Population and water in the Middle East: The challenge and opportunity for law

International Journal of Environment and Pollution

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 72-110

  Dellapenna, Joseph W ^a  

^a VILLANOVA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Integrated management; Jordan Valley; Mesopotamia; Middle East; Nile Valley; Peace Pipeline; Water conflict; Water law

Indexed keywords

ARID REGIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING; LAWS AND LEGISLATION; PUBLIC POLICY; SOCIAL ASPECTS; WATER CONSERVATION;

POPULATION GROWTH; WATER CRISIS;

WATER RESOURCES;

EID: 0030857740     PISSN: 09574352     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. See Brown, L. and Kane, H. (1994) Full House: Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity; Engelman, P. and LeRoy, P. (1993) Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies; Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A. (1990) The Population Explosion; Krishman, R. (Editor) (1994) Growing Numbers and Dwindling Resources; Harrison, P. (1992) The Third Revolution: Environment, Population and a Sustainable World; Repetto, R. (1992) The Second India Revisited: Population, Poverty and Environmental Stress over Two Decades; Camp, S. (1993) 'Population: the critical decade'. Foreign Policy, Vol. 90, p. 126; Greenhouse, S., 'The greening of US diplomacy: focus on ecology', NY Times, Oct. 9, 1995, A6; Jacobsen, J. (1995) 'Population, consumption, and environmental degradation: problems and solutions', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 255; Sadik, N. (1995) 'Reflections on the International Conference on Population and Development and the efficiency of UN conferences', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 249; United Nations Conference on Population & Development, Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, UN Doc. A/Conf.17/13/Annex (1994); Waak, P. (1995) 'Shaping a sustainable planet: the role of non-governmental organizations', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 345.
2. See Brown, L. and Kane, H. (1994) Full House: Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity; Engelman, P. and LeRoy, P. (1993) Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies; Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A. (1990) The Population Explosion; Krishman, R. (Editor) (1994) Growing Numbers and Dwindling Resources; Harrison, P. (1992) The Third Revolution: Environment, Population and a Sustainable World; Repetto, R. (1992) The Second India Revisited: Population, Poverty and Environmental Stress over Two Decades; Camp, S. (1993) 'Population: the critical decade'. Foreign Policy, Vol. 90, p. 126; Greenhouse, S., 'The greening of US diplomacy: focus on ecology', NY Times, Oct. 9, 1995, A6; Jacobsen, J. (1995) 'Population, consumption, and environmental degradation: problems and solutions', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 255; Sadik, N. (1995) 'Reflections on the International Conference on Population and Development and the efficiency of UN conferences', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 249; United Nations Conference on Population & Development, Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, UN Doc. A/Conf.17/13/Annex (1994); Waak, P. (1995) 'Shaping a sustainable planet: the role of non-governmental organizations', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 345.
3. See Brown, L. and Kane, H. (1994) Full House: Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity; Engelman, P. and LeRoy, P. (1993) Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies; Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A. (1990) The Population Explosion; Krishman, R. (Editor) (1994) Growing Numbers and Dwindling Resources; Harrison, P. (1992) The Third Revolution: Environment, Population and a Sustainable World; Repetto, R. (1992) The Second India Revisited: Population, Poverty and Environmental Stress over Two Decades; Camp, S. (1993) 'Population: the critical decade'. Foreign Policy, Vol. 90, p. 126; Greenhouse, S., 'The greening of US diplomacy: focus on ecology', NY Times, Oct. 9, 1995, A6; Jacobsen, J. (1995) 'Population, consumption, and environmental degradation: problems and solutions', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 255; Sadik, N. (1995) 'Reflections on the International Conference on Population and Development and the efficiency of UN conferences', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 249; United Nations Conference on Population & Development, Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, UN Doc. A/Conf.17/13/Annex (1994); Waak, P. (1995) 'Shaping a sustainable planet: the role of non-governmental organizations', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 345.
4. See Brown, L. and Kane, H. (1994) Full House: Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity; Engelman, P. and LeRoy, P. (1993) Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies; Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A. (1990) The Population Explosion; Krishman, R. (Editor) (1994) Growing Numbers and Dwindling Resources; Harrison, P. (1992) The Third Revolution: Environment, Population and a Sustainable World; Repetto, R. (1992) The Second India Revisited: Population, Poverty and Environmental Stress over Two Decades; Camp, S. (1993) 'Population: the critical decade'. Foreign Policy, Vol. 90, p. 126; Greenhouse, S., 'The greening of US diplomacy: focus on ecology', NY Times, Oct. 9, 1995, A6; Jacobsen, J. (1995) 'Population, consumption, and environmental degradation: problems and solutions', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 255; Sadik, N. (1995) 'Reflections on the International Conference on Population and Development and the efficiency of UN conferences', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 249; United Nations Conference on Population & Development, Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, UN Doc. A/Conf.17/13/Annex (1994); Waak, P. (1995) 'Shaping a sustainable planet: the role of non-governmental organizations', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 345.
5. See Brown, L. and Kane, H. (1994) Full House: Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity; Engelman, P. and LeRoy, P. (1993) Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies; Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A. (1990) The Population Explosion; Krishman, R. (Editor) (1994) Growing Numbers and Dwindling Resources; Harrison, P. (1992) The Third Revolution: Environment, Population and a Sustainable World; Repetto, R. (1992) The Second India Revisited: Population, Poverty and Environmental Stress over Two Decades; Camp, S. (1993) 'Population: the critical decade'. Foreign Policy, Vol. 90, p. 126; Greenhouse, S., 'The greening of US diplomacy: focus on ecology', NY Times, Oct. 9, 1995, A6; Jacobsen, J. (1995) 'Population, consumption, and environmental degradation: problems and solutions', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 255; Sadik, N. (1995) 'Reflections on the International Conference on Population and Development and the efficiency of UN conferences', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 249; United Nations Conference on Population & Development, Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, UN Doc. A/Conf.17/13/Annex (1994); Waak, P. (1995) 'Shaping a sustainable planet: the role of non-governmental organizations', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 345.
6. See Brown, L. and Kane, H. (1994) Full House: Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity; Engelman, P. and LeRoy, P. (1993) Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies; Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A. (1990) The Population Explosion; Krishman, R. (Editor) (1994) Growing Numbers and Dwindling Resources; Harrison, P. (1992) The Third Revolution: Environment, Population and a Sustainable World; Repetto, R. (1992) The Second India Revisited: Population, Poverty and Environmental Stress over Two Decades; Camp, S. (1993) 'Population: the critical decade'. Foreign Policy, Vol. 90, p. 126; Greenhouse, S., 'The greening of US diplomacy: focus on ecology', NY Times, Oct. 9, 1995, A6; Jacobsen, J. (1995) 'Population, consumption, and environmental degradation: problems and solutions', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 255; Sadik, N. (1995) 'Reflections on the International Conference on Population and Development and the efficiency of UN conferences', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 249; United Nations Conference on Population & Development, Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, UN Doc. A/Conf.17/13/Annex (1994); Waak, P. (1995) 'Shaping a sustainable planet: the role of non-governmental organizations', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 345.
7. See Brown, L. and Kane, H. (1994) Full House: Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity; Engelman, P. and LeRoy, P. (1993) Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies; Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A. (1990) The Population Explosion; Krishman, R. (Editor) (1994) Growing Numbers and Dwindling Resources; Harrison, P. (1992) The Third Revolution: Environment, Population and a Sustainable World; Repetto, R. (1992) The Second India Revisited: Population, Poverty and Environmental Stress over Two Decades; Camp, S. (1993) 'Population: the critical decade'. Foreign Policy, Vol. 90, p. 126; Greenhouse, S., 'The greening of US diplomacy: focus on ecology', NY Times, Oct. 9, 1995, A6; Jacobsen, J. (1995) 'Population, consumption, and environmental degradation: problems and solutions', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 255; Sadik, N. (1995) 'Reflections on the International Conference on Population and Development and the efficiency of UN conferences', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 249; United Nations Conference on Population & Development, Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, UN Doc. A/Conf.17/13/Annex (1994); Waak, P. (1995) 'Shaping a sustainable planet: the role of non-governmental organizations', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 345.
8. See Brown, L. and Kane, H. (1994) Full House: Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity; Engelman, P. and LeRoy, P. (1993) Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies; Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A. (1990) The Population Explosion; Krishman, R. (Editor) (1994) Growing Numbers and Dwindling Resources; Harrison, P. (1992) The Third Revolution: Environment, Population and a Sustainable World; Repetto, R. (1992) The Second India Revisited: Population, Poverty and Environmental Stress over Two Decades; Camp, S. (1993) 'Population: the critical decade'. Foreign Policy, Vol. 90, p. 126; Greenhouse, S., 'The greening of US diplomacy: focus on ecology', NY Times, Oct. 9, 1995, A6; Jacobsen, J. (1995) 'Population, consumption, and environmental degradation: problems and solutions', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 255; Sadik, N. (1995) 'Reflections on the International Conference on Population and Development and the efficiency of UN conferences', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 249; United Nations Conference on Population & Development, Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, UN Doc. A/Conf.17/13/Annex (1994); Waak, P. (1995) 'Shaping a sustainable planet: the role of non-governmental organizations', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 345.
9. See Brown, L. and Kane, H. (1994) Full House: Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity; Engelman, P. and LeRoy, P. (1993) Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies; Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A. (1990) The Population Explosion; Krishman, R. (Editor) (1994) Growing Numbers and Dwindling Resources; Harrison, P. (1992) The Third Revolution: Environment, Population and a Sustainable World; Repetto, R. (1992) The Second India Revisited: Population, Poverty and Environmental Stress over Two Decades; Camp, S. (1993) 'Population: the critical decade'. Foreign Policy, Vol. 90, p. 126; Greenhouse, S., 'The greening of US diplomacy: focus on ecology', NY Times, Oct. 9, 1995, A6; Jacobsen, J. (1995) 'Population, consumption, and environmental degradation: problems and solutions', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 255; Sadik, N. (1995) 'Reflections on the International Conference on Population and Development and the efficiency of UN conferences', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 249; United Nations Conference on Population & Development, Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, UN Doc. A/Conf.17/13/Annex (1994); Waak, P. (1995) 'Shaping a sustainable planet: the role of non-governmental organizations', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 345.
10. See Brown, L. and Kane, H. (1994) Full House: Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity; Engelman, P. and LeRoy, P. (1993) Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies; Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A. (1990) The Population Explosion; Krishman, R. (Editor) (1994) Growing Numbers and Dwindling Resources; Harrison, P. (1992) The Third Revolution: Environment, Population and a Sustainable World; Repetto, R. (1992) The Second India Revisited: Population, Poverty and Environmental Stress over Two Decades; Camp, S. (1993) 'Population: the critical decade'. Foreign Policy, Vol. 90, p. 126; Greenhouse, S., 'The greening of US diplomacy: focus on ecology', NY Times, Oct. 9, 1995, A6; Jacobsen, J. (1995) 'Population, consumption, and environmental degradation: problems and solutions', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 255; Sadik, N. (1995) 'Reflections on the International Conference on Population and Development and the efficiency of UN conferences', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 249; United Nations Conference on Population & Development, Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, UN Doc. A/Conf.17/13/Annex (1994); Waak, P. (1995) 'Shaping a sustainable planet: the role of non-governmental organizations', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 345.
11. See Brown, L. and Kane, H. (1994) Full House: Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity; Engelman, P. and LeRoy, P. (1993) Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies; Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A. (1990) The Population Explosion; Krishman, R. (Editor) (1994) Growing Numbers and Dwindling Resources; Harrison, P. (1992) The Third Revolution: Environment, Population and a Sustainable World; Repetto, R. (1992) The Second India Revisited: Population, Poverty and Environmental Stress over Two Decades; Camp, S. (1993) 'Population: the critical decade'. Foreign Policy, Vol. 90, p. 126; Greenhouse, S., 'The greening of US diplomacy: focus on ecology', NY Times, Oct. 9, 1995, A6; Jacobsen, J. (1995) 'Population, consumption, and environmental degradation: problems and solutions', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 255; Sadik, N. (1995) 'Reflections on the International Conference on Population and Development and the efficiency of UN conferences', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 249; United Nations Conference on Population & Development, Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, UN Doc. A/Conf.17/13/Annex (1994); Waak, P. (1995) 'Shaping a sustainable planet: the role of non-governmental organizations', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 345.
12. See Brown, L. and Kane, H. (1994) Full House: Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity; Engelman, P. and LeRoy, P. (1993) Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies; Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A. (1990) The Population Explosion; Krishman, R. (Editor) (1994) Growing Numbers and Dwindling Resources; Harrison, P. (1992) The Third Revolution: Environment, Population and a Sustainable World; Repetto, R. (1992) The Second India Revisited: Population, Poverty and Environmental Stress over Two Decades; Camp, S. (1993) 'Population: the critical decade'. Foreign Policy, Vol. 90, p. 126; Greenhouse, S., 'The greening of US diplomacy: focus on ecology', NY Times, Oct. 9, 1995, A6; Jacobsen, J. (1995) 'Population, consumption, and environmental degradation: problems and solutions', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 255; Sadik, N. (1995) 'Reflections on the International Conference on Population and Development and the efficiency of UN conferences', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 249; United Nations Conference on Population & Development, Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, UN Doc. A/Conf.17/13/Annex (1994); Waak, P. (1995) 'Shaping a sustainable planet: the role of non-governmental organizations', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 345.
13. Clarke, R. (1993) Water: the international crisis; Engelman and LeRoy, ref. 1; Postel, S. (1992) Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity; Gleick, P. (Editor) (1993) Water in Crisis; a Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources; Nanda, V. (Editor)(1983) World Climate Change: the Role of International Law and Institutions; Bazzaz, F.A. (1994) 'Global climate change and its consequences for water availability in the Arab World', in Rogers, P. and Lydon, P. (Editors) Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Prognoses, p. 243; Gleick, P. (1993) 'Water resources: a long-range global evaluation', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 20, p. 141; Goldenman, G. (1990) 'Adapting to climate change: a study of international rivers and their legal arrangements', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 17, p. 41; Leichenko, R. (1993) 'Climate change and water resource availability: an impact assessment from Bombay and Madras, India', Water Int., Vol. 18, p. 147; Smerdon, E. (1992) 'Impact of global change on water resources', Ariz. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 9, p. 155; Teclaff, L. (1991) 'The river basin concept and global climate change', Pace Envtl. Law Rev., Vol. 8, p. 355.
14. Clarke, R. (1993) Water: the international crisis; Engelman and LeRoy, ref. 1; Postel, S. (1992) Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity; Gleick, P. (Editor) (1993) Water in Crisis; a Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources; Nanda, V. (Editor)(1983) World Climate Change: the Role of International Law and Institutions; Bazzaz, F.A. (1994) 'Global climate change and its consequences for water availability in the Arab World', in Rogers, P. and Lydon, P. (Editors) Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Prognoses, p. 243; Gleick, P. (1993) 'Water resources: a long-range global evaluation', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 20, p. 141; Goldenman, G. (1990) 'Adapting to climate change: a study of international rivers and their legal arrangements', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 17, p. 41; Leichenko, R. (1993) 'Climate change and water resource availability: an impact assessment from Bombay and Madras, India', Water Int., Vol. 18, p. 147; Smerdon, E. (1992) 'Impact of global change on water resources', Ariz. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 9, p. 155; Teclaff, L. (1991) 'The river basin concept and global climate change', Pace Envtl. Law Rev., Vol. 8, p. 355.
15. Clarke, R. (1993) Water: the international crisis; Engelman and LeRoy, ref. 1; Postel, S. (1992) Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity; Gleick, P. (Editor) (1993) Water in Crisis; a Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources; Nanda, V. (Editor)(1983) World Climate Change: the Role of International Law and Institutions; Bazzaz, F.A. (1994) 'Global climate change and its consequences for water availability in the Arab World', in Rogers, P. and Lydon, P. (Editors) Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Prognoses, p. 243; Gleick, P. (1993) 'Water resources: a long-range global evaluation', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 20, p. 141; Goldenman, G. (1990) 'Adapting to climate change: a study of international rivers and their legal arrangements', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 17, p. 41; Leichenko, R. (1993) 'Climate change and water resource availability: an impact assessment from Bombay and Madras, India', Water Int., Vol. 18, p. 147; Smerdon, E. (1992) 'Impact of global change on water resources', Ariz. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 9, p. 155; Teclaff, L. (1991) 'The river basin concept and global climate change', Pace Envtl. Law Rev., Vol. 8, p. 355.
16. Clarke, R. (1993) Water: the international crisis; Engelman and LeRoy, ref. 1; Postel, S. (1992) Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity; Gleick, P. (Editor) (1993) Water in Crisis; a Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources; Nanda, V. (Editor)(1983) World Climate Change: the Role of International Law and Institutions; Bazzaz, F.A. (1994) 'Global climate change and its consequences for water availability in the Arab World', in Rogers, P. and Lydon, P. (Editors) Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Prognoses, p. 243; Gleick, P. (1993) 'Water resources: a long-range global evaluation', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 20, p. 141; Goldenman, G. (1990) 'Adapting to climate change: a study of international rivers and their legal arrangements', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 17, p. 41; Leichenko, R. (1993) 'Climate change and water resource availability: an impact assessment from Bombay and Madras, India', Water Int., Vol. 18, p. 147; Smerdon, E. (1992) 'Impact of global change on water resources', Ariz. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 9, p. 155; Teclaff, L. (1991) 'The river basin concept and global climate change', Pace Envtl. Law Rev., Vol. 8, p. 355.
17. Clarke, R. (1993) Water: the international crisis; Engelman and LeRoy, ref. 1; Postel, S. (1992) Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity; Gleick, P. (Editor) (1993) Water in Crisis; a Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources; Nanda, V. (Editor)(1983) World Climate Change: the Role of International Law and Institutions; Bazzaz, F.A. (1994) 'Global climate change and its consequences for water availability in the Arab World', in Rogers, P. and Lydon, P. (Editors) Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Prognoses, p. 243; Gleick, P. (1993) 'Water resources: a long-range global evaluation', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 20, p. 141; Goldenman, G. (1990) 'Adapting to climate change: a study of international rivers and their legal arrangements', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 17, p. 41; Leichenko, R. (1993) 'Climate change and water resource availability: an impact assessment from Bombay and Madras, India', Water Int., Vol. 18, p. 147; Smerdon, E. (1992) 'Impact of global change on water resources', Ariz. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 9, p. 155; Teclaff, L. (1991) 'The river basin concept and global climate change', Pace Envtl. Law Rev., Vol. 8, p. 355.
18. Clarke, R. (1993) Water: the international crisis; Engelman and LeRoy, ref. 1; Postel, S. (1992) Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity; Gleick, P. (Editor) (1993) Water in Crisis; a Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources; Nanda, V. (Editor)(1983) World Climate Change: the Role of International Law and Institutions; Bazzaz, F.A. (1994) 'Global climate change and its consequences for water availability in the Arab World', in Rogers, P. and Lydon, P. (Editors) Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Prognoses, p. 243; Gleick, P. (1993) 'Water resources: a long-range global evaluation', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 20, p. 141; Goldenman, G. (1990) 'Adapting to climate change: a study of international rivers and their legal arrangements', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 17, p. 41; Leichenko, R. (1993) 'Climate change and water resource availability: an impact assessment from Bombay and Madras, India', Water Int., Vol. 18, p. 147; Smerdon, E. (1992) 'Impact of global change on water resources', Ariz. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 9, p. 155; Teclaff, L. (1991) 'The river basin concept and global climate change', Pace Envtl. Law Rev., Vol. 8, p. 355.
19. Clarke, R. (1993) Water: the international crisis; Engelman and LeRoy, ref. 1; Postel, S. (1992) Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity; Gleick, P. (Editor) (1993) Water in Crisis; a Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources; Nanda, V. (Editor)(1983) World Climate Change: the Role of International Law and Institutions; Bazzaz, F.A. (1994) 'Global climate change and its consequences for water availability in the Arab World', in Rogers, P. and Lydon, P. (Editors) Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Prognoses, p. 243; Gleick, P. (1993) 'Water resources: a long-range global evaluation', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 20, p. 141; Goldenman, G. (1990) 'Adapting to climate change: a study of international rivers and their legal arrangements', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 17, p. 41; Leichenko, R. (1993) 'Climate change and water resource availability: an impact assessment from Bombay and Madras, India', Water Int., Vol. 18, p. 147; Smerdon, E. (1992) 'Impact of global change on water resources', Ariz. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 9, p. 155; Teclaff, L. (1991) 'The river basin concept and global climate change', Pace Envtl. Law Rev., Vol. 8, p. 355.
20. Clarke, R. (1993) Water: the international crisis; Engelman and LeRoy, ref. 1; Postel, S. (1992) Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity; Gleick, P. (Editor) (1993) Water in Crisis; a Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources; Nanda, V. (Editor)(1983) World Climate Change: the Role of International Law and Institutions; Bazzaz, F.A. (1994) 'Global climate change and its consequences for water availability in the Arab World', in Rogers, P. and Lydon, P. (Editors) Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Prognoses, p. 243; Gleick, P. (1993) 'Water resources: a long-range global evaluation', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 20, p. 141; Goldenman, G. (1990) 'Adapting to climate change: a study of international rivers and their legal arrangements', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 17, p. 41; Leichenko, R. (1993) 'Climate change and water resource availability: an impact assessment from Bombay and Madras, India', Water Int., Vol. 18, p. 147; Smerdon, E. (1992) 'Impact of global change on water resources', Ariz. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 9, p. 155; Teclaff, L. (1991) 'The river basin concept and global climate change', Pace Envtl. Law Rev., Vol. 8, p. 355.
21. Clarke, R. (1993) Water: the international crisis; Engelman and LeRoy, ref. 1; Postel, S. (1992) Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity; Gleick, P. (Editor) (1993) Water in Crisis; a Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources; Nanda, V. (Editor)(1983) World Climate Change: the Role of International Law and Institutions; Bazzaz, F.A. (1994) 'Global climate change and its consequences for water availability in the Arab World', in Rogers, P. and Lydon, P. (Editors) Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Prognoses, p. 243; Gleick, P. (1993) 'Water resources: a long-range global evaluation', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 20, p. 141; Goldenman, G. (1990) 'Adapting to climate change: a study of international rivers and their legal arrangements', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 17, p. 41; Leichenko, R. (1993) 'Climate change and water resource availability: an impact assessment from Bombay and Madras, India', Water Int., Vol. 18, p. 147; Smerdon, E. (1992) 'Impact of global change on water resources', Ariz. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 9, p. 155; Teclaff, L. (1991) 'The river basin concept and global climate change', Pace Envtl. Law Rev., Vol. 8, p. 355.
22. Clarke, R. (1993) Water: the international crisis; Engelman and LeRoy, ref. 1; Postel, S. (1992) Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity; Gleick, P. (Editor) (1993) Water in Crisis; a Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources; Nanda, V. (Editor)(1983) World Climate Change: the Role of International Law and Institutions; Bazzaz, F.A. (1994) 'Global climate change and its consequences for water availability in the Arab World', in Rogers, P. and Lydon, P. (Editors) Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Prognoses, p. 243; Gleick, P. (1993) 'Water resources: a long-range global evaluation', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 20, p. 141; Goldenman, G. (1990) 'Adapting to climate change: a study of international rivers and their legal arrangements', Ecol. L. Q., Vol. 17, p. 41; Leichenko, R. (1993) 'Climate change and water resource availability: an impact assessment from Bombay and Madras, India', Water Int., Vol. 18, p. 147; Smerdon, E. (1992) 'Impact of global change on water resources', Ariz. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 9, p. 155; Teclaff, L. (1991) 'The river basin concept and global climate change', Pace Envtl. Law Rev., Vol. 8, p. 355.
23. Campbell-Mohn, C. et al (1993) Environmental Law from Resources to Recovery; Pearce, D. et al. (1989) Sustainable Development: Economics and Environment in the Third World; Pearce, D. and Turner, R.K. (1990) Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment; Young, J. and Sachs, A. (1994) The Next Efficiency Revolution: Creating a Sustainable Materials Economy, Worldwatch Paper No. 121; World Comm'n on Envt. & Dev., (1987) Our Common Future; Kaysen, C. (1972) 'The Computer that printed out W*O*L*F', For. Aff., Vol. 50, p. 660.
24. Campbell-Mohn, C. et al (1993) Environmental Law from Resources to Recovery; Pearce, D. et al. (1989) Sustainable Development: Economics and Environment in the Third World; Pearce, D. and Turner, R.K. (1990) Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment; Young, J. and Sachs, A. (1994) The Next Efficiency Revolution: Creating a Sustainable Materials Economy, Worldwatch Paper No. 121; World Comm'n on Envt. & Dev., (1987) Our Common Future; Kaysen, C. (1972) 'The Computer that printed out W*O*L*F', For. Aff., Vol. 50, p. 660.
25. Campbell-Mohn, C. et al (1993) Environmental Law from Resources to Recovery; Pearce, D. et al. (1989) Sustainable Development: Economics and Environment in the Third World; Pearce, D. and Turner, R.K. (1990) Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment; Young, J. and Sachs, A. (1994) The Next Efficiency Revolution: Creating a Sustainable Materials Economy, Worldwatch Paper No. 121; World Comm'n on Envt. & Dev., (1987) Our Common Future; Kaysen, C. (1972) 'The Computer that printed out W*O*L*F', For. Aff., Vol. 50, p. 660.
26. Campbell-Mohn, C. et al (1993) Environmental Law from Resources to Recovery; Pearce, D. et al. (1989) Sustainable Development: Economics and Environment in the Third World; Pearce, D. and Turner, R.K. (1990) Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment; Young, J. and Sachs, A. (1994) The Next Efficiency Revolution: Creating a Sustainable Materials Economy, Worldwatch Paper No. 121; World Comm'n on Envt. & Dev., (1987) Our Common Future; Kaysen, C. (1972) 'The Computer that printed out W*O*L*F', For. Aff., Vol. 50, p. 660.
27. Campbell-Mohn, C. et al (1993) Environmental Law from Resources to Recovery; Pearce, D. et al. (1989) Sustainable Development: Economics and Environment in the Third World; Pearce, D. and Turner, R.K. (1990) Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment; Young, J. and Sachs, A. (1994) The Next Efficiency Revolution: Creating a Sustainable Materials Economy, Worldwatch Paper No. 121; World Comm'n on Envt. & Dev., (1987) Our Common Future; Kaysen, C. (1972) 'The Computer that printed out W*O*L*F', For. Aff., Vol. 50, p. 660.
28. Campbell-Mohn, C. et al (1993) Environmental Law from Resources to Recovery; Pearce, D. et al. (1989) Sustainable Development: Economics and Environment in the Third World; Pearce, D. and Turner, R.K. (1990) Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment; Young, J. and Sachs, A. (1994) The Next Efficiency Revolution: Creating a Sustainable Materials Economy, Worldwatch Paper No. 121; World Comm'n on Envt. & Dev., (1987) Our Common Future; Kaysen, C. (1972) 'The Computer that printed out W*O*L*F', For. Aff., Vol. 50, p. 660.
29. Jacobs, J. (1969) The Economy of Cities, pp. 117-21.
30. This theme permeates the whole book; it is summarized succinctly in Chapter 2, pp. 49-84.
31. Ref. 4, pp. 86-92.
32. Ref. 4, p. 89. One needs only a little imagination to find comparable examples in every other mature industrial society, including the USA - consider Detroit, for example.
33. Ref. 4, pp. 106-107.
34. Ref. 4, pp. 92-93. See generally Morris, A.E.J. (1979) History of the Urban Form, p. 14.
35. Diamond, J. (1995) 'Easter Island tells a tale of warning', San Diego Union & Trib., Oct. 29, p. E1. Easter Island is yet another example, however, of a society in which a dramatic drop in population did not improve their well-being, partly because so little was left in the way of resources and also because the surviving inhabitants did not learn new techniques for living.
36. Ref. 4, pp. 117-118. Jacobs indicated that she considered having fewer children to be an important gain for women, but not for societies (p. 119); cf. Lee, L. (1995) 'Population: a human rights approach', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 327; Misra, G., Magar, V. and Legro, S. (1995) 'Poor reproductive health and environmental degradation: outcomes of women's low status in India', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 273.
37. Ref. 4, pp. 117-118. Jacobs indicated that she considered having fewer children to be an important gain for women, but not for societies (p. 119); cf. Lee, L. (1995) 'Population: a human rights approach', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 327; Misra, G., Magar, V. and Legro, S. (1995) 'Poor reproductive health and environmental degradation: outcomes of women's low status in India', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 273.
38. Ref. 4, pp. 107-117.
39. See, e.g. LeRoy, P. (1995) 'Troubled waters: population and water scarcity', Colo. J. Int. Envtl. Law Policy, Vol. 6, p. 299.
40. Hillel, D. (1994) Rivers of Eden: the Struggle for Water and the Quest for Peace in the Middle East, 7-8, p. 22; Davison, R. (1950) 'Where is the Middle East?', For. Aff., p. 666; Smith, C.G. (1968) 'The emergence of the Middle East', J. Contemp. Hist., Vol. 3, p. 3; Martin, L. (1994) 'The miscalled Middle East', Geographical Rev., Vol. 34, p. 335. In fact the term is so elastic that a study concluded that the term is 'more a psychological than a geographical area' Davison, supra, p. 674.
41. Hillel, D. (1994) Rivers of Eden: the Struggle for Water and the Quest for Peace in the Middle East, 7-8, p. 22; Davison, R. (1950) 'Where is the Middle East?', For. Aff., p. 666; Smith, C.G. (1968) 'The emergence of the Middle East', J. Contemp. Hist., Vol. 3, p. 3; Martin, L. (1994) 'The miscalled Middle East', Geographical Rev., Vol. 34, p. 335. In fact the term is so elastic that a study concluded that the term is 'more a psychological than a geographical area' Davison, supra, p. 674.
42. Hillel, D. (1994) Rivers of Eden: the Struggle for Water and the Quest for Peace in the Middle East, 7-8, p. 22; Davison, R. (1950) 'Where is the Middle East?', For. Aff., p. 666; Smith, C.G. (1968) 'The emergence of the Middle East', J. Contemp. Hist., Vol. 3, p. 3; Martin, L. (1994) 'The miscalled Middle East', Geographical Rev., Vol. 34, p. 335. In fact the term is so elastic that a study concluded that the term is 'more a psychological than a geographical area' Davison, supra, p. 674.
43. Hillel, D. (1994) Rivers of Eden: the Struggle for Water and the Quest for Peace in the Middle East, 7-8, p. 22; Davison, R. (1950) 'Where is the Middle East?', For. Aff., p. 666; Smith, C.G. (1968) 'The emergence of the Middle East', J. Contemp. Hist., Vol. 3, p. 3; Martin, L. (1994) 'The miscalled Middle East', Geographical Rev., Vol. 34, p. 335. In fact the term is so elastic that a study concluded that the term is 'more a psychological than a geographical area' Davison, supra, p. 674.
44. Hillel, D., ref. 14, pp. 42-43; Bakour, Y. and Kolars, J. (1994) 'The Arab Mashrek: hydrologic history, problems and perspectives', in Water in the Arab World, ref. 2, pp. 121-124. See also Naff, T. and Matson, R. (Editors) (1984) Water in the Middle East: Conflict or Cooperation? pp. 117-118 (Water in the Middle East).
45. Hillel, D., ref. 14, pp. 42-43; Bakour, Y. and Kolars, J. (1994) 'The Arab Mashrek: hydrologic history, problems and perspectives', in Water in the Arab World, ref. 2, pp. 121-124. See also Naff, T. and Matson, R. (Editors) (1984) Water in the Middle East: Conflict or Cooperation? pp. 117-118 (Water in the Middle East).
46. Water in the Middle East, ref. 15. pp. 157-180; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Building international water management institutions: the role of treaties and other arrangements', in Allan, J.A. and Mallat, C. (Editors) Water in the Middle East: Legal, Political and Commercial Implications , p. 55 (Legal, political and commercial implications); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Designing the legal structures of water management needed to accomplish the Israel-Palestinian declaration of principles', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 7, p. 63; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Rivers as legal structures: the examples of the Jordan and the Nile', Nat. Resources J., Vol. 36 (Dellapenna, Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'The two rivers and the lands between; Mesopotamia and the international law of transboundary waters', BYU L. Rev., (Dellapenna, The Two Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1990) 'The waters of the Jordan Valley: the potential and limits of law', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 5, p. 15; (Dellapenna, Jordan Valley); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Treaties as instruments for managing internationally-shared water resources: restricted sovereignty vs. community of property', Case-W. Res. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 26, p. 27; (Dellapenna, Treaties). See generally Dellapenna, J. (1996) Middle East Water: the Limits and Potential of Law (forthcoming).
47. Water in the Middle East, ref. 15. pp. 157-180; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Building international water management institutions: the role of treaties and other arrangements', in Allan, J.A. and Mallat, C. (Editors) Water in the Middle East: Legal, Political and Commercial Implications , p. 55 (Legal, political and commercial implications); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Designing the legal structures of water management needed to accomplish the Israel-Palestinian declaration of principles', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 7, p. 63; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Rivers as legal structures: the examples of the Jordan and the Nile', Nat. Resources J., Vol. 36 (Dellapenna, Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'The two rivers and the lands between; Mesopotamia and the international law of transboundary waters', BYU L. Rev., (Dellapenna, The Two Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1990) 'The waters of the Jordan Valley: the potential and limits of law', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 5, p. 15; (Dellapenna, Jordan Valley); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Treaties as instruments for managing internationally-shared water resources: restricted sovereignty vs. community of property', Case-W. Res. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 26, p. 27; (Dellapenna, Treaties). See generally Dellapenna, J. (1996) Middle East Water: the Limits and Potential of Law (forthcoming).
48. Water in the Middle East, ref. 15. pp. 157-180; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Building international water management institutions: the role of treaties and other arrangements', in Allan, J.A. and Mallat, C. (Editors) Water in the Middle East: Legal, Political and Commercial Implications , p. 55 (Legal, political and commercial implications); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Designing the legal structures of water management needed to accomplish the Israel-Palestinian declaration of principles', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 7, p. 63; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Rivers as legal structures: the examples of the Jordan and the Nile', Nat. Resources J., Vol. 36 (Dellapenna, Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'The two rivers and the lands between; Mesopotamia and the international law of transboundary waters', BYU L. Rev., (Dellapenna, The Two Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1990) 'The waters of the Jordan Valley: the potential and limits of law', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 5, p. 15; (Dellapenna, Jordan Valley); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Treaties as instruments for managing internationally-shared water resources: restricted sovereignty vs. community of property', Case-W. Res. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 26, p. 27; (Dellapenna, Treaties). See generally Dellapenna, J. (1996) Middle East Water: the Limits and Potential of Law (forthcoming).
49. Water in the Middle East, ref. 15. pp. 157-180; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Building international water management institutions: the role of treaties and other arrangements', in Allan, J.A. and Mallat, C. (Editors) Water in the Middle East: Legal, Political and Commercial Implications , p. 55 (Legal, political and commercial implications); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Designing the legal structures of water management needed to accomplish the Israel-Palestinian declaration of principles', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 7, p. 63; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Rivers as legal structures: the examples of the Jordan and the Nile', Nat. Resources J., Vol. 36 (Dellapenna, Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'The two rivers and the lands between; Mesopotamia and the international law of transboundary waters', BYU L. Rev., (Dellapenna, The Two Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1990) 'The waters of the Jordan Valley: the potential and limits of law', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 5, p. 15; (Dellapenna, Jordan Valley); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Treaties as instruments for managing internationally-shared water resources: restricted sovereignty vs. community of property', Case-W. Res. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 26, p. 27; (Dellapenna, Treaties). See generally Dellapenna, J. (1996) Middle East Water: the Limits and Potential of Law (forthcoming).
50. Water in the Middle East, ref. 15. pp. 157-180; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Building international water management institutions: the role of treaties and other arrangements', in Allan, J.A. and Mallat, C. (Editors) Water in the Middle East: Legal, Political and Commercial Implications , p. 55 (Legal, political and commercial implications); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Designing the legal structures of water management needed to accomplish the Israel-Palestinian declaration of principles', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 7, p. 63; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Rivers as legal structures: the examples of the Jordan and the Nile', Nat. Resources J., Vol. 36 (Dellapenna, Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'The two rivers and the lands between; Mesopotamia and the international law of transboundary waters', BYU L. Rev., (Dellapenna, The Two Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1990) 'The waters of the Jordan Valley: the potential and limits of law', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 5, p. 15; (Dellapenna, Jordan Valley); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Treaties as instruments for managing internationally-shared water resources: restricted sovereignty vs. community of property', Case-W. Res. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 26, p. 27; (Dellapenna, Treaties). See generally Dellapenna, J. (1996) Middle East Water: the Limits and Potential of Law (forthcoming).
51. Water in the Middle East, ref. 15. pp. 157-180; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Building international water management institutions: the role of treaties and other arrangements', in Allan, J.A. and Mallat, C. (Editors) Water in the Middle East: Legal, Political and Commercial Implications , p. 55 (Legal, political and commercial implications); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Designing the legal structures of water management needed to accomplish the Israel-Palestinian declaration of principles', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 7, p. 63; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Rivers as legal structures: the examples of the Jordan and the Nile', Nat. Resources J., Vol. 36 (Dellapenna, Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'The two rivers and the lands between; Mesopotamia and the international law of transboundary waters', BYU L. Rev., (Dellapenna, The Two Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1990) 'The waters of the Jordan Valley: the potential and limits of law', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 5, p. 15; (Dellapenna, Jordan Valley); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Treaties as instruments for managing internationally-shared water resources: restricted sovereignty vs. community of property', Case-W. Res. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 26, p. 27; (Dellapenna, Treaties). See generally Dellapenna, J. (1996) Middle East Water: the Limits and Potential of Law (forthcoming).
52. Water in the Middle East, ref. 15. pp. 157-180; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Building international water management institutions: the role of treaties and other arrangements', in Allan, J.A. and Mallat, C. (Editors) Water in the Middle East: Legal, Political and Commercial Implications , p. 55 (Legal, political and commercial implications); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Designing the legal structures of water management needed to accomplish the Israel-Palestinian declaration of principles', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 7, p. 63; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Rivers as legal structures: the examples of the Jordan and the Nile', Nat. Resources J., Vol. 36 (Dellapenna, Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'The two rivers and the lands between; Mesopotamia and the international law of transboundary waters', BYU L. Rev., (Dellapenna, The Two Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1990) 'The waters of the Jordan Valley: the potential and limits of law', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 5, p. 15; (Dellapenna, Jordan Valley); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Treaties as instruments for managing internationally-shared water resources: restricted sovereignty vs. community of property', Case-W. Res. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 26, p. 27; (Dellapenna, Treaties). See generally Dellapenna, J. (1996) Middle East Water: the Limits and Potential of Law (forthcoming).
53. Water in the Middle East, ref. 15. pp. 157-180; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Building international water management institutions: the role of treaties and other arrangements', in Allan, J.A. and Mallat, C. (Editors) Water in the Middle East: Legal, Political and Commercial Implications , p. 55 (Legal, political and commercial implications); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Designing the legal structures of water management needed to accomplish the Israel-Palestinian declaration of principles', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 7, p. 63; Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'Rivers as legal structures: the examples of the Jordan and the Nile', Nat. Resources J., Vol. 36 (Dellapenna, Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1995) 'The two rivers and the lands between; Mesopotamia and the international law of transboundary waters', BYU L. Rev., (Dellapenna, The Two Rivers); Dellapenna, J. (1990) 'The waters of the Jordan Valley: the potential and limits of law', Palestine Y.B. Int. Law, Vol. 5, p. 15; (Dellapenna, Jordan Valley); Dellapenna, J. (1994) 'Treaties as instruments for managing internationally-shared water resources: restricted sovereignty vs. community of property', Case-W. Res. J. Int. Comp. Law, Vol. 26, p. 27; (Dellapenna, Treaties). See generally Dellapenna, J. (1996) Middle East Water: the Limits and Potential of Law (forthcoming).
54. Gischler, C. (1979) Water resources in the Arab Middle East and North Africa, pp. 5-6.
55. Ref. 17, pp. 6, 9-11; Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 251-257; Kliot, N. (1994) Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East, p. 239; The WRAP Task Force (1994) Palestinian Water Resources, pp. 7-8; Ahiram, E. and Siniora, H. (1994) 'The Gaza strip water problem - an emergency solution for the Palestinian population', in Isaac, J. and Shuval, H. (Editors) Water and Peace in the Middle East, pp. 261, 266-270 (Water and Peace); Taysir Dabbagh, et al., 'Desalination, an emergent option', in Water in the Arab World, ref. 2, p. 203; Hoffman, D., 'Potential applications for desalination in the area, in Water and Peace, p. 315; Kally, E., 'Costs of inter-regional conveyance of water and cost of sea water desalination', in Water and Peace, pp. 289, 299-300; Ryan, F. (1993) 'Survival by sea water', in Stout, G. and Al-Weshah (Editors) Proc. Int. Symposium on Water Resources in the Middle East: policy and institutional aspects, p. 181 (Policy and institutional aspects); Sadik, A-K. and Barghouti, S. 'The water problems of the Arab World: management of scarce resources', in Water in the Arab World, pp. 1, 31-32; Schiffler, M., 'Sustainable development of water resources in Jordan: ecological and economic aspects in a long-term perspective', in Legal, Political and Commercial Implications, ref. 14, pp. 239, 253-254. To date, Israel has about 40 small desalination plants, the aggregate production of which is a minuscule 0.05 MCM/yr. Gabbay, S. (1994) The Environment in Israel, p. 21. At least some of these plants were built with money contributed by the United States. See Joint Agreement for the design, construction, testing and operation of a large-scale prototype desalting plant in Israel, signed June 27, 1975, Israel-United States, 1020 UNTS, p. 237.
56. Ref. 17, pp. 6, 9-11; Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 251-257; Kliot, N. (1994) Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East, p. 239; The WRAP Task Force (1994) Palestinian Water Resources, pp. 7-8; Ahiram, E. and Siniora, H. (1994) 'The Gaza strip water problem - an emergency solution for the Palestinian population', in Isaac, J. and Shuval, H. (Editors) Water and Peace in the Middle East, pp. 261, 266-270 (Water and Peace); Taysir Dabbagh, et al., 'Desalination, an emergent option', in Water in the Arab World, ref. 2, p. 203; Hoffman, D., 'Potential applications for desalination in the area, in Water and Peace, p. 315; Kally, E., 'Costs of inter-regional conveyance of water and cost of sea water desalination', in Water and Peace, pp. 289, 299-300; Ryan, F. (1993) 'Survival by sea water', in Stout, G. and Al-Weshah (Editors) Proc. Int. Symposium on Water Resources in the Middle East: policy and institutional aspects, p. 181 (Policy and institutional aspects); Sadik, A-K. and Barghouti, S. 'The water problems of the Arab World: management of scarce resources', in Water in the Arab World, pp. 1, 31-32; Schiffler, M., 'Sustainable development of water resources in Jordan: ecological and economic aspects in a long-term perspective', in Legal, Political and Commercial Implications, ref. 14, pp. 239, 253-254. To date, Israel has about 40 small desalination plants, the aggregate production of which is a minuscule 0.05 MCM/yr. Gabbay, S. (1994) The Environment in Israel, p. 21. At least some of these plants were built with money contributed by the United States. See Joint Agreement for the design, construction, testing and operation of a large-scale prototype desalting plant in Israel, signed June 27, 1975, Israel-United States, 1020 UNTS, p. 237.
57. Ref. 17, pp. 6, 9-11; Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 251-257; Kliot, N. (1994) Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East, p. 239; The WRAP Task Force (1994) Palestinian Water Resources, pp. 7-8; Ahiram, E. and Siniora, H. (1994) 'The Gaza strip water problem - an emergency solution for the Palestinian population', in Isaac, J. and Shuval, H. (Editors) Water and Peace in the Middle East, pp. 261, 266-270 (Water and Peace); Taysir Dabbagh, et al., 'Desalination, an emergent option', in Water in the Arab World, ref. 2, p. 203; Hoffman, D., 'Potential applications for desalination in the area, in Water and Peace, p. 315; Kally, E., 'Costs of inter-regional conveyance of water and cost of sea water desalination', in Water and Peace, pp. 289, 299-300; Ryan, F. (1993) 'Survival by sea water', in Stout, G. and Al-Weshah (Editors) Proc. Int. Symposium on Water Resources in the Middle East: policy and institutional aspects, p. 181 (Policy and institutional aspects); Sadik, A-K. and Barghouti, S. 'The water problems of the Arab World: management of scarce resources', in Water in the Arab World, pp. 1, 31-32; Schiffler, M., 'Sustainable development of water resources in Jordan: ecological and economic aspects in a long-term perspective', in Legal, Political and Commercial Implications, ref. 14, pp. 239, 253-254. To date, Israel has about 40 small desalination plants, the aggregate production of which is a minuscule 0.05 MCM/yr. Gabbay, S. (1994) The Environment in Israel, p. 21. At least some of these plants were built with money contributed by the United States. See Joint Agreement for the design, construction, testing and operation of a large-scale prototype desalting plant in Israel, signed June 27, 1975, Israel-United States, 1020 UNTS, p. 237.
58. Ref. 17, pp. 6, 9-11; Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 251-257; Kliot, N. (1994) Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East, p. 239; The WRAP Task Force (1994) Palestinian Water Resources, pp. 7-8; Ahiram, E. and Siniora, H. (1994) 'The Gaza strip water problem - an emergency solution for the Palestinian population', in Isaac, J. and Shuval, H. (Editors) Water and Peace in the Middle East, pp. 261, 266-270 (Water and Peace); Taysir Dabbagh, et al., 'Desalination, an emergent option', in Water in the Arab World, ref. 2, p. 203; Hoffman, D., 'Potential applications for desalination in the area, in Water and Peace, p. 315; Kally, E., 'Costs of inter-regional conveyance of water and cost of sea water desalination', in Water and Peace, pp. 289, 299-300; Ryan, F. (1993) 'Survival by sea water', in Stout, G. and Al-Weshah (Editors) Proc. Int. Symposium on Water Resources in the Middle East: policy and institutional aspects, p. 181 (Policy and institutional aspects); Sadik, A-K. and Barghouti, S. 'The water problems of the Arab World: management of scarce resources', in Water in the Arab World, pp. 1, 31-32; Schiffler, M., 'Sustainable development of water resources in Jordan: ecological and economic aspects in a long-term perspective', in Legal, Political and Commercial Implications, ref. 14, pp. 239, 253-254. To date, Israel has about 40 small desalination plants, the aggregate production of which is a minuscule 0.05 MCM/yr. Gabbay, S. (1994) The Environment in Israel, p. 21. At least some of these plants were built with money contributed by the United States. See Joint Agreement for the design, construction, testing and operation of a large-scale prototype desalting plant in Israel, signed June 27, 1975, Israel-United States, 1020 UNTS, p. 237.
59. Ref. 17, pp. 6, 9-11; Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 251-257; Kliot, N. (1994) Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East, p. 239; The WRAP Task Force (1994) Palestinian Water Resources, pp. 7-8; Ahiram, E. and Siniora, H. (1994) 'The Gaza strip water problem - an emergency solution for the Palestinian population', in Isaac, J. and Shuval, H. (Editors) Water and Peace in the Middle East, pp. 261, 266-270 (Water and Peace); Taysir Dabbagh, et al., 'Desalination, an emergent option', in Water in the Arab World, ref. 2, p. 203; Hoffman, D., 'Potential applications for desalination in the area, in Water and Peace, p. 315; Kally, E., 'Costs of inter-regional conveyance of water and cost of sea water desalination', in Water and Peace, pp. 289, 299-300; Ryan, F. (1993) 'Survival by sea water', in Stout, G. and Al-Weshah (Editors) Proc. Int. Symposium on Water Resources in the Middle East: policy and institutional aspects, p. 181 (Policy and institutional aspects); Sadik, A-K. and Barghouti, S. 'The water problems of the Arab World: management of scarce resources', in Water in the Arab World, pp. 1, 31-32; Schiffler, M., 'Sustainable development of water resources in Jordan: ecological and economic aspects in a long-term perspective', in Legal, Political and Commercial Implications, ref. 14, pp. 239, 253-254. To date, Israel has about 40 small desalination plants, the aggregate production of which is a minuscule 0.05 MCM/yr. Gabbay, S. (1994) The Environment in Israel, p. 21. At least some of these plants were built with money contributed by the United States. See Joint Agreement for the design, construction, testing and operation of a large-scale prototype desalting plant in Israel, signed June 27, 1975, Israel-United States, 1020 UNTS, p. 237.
60. Ref. 17, pp. 6, 9-11; Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 251-257; Kliot, N. (1994) Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East, p. 239; The WRAP Task Force (1994) Palestinian Water Resources, pp. 7-8; Ahiram, E. and Siniora, H. (1994) 'The Gaza strip water problem - an emergency solution for the Palestinian population', in Isaac, J. and Shuval, H. (Editors) Water and Peace in the Middle East, pp. 261, 266-270 (Water and Peace); Taysir Dabbagh, et al., 'Desalination, an emergent option', in Water in the Arab World, ref. 2, p. 203; Hoffman, D., 'Potential applications for desalination in the area, in Water and Peace, p. 315; Kally, E., 'Costs of inter-regional conveyance of water and cost of sea water desalination', in Water and Peace, pp. 289, 299-300; Ryan, F. (1993) 'Survival by sea water', in Stout, G. and Al-Weshah (Editors) Proc. Int. Symposium on Water Resources in the Middle East: policy and institutional aspects, p. 181 (Policy and institutional aspects); Sadik, A-K. and Barghouti, S. 'The water problems of the Arab World: management of scarce resources', in Water in the Arab World, pp. 1, 31-32; Schiffler, M., 'Sustainable development of water resources in Jordan: ecological and economic aspects in a long-term perspective', in Legal, Political and Commercial Implications, ref. 14, pp. 239, 253-254. To date, Israel has about 40 small desalination plants, the aggregate production of which is a minuscule 0.05 MCM/yr. Gabbay, S. (1994) The Environment in Israel, p. 21. At least some of these plants were built with money contributed by the United States. See Joint Agreement for the design, construction, testing and operation of a large-scale prototype desalting plant in Israel, signed June 27, 1975, Israel-United States, 1020 UNTS, p. 237.
61. Ref. 17, pp. 6, 9-11; Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 251-257; Kliot, N. (1994) Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East, p. 239; The WRAP Task Force (1994) Palestinian Water Resources, pp. 7-8; Ahiram, E. and Siniora, H. (1994) 'The Gaza strip water problem - an emergency solution for the Palestinian population', in Isaac, J. and Shuval, H. (Editors) Water and Peace in the Middle East, pp. 261, 266-270 (Water and Peace); Taysir Dabbagh, et al., 'Desalination, an emergent option', in Water in the Arab World, ref. 2, p. 203; Hoffman, D., 'Potential applications for desalination in the area, in Water and Peace, p. 315; Kally, E., 'Costs of inter-regional conveyance of water and cost of sea
62. Ref. 17, pp. 6, 9-11; Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 251-257; Kliot, N. (1994) Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East, p. 239; The WRAP Task Force (1994) Palestinian Water Resources, pp. 7-8; Ahiram, E. and Siniora, H. (1994) 'The Gaza strip water problem - an emergency solution for the Palestinian population', in Isaac, J. and Shuval, H. (Editors) Water and Peace in the Middle East, pp. 261, 266-270 (Water and Peace); Taysir Dabbagh, et al., 'Desalination, an emergent option', in Water in the Arab World, ref. 2, p. 203; Hoffman, D., 'Potential applications for desalination in the area, in Water and Peace, p. 315; Kally, E., 'Costs of inter-regional conveyance of water and cost of sea water desalination', in Water and Peace, pp. 289, 299-300; Ryan, F. (1993) 'Survival by sea water', in Stout, G. and Al-Weshah (Editors) Proc. Int. Symposium on Water Resources in the Middle East: policy and institutional aspects, p. 181 (Policy and institutional aspects); Sadik, A-K. and Barghouti, S. 'The water problems of the Arab World: management of scarce resources', in Water in the Arab World, pp. 1, 31-32; Schiffler, M., 'Sustainable development of water resources in Jordan: ecological and economic aspects in a long-term perspective', in Legal, Political and Commercial Implications, ref. 14, pp. 239, 253-254. To date, Israel has about 40 small desalination plants, the aggregate production of which is a minuscule 0.05 MCM/yr. Gabbay, S. (1994) The Environment in Israel, p. 21. At least some of these plants were built with money contributed by the United States. See Joint Agreement for the design, construction, testing and operation of a large-scale prototype desalting plant in Israel, signed June 27, 1975, Israel-United States, 1020 UNTS, p. 237.
63. Ref. 17, pp. 6, 9-11; Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 251-257; Kliot, N. (1994) Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East, p. 239; The WRAP Task Force (1994) Palestinian Water Resources, pp. 7-8; Ahiram, E. and Siniora, H. (1994) 'The Gaza strip water problem - an emergency solution for the Palestinian population', in Isaac, J. and Shuval, H. (Editors) Water and Peace in the Middle East, pp. 261, 266-270 (Water and Peace); Taysir Dabbagh, et al., 'Desalination, an emergent option', in Water in the Arab World, ref. 2, p. 203; Hoffman, D., 'Potential applications for desalination in the area, in Water and Peace, p. 315; Kally, E., 'Costs of inter-regional conveyance of water and cost of sea water desalination', in Water and Peace, pp. 289, 299-300; Ryan, F. (1993) 'Survival by sea water', in Stout, G. and Al-Weshah (Editors) Proc. Int. Symposium on Water Resources in the Middle East: policy and institutional aspects, p. 181 (Policy and institutional aspects); Sadik, A-K. and Barghouti, S. 'The water problems of the Arab World: management of scarce resources', in Water in the Arab World, pp. 1, 31-32; Schiffler, M., 'Sustainable development of water resources in Jordan: ecological and economic aspects in a long-term perspective', in Legal, Political and Commercial Implications, ref. 14, pp. 239, 253-254. To date, Israel has about 40 small desalination plants, the aggregate production of which is a minuscule 0.05 MCM/yr. Gabbay, S. (1994) The Environment in Israel, p. 21. At least some of these plants were built with money contributed by the United States. See Joint Agreement for the design, construction, testing and operation of a large-scale prototype desalting plant in Israel, signed June 27, 1975, Israel-United States, 1020 UNTS, p. 237.
64. Ref. 17, pp. 6, 9-11; Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 251-257; Kliot, N. (1994) Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East, p. 239; The WRAP Task Force (1994) Palestinian Water Resources, pp. 7-8; Ahiram, E. and Siniora, H. (1994) 'The Gaza strip water problem - an emergency solution for the Palestinian population', in Isaac, J. and Shuval, H. (Editors) Water and Peace in the Middle East, pp. 261, 266-270 (Water and Peace); Taysir Dabbagh, et al., 'Desalination, an emergent option', in Water in the Arab World, ref. 2, p. 203; Hoffman, D., 'Potential applications for desalination in the area, in Water and Peace, p. 315; Kally, E., 'Costs of inter-regional conveyance of water and cost of sea water desalination', in Water and Peace, pp. 289, 299-300; Ryan, F. (1993) 'Survival by sea water', in Stout, G. and Al-Weshah (Editors) Proc. Int. Symposium on Water Resources in the Middle East: policy and institutional aspects, p. 181 (Policy and institutional aspects); Sadik, A-K. and Barghouti, S. 'The water problems of the Arab World: management of scarce resources', in Water in the Arab World, pp. 1, 31-32; Schiffler, M., 'Sustainable development of water resources in Jordan: ecological and economic aspects in a long-term perspective', in Legal, Political and Commercial Implications, ref. 14, pp. 239, 253-254. To date, Israel has about 40 small desalination plants, the aggregate production of which is a minuscule 0.05 MCM/yr. Gabbay, S. (1994) The Environment in Israel, p. 21. At least some of these plants were built with money contributed by the United States. See Joint Agreement for the design, construction, testing and operation of a large-scale prototype desalting plant in Israel, signed June 27, 1975, Israel-United States, 1020 UNTS, p. 237.
65. Ref. 13, p. 307. The list (with LeRoy's rank order in parentheses) includes Bahrain (5), Egypt (22), Israel (12), Jordan (10), Kuwait (2), Oman (23), Qatar (4), Saudi Arabia (8), the United ' Arab Emirates (9), and Yemen (11). If one takes the Middle East broadly conceived, the number in the top 25 rises to 17.
66. Ref. 13. pp. 308-309. Her list, with projected rank order in parenthesis, includes: Bahrein (5), Egypt (23), Israel (15), Jordan (7), Kuwait (2), Lebanon (35), Oman (16), Qatar (3), Saudi Arabia (6), Syria (27), the United Arab Emirates (10), and Yemen (8). The number rises to 24 for the Middle East broadly conceived, without including any of the Central Asian states sharing the Aral Basin, states that face desperate situations regarding water and whose future is worrisome to put it mildly.
67. Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 42-45. See also Issar, A. (1990) Water shall Flow from the Rock: Hydrogeology and Climate in the Lands of the Bible.
68. Jane Jacobs was, in fact, one of the first to notice the pattern of development outlined in the text, in defiance of the then orthodox view that agricultural invention preceded any appreciable rise in population density; ref. 4, pp. 18-48.
69. Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 51-54. While the sequence of events is not so clearly worked out for Egypt, something similar must have happened there except that the annual floods of the Nile, confined to a narrow valley between the bluffs that arose just a few miles to either side of the river, both assured that the soil would be replenished yearly and that a considerable population i could be supported without artificial irrigation. See Butzer, K. (1976) Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt; Collins, R. (1990) The Waters of the Nile: Hydropolitics and the Jonglei Canal, 1990-1988, pp. 103-104; Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 58-61, 111-112, 119-121; Kliot, ref. 18, pp. 10-19, 32; Waterbury, J. (1979) Hydropolitics of the Nile Valley, pp. 25-32.
70. Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 51-54. While the sequence of events is not so clearly worked out for Egypt, something similar must have happened there except that the annual floods of the Nile, confined to a narrow valley between the bluffs that arose just a few miles to either side of the river, both assured that the soil would be replenished yearly and that a considerable population i could be supported without artificial irrigation. See Butzer, K. (1976) Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt; Collins, R. (1990) The Waters of the Nile: Hydropolitics and the Jonglei Canal, 1990-1988, pp. 103-104; Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 58-61, 111-112, 119-121; Kliot, ref. 18, pp. 10-19, 32; Waterbury, J. (1979) Hydropolitics of the Nile Valley, pp. 25-32.
71. Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 51-54. While the sequence of events is not so clearly worked out for Egypt, something similar must have happened there except that the annual floods of the Nile, confined to a narrow valley between the bluffs that arose just a few miles to either side of the river, both assured that the soil would be replenished yearly and that a considerable population i could be supported without artificial irrigation. See Butzer, K. (1976) Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt; Collins, R. (1990) The Waters of the Nile: Hydropolitics and the Jonglei Canal, 1990-1988, pp. 103-104; Hillel, ref. 14, pp. 58-61, 111-112, 119-121; Kliot, ref. 18, pp. 10-19, 32; Waterbury, J. (1979) Hydropolitics of the Nile Valley, pp. 25-32.
72. See Issar, ref. 21; Wilford, J.N., 'Collapse of Earliest Known Empire [Akkad] is linked to long, harsh drought', N. Y. Times, Aug. 24, 1993, p. C1.
73. See generally Adams, R. (1965) Land behind Baghdad: a History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains; Berber, F.J., Rivers in International Law, 1-2, (Batstone, R. K. trans. 1959); Butzer, ref. 23; Caponera, D. (1992) Principles of Water Law and Administration, pp. 11-25; Downing, T.E. and Gibson, M. (Editors) (1974) Irrigation's Impact on Society; McAdams, R. (1981) Heartland of Cities; Oppenheim, A. (1964) Ancient Mesopotamia; Teclaff, L. (1967) The River Basin in History and Law, pp. 15-25, 28-32, 42-47; Wittfogel, K. (1957) Oriental despotism: a comparative study of total power; Bakour and Kolars, ref. 15, pp. 121, 123-127; Fuller, L. (1965) 'Irrigation and Tyranny', Stan. L. Rev., Vol. 17, p. 1021; Yevjevich, V. (1992) 'Water and civilization', Water Int., Vol. 17, p. 1763.
74. See generally Adams, R. (1965) Land behind Baghdad: a History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains; Berber, F.J., Rivers in International Law, 1-2, (Batstone, R. K. trans. 1959); Butzer, ref. 23; Caponera, D. (1992) Principles of Water Law and Administration, pp. 11-25; Downing, T.E. and Gibson, M. (Editors) (1974) Irrigation's Impact on Society; McAdams, R. (1981) Heartland of Cities; Oppenheim, A. (1964) Ancient Mesopotamia; Teclaff, L. (1967) The River Basin in History and Law, pp. 15-25, 28-32, 42-47; Wittfogel, K. (1957) Oriental despotism: a comparative study of total power; Bakour and Kolars, ref. 15, pp. 121, 123-127; Fuller, L. (1965) 'Irrigation and Tyranny', Stan. L. Rev., Vol. 17, p. 1021; Yevjevich, V. (1992) 'Water and civilization', Water Int., Vol. 17, p. 1763.
75. See generally Adams, R. (1965) Land behind Baghdad: a History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains; Berber, F.J., Rivers in International Law, 1-2, (Batstone, R. K. trans. 1959); Butzer, ref. 23; Caponera, D. (1992) Principles of Water Law and Administration, pp. 11-25; Downing, T.E. and Gibson, M. (Editors) (1974) Irrigation's Impact on Society; McAdams, R. (1981) Heartland of Cities; Oppenheim, A. (1964) Ancient Mesopotamia; Teclaff, L. (1967) The River Basin in History and Law, pp. 15-25, 28-32, 42-47; Wittfogel, K. (1957) Oriental despotism: a comparative study of total power; Bakour and Kolars, ref. 15, pp. 121, 123-127; Fuller, L. (1965) 'Irrigation and Tyranny', Stan. L. Rev., Vol. 17, p. 1021; Yevjevich, V. (1992) 'Water and civilization', Water Int., Vol. 17, p. 1763.
76. See generally Adams, R. (1965) Land behind Baghdad: a History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains; Berber, F.J., Rivers in International Law, 1-2, (Batstone, R. K. trans. 1959); Butzer, ref. 23; Caponera, D. (1992) Principles of Water Law and Administration, pp. 11-25; Downing, T.E. and Gibson, M. (Editors) (1974) Irrigation's Impact on Society; McAdams, R. (1981) Heartland of Cities; Oppenheim, A. (1964) Ancient Mesopotamia; Teclaff, L. (1967) The River Basin in History and Law, pp. 15-25, 28-32, 42-47; Wittfogel, K. (1957) Oriental despotism: a comparative study of total power; Bakour and Kolars, ref. 15, pp. 121, 123-127; Fuller, L. (1965) 'Irrigation and Tyranny', Stan. L. Rev., Vol. 17, p. 1021; Yevjevich, V. (1992) 'Water and civilization', Water Int., Vol. 17, p. 1763.
77. See generally Adams, R. (1965) Land behind Baghdad: a History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains; Berber, F.J., Rivers in International Law, 1-2, (Batstone, R. K. trans. 1959); Butzer, ref. 23; Caponera, D. (1992) Principles of Water Law and Administration, pp. 11-25; Downing, T.E. and Gibson, M. (Editors) (1974) Irrigation's Impact on Society; McAdams, R. (1981) Heartland of Cities; Oppenheim, A. (1964) Ancient Mesopotamia; Teclaff, L. (1967) The River Basin in History and Law, pp. 15-25, 28-32, 42-47; Wittfogel, K. (1957) Oriental despotism: a comparative study of total power; Bakour and Kolars, ref. 15, pp. 121, 123-127; Fuller, L. (1965) 'Irrigation and Tyranny', Stan. L. Rev., Vol. 17, p. 1021; Yevjevich, V. (1992) 'Water and civilization', Water Int., Vol. 17, p. 1763.
78. See generally Adams, R. (1965) Land behind Baghdad: a History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains; Berber, F.J., Rivers in International Law, 1-2, (Batstone, R. K. trans. 1959); Butzer, ref. 23; Caponera, D. (1992) Principles of Water Law and Administration, pp. 11-25; Downing, T.E. and Gibson, M. (Editors) (1974) Irrigation's Impact on Society; McAdams, R. (1981) Heartland of Cities; Oppenheim, A. (1964) Ancient Mesopotamia; Teclaff, L. (1967) The River Basin in History and Law, pp. 15-25, 28-32, 42-47; Wittfogel, K. (1957) Oriental despotism: a comparative study of total power; Bakour and Kolars, ref. 15, pp. 121, 123-127; Fuller, L. (1965) 'Irrigation and Tyranny', Stan. L. Rev., Vol. 17, p. 1021; Yevjevich, V. (1992) 'Water and civilization', Water Int., Vol. 17, p. 1763.
79. See generally Adams, R. (1965) Land behind Baghdad: a History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains; Berber, F.J., Rivers in International Law, 1-2, (Batstone, R. K. trans. 1959); Butzer, ref. 23; Caponera, D. (1992) Principles of Water Law and Administration, pp. 11-25; Downing, T.E. and Gibson, M. (Editors) (1974) Irrigation's Impact on Society; McAdams, R. (1981) Heartland of Cities; Oppenheim, A. (1964) Ancient Mesopotamia; Teclaff, L. (1967) The River Basin in History and Law, pp. 15-25, 28-32, 42-47; Wittfogel, K. (1957) Oriental despotism: a comparative study of total power; Bakour and Kolars, ref. 15, pp. 121, 123-127; Fuller, L. (1965) 'Irrigation and Tyranny', Stan. L. Rev., Vol. 17, p. 1021; Yevjevich, V. (1992) 'Water and civilization', Water Int., Vol. 17, p. 1763.
80. See generally Adams, R. (1965) Land behind Baghdad: a History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains; Berber, F.J., Rivers in International Law, 1-2, (Batstone, R. K. trans. 1959); Butzer, ref. 23; Caponera, D. (1992) Principles of Water Law and Administration, pp. 11-25; Downing, T.E. and Gibson, M. (Editors) (1974) Irrigation's Impact on Society; McAdams, R. (1981) Heartland of Cities; Oppenheim, A. (1964) Ancient Mesopotamia; Teclaff, L. (1967) The River Basin in History and Law, pp. 15-25, 28-32, 42-47; Wittfogel, K. (1957) Oriental despotism: a comparative study of total power; Bakour and Kolars, ref. 15, pp. 121, 123-127; Fuller, L. (1965) 'Irrigation and Tyranny', Stan. L. Rev., Vol. 17, p. 1021; Yevjevich, V. (1992) 'Water and civilization', Water Int., Vol. 17, p. 1763.
81. See generally Adams, R. (1965) Land behind Baghdad: a History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains; Berber, F.J., Rivers in International Law, 1-2, (Batstone, R. K. trans. 1959); Butzer, ref. 23; Caponera, D. (1992) Principles of Water Law and Administration, pp. 11-25; Downing, T.E. and Gibson, M. (Editors) (1974) Irrigation's Impact on Society; McAdams, R. (1981) Heartland of Cities; Oppenheim, A. (1964) Ancient Mesopotamia; Teclaff, L. (1967) The River Basin in History and Law, pp. 15-25, 28-32, 42-47; Wittfogel, K. (1957) Oriental despotism: a comparative study of total power; Bakour and Kolars, ref. 15, pp. 121, 123-127; Fuller, L. (1965) 'Irrigation and Tyranny', Stan. L. Rev., Vol. 17, p. 1021; Yevjevich, V. (1992) 'Water and civilization', Water Int., Vol. 17, p. 1763.
82. See generally Adams, R. (1965) Land behind Baghdad: a History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains; Berber, F.J., Rivers in International Law, 1-2, (Batstone, R. K. trans. 1959); Butzer, ref. 23; Caponera, D. (1992) Principles of Water Law and Administration, pp. 11-25; Downing, T.E. and Gibson, M. (Editors) (1974) Irrigation's Impact on Society; McAdams, R. (1981) Heartland of Cities; Oppenheim, A. (1964) Ancient Mesopotamia; Teclaff, L. (1967) The River Basin in History and Law, pp. 15-25, 28-32, 42-47; Wittfogel, K. (1957) Oriental despotism: a comparative study of total power; Bakour and Kolars, ref. 15, pp. 121, 123-127; Fuller, L. (1965) 'Irrigation and Tyranny', Stan. L. Rev., Vol. 17, p. 1021; Yevjevich, V. (1992) 'Water and civilization', Water Int., Vol. 17, p. 1763.