The customary international law of transboundary fresh waters

International Journal of Global Environmental Issues

Volumn 1, Issue 3-4, 2001, Pages 264-305

  Dellapenna, Joseph W ^a  

^a VILLANOVA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Absolute sovereignty; cooperative management; customary international law; equitable participation; equitable utilisation; International Law Commission; no harm rule; riparian state; riverine integrity; transboundary resources; United Nations; water

Indexed keywords

EID: 4043082275     PISSN: 14666650     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/ijgenvi.2001.000981     Document Type: Article

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198. Signed Feb. 20, 1929, art. 10, LNTS Vol. 105, p.225.
199. See also Agreement concerning the waterpower of the Pasvik River, signed Dec. 18, 1957, Norway-USSR, UNTS Vol. 312, p.274.
200. Opened for signature, Dec. 9, 1923, LNTS Vol. 36, pp.76.
201. See also General convention regulating navigable waterways of international concern, opened for signature, Apr. 20, 1921, art. 4, LNTS Vol. 7, p.35.
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203. Young, O. (1989) The politics of international regime formation: managing natural resources and the environment, Int. Org., Vol. 43, pp.349–403.
204. See also Indus Waters treaty, signed Sept. 19, 1960, India-Pakistan, art. 11, UNTS Vol. 419, p.126.
205. Bloomfield, L.M. and Fitzgerald, G.F. (1958) Boundary Waters Problems of Canada and the USA: The International Joint Commission, 1912–1958, pp.46–47;
206. Treaty for the co-operative development of the Columbia River Basin, Jan. 17, 1961, USA-Canada, art. 17(1) UST Vol. 15, p.1555.
207. Agreement on the cooperation for the sustainable development of the Mekong River basin, signed April 5, 1995, Cambodia-Laos-Thailand-Vietnam, art. 5, reprinted in Int. Legal Materials, Vol. 34, pp.864–880 (‘Mekong River basin agreement’).
208. See also Agreement on regulation of boundary waters, signed November 20, 1866, Spain-Portugal, Annex 1 (the whole agreement in turn is an annex to the Convention on boundaries, signed on 29 September, 1864, Spain-Portugal, Legislative Texts, ref. 58, p.241); Treaty concerning the regulation of water management of frontier waters, signed Dec. 7, 1967, Austria-Czechoslovakia, art. 19(4) UNTS Vol. 728, p.313.
209. The Lake Lanoux arbitration (France v. Spain) (1957) Int. L. Rep., Vol. 24, 101, pp.111–112
210. (France did not assert absolute sovereignty);
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212. Lammers, J.G. (1984) Pollution of International Watercourses, pp.289–290;
213. [Sudanese] Ministry of Irr. & Hydro-Elec. Power (1955) Nile Waters Question, p.13;
214. Declaration on industrial and agricultural use of international rivers, Montevideo, Dec. 24, 1933 (7th Int. Conf. of Am. States) reprinted in Am. J. Int. L., Vol. 28, p.59 (1934 supp.).
215. Permanent Commission of the River Oder case (1929) PCIJ, ser. A, no. 23, at p.27. See also Jurisdiction of the European Commission for the Danube Case, (1927) PCIJ, ser. B, no. 14, pp.61–64;
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380. Rosenstock, R. (1994) Second Report on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, UN Doc. A/CN.4/452, at 11 (Apr. 21, 1994).
381. McCaffrey, ‘Commission adopts Draft Articles’, ref. 137, pp.399–401.
382. McCaffrey, ‘Commission adopts Draft Articles’, ref. 137, p.400.
383. McCaffrey, ‘Commission adopts Draft Articles’, ref. 154, pp.400–401.
384. Dupuy, P.-M., (1977) ‘Due diligence in the international law of liability’, in OECD, Legal Aspects of Transfrontier Pollution, p.369;
385. Pisillo-Mazzeschi, R. (1992) ‘The due diligence rule and the nature of the international responsibility of states’, Germ. Y.B. Int. L., Vol. 35, p.9.
386. See also Treaty concerning the integrated development of the Mahakali River, signed Feb. 12, 1996, India-Nepal, art. 9(1) (declaring that the relations of the parties regarding common waters are to be governed by ‘the principles of equity, mutual benefit, and no harm to either Party’) re-printed in (1997) Int. Legal Materials, Vol. 36. pp.531–546; Treaty on the sharing of the Ganges Waters at Farakka, signed Dec. 12, 1996, Bangladesh-India, art. IX (declaring that the relations of the parties regarding common waters are to be governed by ‘the principles of equity, fairness and no harm to either Party’) reprinted in (1997) Int. Legal Materials, Vol. 36, pp.521–528.
387. Utton, R. (1996) ‘Which rule should prevail in international water disputes: that of reasonableness or that of no harm?’, Nat. Resources J., Vol. 36, pp.635–641.
388. Institut de Droit International, ‘Athens Resolution’, art. 2, Annuaire de l’Institut de Droit International, Vol. 58, pp.196 (1979).
389. GA Res. 49/52, UN GAOR, 49th Sess., Supp.No. 49, at 293, UN Doc. A/49/49. On the Sixth Committee generally, see Morris, V. and Bourloyannis, M.C. (1993) ‘The work of the sixth committee at the forty-seventh session of the UN General Assembly’, Am. J. Int. L., Vol. 87, pp.306–323, p.306.
390. Morris, V. and Bourloyannis, M.C. (1997) ‘The work of the sixth committee at the fifty–first session of the UN General Assembly’, Am. J. Int. L., Vol. 91, pp.542–554, at pp.546–47.
391. Carley, M. and Christie, I. (1993) Managing Sustainable Development;
392. Holmberg, J. (Editor) (1992) Making Development Sustainable: Redefining Institutions, Policy and Economics;
393. Pearce, D. and Turner, R.K. (1990) Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment;
394. Sanwal, M. (1994) ‘Sustainable development, the Rio Declaration and multilateral cooperation’, Colo. J. Int. Envtl. L. and Pol’y, Vol. 4, pp.45–68;
395. symposium (1995) ‘The promise and challenge of ecologically sustainable development’, Willamette L. Rev., Vol. 31, pp.235–493.
396. GA Res. 51/229.
397. Moustafa, S. (1994) ‘Egypt’s experience of cooperation and development of the Nile Bagis’, in Bagis, pp.101–105, at p.104.
398. Probably the most extreme version of attempting to reduce the rule of equitable utilization to an algorithm is found in Moore, J.W. (1994) ‘An Israeli-Palestinian water-sharing regime’, in Isaac, J. and Shuval, H. (Editors) Water and Peace in the Middle East, pp.181–192.
399. Kliot, N. (1994) Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East, pp.95–99, 167–172, 259–276;
400. Lonergan, S. and Brooks, D. (1994) Watershed: The Role of Fresh Water in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, pp.71–73;
401. Hager, R. (1990) ‘Note, the Euphrates basin: in search of a legal regime’, Georgetown Int. Envtl. L. Rev., Vol. 3, pp.207–228, pp.219–220;
402. Telerant, N. (1995) ‘Riparian rights under international law: a study of the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty’, Loy. L.A. Int. and Comp. L.J., Vol. 18, pp.175–205, at pp.194–195;
403. Zarour, H. and Isaac, J. (1993) ‘Nature’s apportionment and the open market: a promising solution to the Arab-Israeli water conflict’, Water Int., Vol. 18, pp.40–52, at pp.50–51.
404. Picard, E., ‘Aspects of international law of the water conflict in the Middle East’, in Bagis, p.213.
405. The classic statement of this reality in more general contexts is Hutcheson, jr., J. (1929) ‘The judgement intuitive: the function of the ‘hunch’ in judicial decision’, Cornell L.Q., Vol. 14, pp.274–288.
406. Allott, A. (1980) The Limits of Law;
407. Cornell, D., Rosenfeld, M. and Carlson, D.G. (Editors) (1992) Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice;
408. Dworkin, R. (1986) Law’s Empire;
409. Greenawalt, K. (1992) Law and Objectivity;
410. Raz, J. (1979) The Authority of Law;
411. West, R. (1993) Narrative, Authority and Law;
412. White, J. (1990) Justice as Translation.
413. Elmusa, S. ‘Towards an equitable distribution of the common Palestinian-Israeli waters: an international water law framework’, Isaac and Shuval, ref. 200, pp.451–467, at pp.456–460.
414. Dellapenna, J. (Forthcoming 2001) Water in the Middle East: The Limits and Potential of Law §§ 2.04(c) 2.04(e). Natural contribution might carry more weight in more humid regions where pressing needs in lower riparian states are less compelling.
415. Dellapenna, J. (1996) ‘The two rivers and the land between: Mesopotamia and the international law of transboundary waters’, BYU J. Pub. L., Vol. 10, pp.213–261.
416. Dellapenna, ‘Designing’, Case-W. Res. J. Int. & Comp. L., Vol. 26, pp.27–56, pp.51–56 (Dellapenna, Treaties).
417. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, UN Doc. A/CONF.151/5/Rev. 1 (1992) reprinted in Int. Legal Materials, Vol. 31, pp. 874–880;
418. Hohmann, H. (1994) Precautionary Legal Duties and Principles of Modern International Law;
419. Sand, P. (Editor) (1992) The Effectiveness of International Environmental Agreements: A Survey of Existing Legal Instruments;
420. Sands, P. (Editor) (1994) Greening International Law;
421. Weiss, E.B. (1988) In Fairness To Future Generations; World Comm’n On Environment And Development, Our Common Future (1987) (‘The Bruntland Report’);
422. Hickey, jr., J. and Walker, V. (1995) ‘Refining the precautionary principle in international environmental law’, Va. Envtl. L.J., Vol. 14, pp.423–454;
423. Marini, G. and Sacramozzino, P. (1995) ‘Overlapping generations and environmental control’, J. Envtl. Econ. and Mgt., Vol. 29, pp.64–77;
424. UN Comm’n on sustainable dev. (1997) ‘Comprehensive assessment of the fresh water resources of the world’, UN Doc. No. E/CN.17/1997/9.