2. Aldrich, H. and C. M. Fiol: 1994, 'Fools Rush In? The Institutional Context of Industry Creation', Academy of Management Review 19, 645-670.
3. Allan, S., B. Adam and C. Carter (eds.): 1999, Environmental Risks and the Media (Routledge, Andover, UK).
4. Banerjee, S. B.: 2000, 'Whose Land Is It Anyway? National Interest, Indigenous Stakeholders, and Colonial Discourses: The Case of the Jabiluka Uranium Mine', Organization & Environment 13(1), 3-38.
5. Bansal, P. and K. Roth: 2000, 'Why Companies Go Green: A Model of Ecological Responsiveness', Acdemy of Management Journal 43(4), 717-736.
6. Barney, J. B.: 1997, Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA).
7. Bateson, G.: 1972, Steps to an Ecology of Mind (Ballentine Books, New York).
8. Beamish, T.: 2001, 'Environmental Hazard and Institutional Betrayal', Organization & Environment 14 (1), 5-33.
9. Bengstsson, M. and S. Kock: 2000, '"Coopetition" in Business Networks - to Cooperate and Compete Simultaneously', Industrial Marketing Management 29(8), 411-426.
10. Bendheim, C. L., S. A. Waddock and S. B. Graves: 1998, 'Determining Best Practice in Corporate-Stakeholder Relations Using Data Envelopment Analysis', Business and Society 37(3), 306-448.
11. Benedetti, M.: 2001, 'Cancer Risk Associated with Residential Proximity to Industrial Sites', Archives of Environmental Health 56(4), 342-350.
12. Berman, S. L., A. C. Wicks, S. Kotha and T. M. Jones: 1999, 'Does Stakeholder Orientation Matter? The Relationship between Stakeholder Management Models and Firm Financial Performance', Academy of Management Journal 42, 488-506.
13. Berry, T.: 1988, The Dream of the Earth (Sierra Club Books, San Francisco).
14. Berry, M. A. and D. A. Rondinelli: 1998, 'Proactive Corporate Environmental Management: A New Industrial Revolution', Academy of Management Executive 12(2) (May), 38-50.
15. Blau, P.: 1964, Exchange and Power in Social Life (Wiley, New York).
16. Bolin, B.: 2000, 'Environmental Equity in a Sunbelt City: The Spatial Distribution of Toxic Hazards in Phoenix, Arizona', Environmental Hazards 2(1), 11-24.
17. Brenner, S. N.: 1993, 'The Stakeholder Theory of the Firm and Organizational Decision Making: Some Propositions and a Model', in J. Pasqeuro and D. Collins (eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the International Association for Business and Society (San Diego), pp. 205-210.
18. Brown, L.: 2000, 'Challenges of the New Century', in L. Brown (ed.), State of the World 2000 (W.W. Norton & Co., New York), pp. 3-21.
19. Bruntland Commission: 1987, The World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).
20. Buchholz, R. A.: 1993. Principles of Environmental Management (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
21. Carroll, A. B.: 1993, Business and Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Management (2nd ed.) (South-Western, Cincinnati).
22. Carson, R.: 1962, Silent Spring (Fawcett, Greenwich, CT).
23. Centner, T. J.: 2001, 'Evolving Policies to Regulate Pollution from Animal Feeding Operations', Environmental Manager 28(5), 599-609.
24. Clark, T. A.: 2000, Distance & Proximity (Pocketbooks, Edinburgh).
25. Clarkson, M. B. E.: 1994, A Risk Based Model of Stakeholder Theory (Proceedings of the Second Toronto Conference on Stakeholder Theory. Centre for Performance & Ethics, University of Toronto, Toronto).
26. Clarkson, M. B. E.: 1995, 'A Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance', Academy of Management Review 27, 42-56.
27. Cyert, R. M. and J. G. March (1992), A Behavioral Theory of the Firm (2nd ed.) (Blackwell Business Press).
28. Daly, H. E.: 1997, Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development (Beacon Press, Boston).
29. Daly, H. E. and J. B. Cobb, Jr.: 1994, For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (Beacon Press, Boston).
30. Donaldson, T. and L. E. Preston: 1995, 'The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications', Academy of Management Review 20(1), 65-91.
31. Dowling, J. B. and J. Pfeffer: 1975, 'Organizational Legitimacy: Social Values and Organizational Behavior', Pacific Sociological Review 18, 122-136.
32. Etzioni, A.: 1964, Modern Organizations. (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
33. Evan, W. M. and R. E. Freeman: 1988, 'A Stakeholder Theory of the Modern Corporation: Kantian Capitalism', in T. Beauchamp and N. Bowie (eds.), Ethical Theory and Business (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
34. Fan, J. P. H. and H. P. Lang: 2000, 'The Measurement of Relatedness: An Application to Corporate Diversification.', The Journal of Business 73(4), 629-660.
35. Forbes, L. C. and J. M. Jermier: 1998, 'Language, Organization, and Environment an Introduction to the Symposium on The Death of Nature [Citation Classics and Foundational Works]', Organization & Environment 11(2), 180-182.
36. Frederick, W. C.: 1998, 'Moving to CSR4 What to Pack for the Trip', Business & Society 37(1), 40-59.
37. Freeman, R. E.: 1984, Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach (Basic Books, New York).
38. Freeman, R. E. and W. M. Evan: 1990, 'Corporate Governance: A Stakeholder Interpretation', Journal of Behavioural Economics 19, 337-359.
39. Freeman, R. E. and D. L. Reed: 1983, 'Stockholders and Stakeholders: A New Perspective on Corporate Governance', California Management Review 25(3), 88-106.
40. Frooman, J.: 1999, 'Stakeholder Influence Strategies', Academy of Management Review 24, 191-205.
41. Ghoshal, S. and P. Moran: 1996, 'Bad for Practice: A Critique of the Transaction Cost Theory', Academy of Management Review 21(1), 13-47.
42. Gladwin, T. N., J. K. Kennelly and T. S. Krause: 1995, 'Shifting Paradigms for Sustainable Development: Implications for Management Theory and Practice', Academy of Management Review 20(4), 874-907.
43. Grant, R. M.: 1995, Contemporary Strategy Analysis (2nd ed.) (Blackwell Publishers Inc., Cambridge, MA).
44. Green, M. B. and R. B. McNaughton (eds.): 2000, Industrial Networks and Proximity (Ashgate, Burlington, VT).
45. Greenley, G. E. and G. R. Foxall: 1997, 'Multiple Stakeholder Orientation in U.K. Companies and the Implications for Company Performance', Journal of Management Studies 34(2), 259-284.
46. Hacking, I.: 2000, 'Our Fellow Animals', The New York Review of Books 47(11), 20-26.
47. Harrison, J. S. and C. H. St. John: 1996, 'Managing and Partnering with External Stakeholders', Academy of Management Executive 10(2), 46-58.
48. Hart, S. L.: 1995, 'A Natural-resource-based View of the Firm', Academy of Management Review 20, 986-1014.
49. Hart, S. L. and G. Ahuja: 1996, 'Does It Pay to be Green? An Empirical Examination of the Relationship between Emission Reduction and Firm Performance', Business Strategy and the Environment 5, 30-37.
50. Heuer, M. A. and M. Starik: 2002, 'Multidirectional Stakeholder Networks: Specifying Capability, Turbulence, and Reputation', Presented at the Academy of Management Meetings (Denver, Colorado), August.
51. Hill, C. W. L. and T. M. Jones: 1992, 'Stakeholder-agency Theory', Journal of Management Studies 29 (2), 131-154.
52. Homer-Dixon, T.: 1994, 'Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases', International Security 19(1), 5-40.
53. Hybels, R. C.: 1995, 'On Legitimacy, Legitimation, and Organizations: A Critical Review and Integrative Theoretical Model', Best Paper Proceedings of the Academy of Management, pp. 241-245.
54. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: 2000, 'Emissions Scenarios 2000: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change', IN N. Nakicenovic and R. Swart (eds.) (Cambridge University Press, UK), p 570.
55. Jennings, D. and P. A. Zandbergen: 1995, 'Ecologically Sustainable Organizations: An Institutional Approach', Academy of Management Review 20(4), 1015-1052.
56. Jones, T. M.: 1980, 'Corporate Social Responsibility Revisited, Redefined', California Management Review 22(2), 59-67.
57. Jones, T. M. and A. C. Wicks: 1999, 'Convergent Stakeholder Theory', Academy of Management Review 24(2), 206-221.
58. Kenis, P. and D. Knoke: 2002, 'How Organizational Field Networks Shape Interorganizational Tie-formation Rates', Academy of Management Review 27 (2), 275-293.
59. Kenna, A.: 2000, 'Animal-abuse Laws that Bite', Governing 14(2), 52-54.
60. King, A. A. and M. Lenox: 2000, 'Industry Self-regulation Without Sanctions: The Chemical Industry's Responsible Care Program', Academy of Management Journal 43(4), 698-716.
61. Laverty, K. J.: 1996, 'Economic "Short-Termism": The Debate, the Unresolved Issues, and the Implications for Management Practice', The Academy of Management Review 21(3), 825-860.
62. Lee, R. M and S. B. Robbins: 2000, 'Understanding Social Connectedness in College Women and Men', Journal of Counseling and Development 78(4), 484-491.
63. Leopold, A.: 1970, A Sand County Almanac with Essays on Conservation from Round River (Ballentine, New York) (Orginal work published in 1949).
64. Lovins, A. B., L. H. Lovins and P. Hawken: 1999, 'A Road Map for Natural Capitalism', Harvard Business Review (May-June), 145-158.
65. Mitchell, R. K., B. R. Agle and D. J. Wood: 1997, 'Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts', Academy of Management Review 22 (4), 853-886.
66. Morello-Frosch, R., M. Pastor and J. Sadd: 2001, 'Environmental Justice and Southern California's "Riskscape": The Distribution of Air Toxics Exposures and Health Risks among Diverse Communities', Urban Affairs Review 36(4), 551-578.
67. Mosakowski, E. and P. C. Earley: 2000, 'A Selective Review of Time Assumptions in Strategy Research', Academy of Management Review 25(4), 796-812.
68. Nash, R.: 1987, The Rights of Nature (University of Wisconsin Free Press, Madison).
69. Nasi, J.: 1995, 'What is Stakeholder Thinking? A Snapshot of a Social Theory of the Firm', in J. Nasi (ed.), Understanding Stakeholder Thinking (LSR-Julkaisut Oy, Helsinki), pp. 19-32.
70. Nasi, J., S. Nasi, N. Philips and S. Zyglidopoulos: 1997, 'The Evolution of Corporate Social Responsiveness: An Exploratory Study of Finnish and Canadian Forestry Companies', Business and Society 3(6), 296-321.
71. National Academy of Sciences: 2002, www4.nation-alacademies.org/news.nsf/ isbn/0309075742?Open Document, viewed August 1, 2002.
72. Oliver, C.: 1991, 'Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes', Academy of Management Review 16(1), 145-179.
73. National Parks and Conservation Association: 1994, Our Endangered Parks (Foghorn Press, San Francisco, CA).
74. Pacelle, W.: 2000, 'Battle of the Ballots: A Guide to State Voter Initiatives in 2000', The Animals' Agenda 20(5), 44-45.
75. Park, S.: 1994, 'Industry Clustering for Economic Development', Economic Development Review 12(2), 26-38.
76. Patagonia: 2002, Company website: http://www. patagonia.com/sports/surf. shtml Viewed 08/04/02.
77. Pfeffer, J.: 1981, Power in Organizations (Pitman, Marshfield, MA).
78. Pfeffer, J.: 1992, Managing with Power: Politics and Influence in Organizations (Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA).
79. Pfeffer, J. and G. R. Salancik: 1978, The External Control of Organizations (Harper and Row, New York).
80. Phillips, R. A. and J. Reichart: 2000, 'The Environment as Stakeholder? A Fairness-based Approach', Journal of Business Ethics 23(2), 185-197.
81. Purser, R. E., C. Park and A. Montuori: 1995, 'Limits to Anthropocentrism: Towards an Ecocentric Organization Paradigm?', Academy of Management Review (Special topic forum on ecologically sustainable organizations, 20, 1053-1089.
82. Renner, M.: 2000, 'Creating Jobs, Preserving the Environment', in L. Brown (ed.), State of the World 2000 (W.W. Norton & Co., New York), pp. 162-183.
83. Reuters: June 25, 2002, Tourism must respect environment, Pope says. www.cnn.com/2002/TRAVEL/NEWS/06/25/environment.pope.reut/index.html, viewed July 5, 2002.
84. Rolston, H.: 1994, Conserving Natural Value (Columbia University Press, New York).
85. Rowley, T. J.: 1997, 'Moving Beyond Dyadic Ties: A Network Theory of Stakeholder Influences', Academy of Management Review 22(4), 887-910.
86. Ryland, E.: 2000, 'Gaia Rising: A Jungiuan Look at Environmental Consciousness and Sustainable Organizations', Organization & Environment 13(4), 381-402.
87. Savage, G. T., T. H. Nix, C. J. Whitehead and J. D. Blair: 1991, 'Strategies for Assessing and Managing Organizational Stakeholders', Academy of Management Executive 5, 61-75.
88. Schmidheiny, S. and F. J. L. Zorraquin: 1996, Financing Change: The Financial Community, Eco-efficiency, and Sustainable Development (MIT Press, Cambridge).
89. Schumacher, E. F.: 1973, Small is Beautiful: Economics as If People Mattered (Harper & Row, New York).
90. Shrivastava, P.: 1994, 'CASTRATED Environment: GREENING Organization Studies', Organization Studies 15(5), 705-726.
91. Shrivastava, P.: 1995a, 'Ecocentric Management for a Risk Society', Academy of Management Review 20(1), 118-137.
92. Shrivastava, P.: 1995b, 'The Role of Corporations in Achieving Ecological Sustainability', Academy of Management Review 20(4), 936-960.
93. Smith, D. M.: 2000, 'Proximity: Locality and Community', in D. M. Smith (ed.), Moral Geographies: Ethics in a World of Difference (Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh).
94. Smith, J. (ed.): 2000, The Daily Globe: Environmental Change, the Public, and the Media (Earthscan, London).
95. Soukhanov, A. H. (ed.): 1984, Webster's II New Riverside Dictionary (Houghton-Mifflin Co., Boston, MA), p. 948.
96. Srikantia, P. and D. Bilimoria: 1997, 'Isomorphism in Organization and Management Theory', Organization & Environment 10(4), 384-406.
97. Starik, M.: 1994, 'What is a Stakeholder? Essay by Mark Starik. Pp. 89-95 of the Toronto Conference: Reflections on Stakeholder Theory', Business & Society 33, 82-131.
98. Starik, M.: 1995, 'Should Trees have Managerial Standing? Toward Stakeholder Status for Non-human Nature', Journal of Business Ethics 14(3), 207-217.
99. Starik, M. and G. P. Rands: 1995, 'Weaving an Integrated Web: Multilevel and Multisystem Perspectives of Ecologically Sustainable Organizations', Academy of Management Review 20 (4), 908-935.
100. Stead, J. G. and W. E. Stead: 2000, 'Ecoenterprise Strategy: Standing for Sustainability', Journal of Business Ethics 24(4), 313-329.
101. Stead, W. E. and J. G. Stead: 1996, Management for a Small Planet (2nd ed.) (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA).
102. Stinchcombe, A. L.: 1968, Constructing Social Theories (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).
103. Stone, C.: 1974, Should Trees Have Standing? Towards Legal Rights for Natural Objects (William Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA).
104. Suchman, M.: 1995, 'Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches', Academy of Management Review 20, 571-610.
105. Suzuki, D.: 1997, The Sacred Balance: Rediscovering our Place in Nature (Greystone Books, Vancouver).
106. Szwajkowski, E.: 2000, 'Simplifying the Principles of Stakeholder Management: The Three Most Important Principles', Business & Society 39(4), 379-396.
107. Thompson, J. K., S. L. Wartick and H. L. Smith: 1991, 'Integrating Corporate Social Performance and Stakeholder Management: Implications for a Research Agenda in Small Business', Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy 12, 207-230.
108. Tsai, W.: 2000, 'Social Capital, Strategic Relatedness, and the Formation of Intraorganizational Linkages', Academy of Management Journal 21(9), 925-939.
109. Uzzi, B.: 1997, 'Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness', Administrative Sciences Quarterly 42 (1), 35-67.
110. Weber, M.: 1947, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Free Press, New York).
111. Whiteman, G.: 1997, 'Poems from James Bay [Poetry]', Organization & Environment 10(2), 186-193.
112. Wilson, E. O.: 1992, The Diversity of Life (Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA).
113. Wood, D. J.: 1991, 'Corporate Social Performance', Academy of Management Review 16, 691-718.
114. World Wildlife Fund: 2002, www.panda.org/resources/publications/climate/ Health_Issue/page9. htm, viewed June 23, 2002.
115. Worldwatch: www.Worldwatch.org. December 29, 2000.
116. Zeller, S.: 2000, 'Counsel for a Menagerie of Clients', National Journal 32(10), 714-715.
117. Zimmerman, M. A. and G. J. Zeitz: 2002, 'Beyond Survival: Achieving New Venture Growth by Building Legitimacy', Academy of Management Review 27(3), 414-431.