The present perfect in early African American correspondence

English World-Wide

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 45-69

  Van Herk, Gerard ^a  

^a MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

Author keywords

Early African American English; Letters; Liberia; Present perfect; Variation

Indexed keywords

EID: 40349095170     PISSN: 01728865     EISSN: 15699730     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1075/eww.29.1.04van     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Alford, Henry. 1864. The Queen's English. London: Strahan.
2. Anderson, James D. 1988. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
3. Anderson, Lloyd B. 1982. "The 'perfecf' as a universal and as a language-specific category". In Paul J. Hopper, ed. Tense-Aspect: Between Semantics & Pragmatics. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 227-64.
4. Bauer, Gero. 1970. "The English 'perfecf' reconsidered". Journal of Linguistics 6: 189-98.
5. Baugh, John. 1983. Black Street Speech: Its History, Structure and Survival. Austin: University of Texas Press.
6. Bickerton, Derek. 1975. Dynamics of a Creole System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Bryan, W.F. 1936. "The preterite and the perfect tense in present-day English" Journal of English and Germanic Philology 35: 363-82.
8. Bybee, Joan L., Revere D. Perkins and William Pagliuca. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
9. Carey, Kathleen. 1994. "The grammaticalization of the perfect in Old English: An account based on pragmatics and metaphor". In William Pagliuca, ed. Perspectives on Grammaticalization. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 103-17.
10. Carey, Kathleen. 1995. "Subjectification and the development of the English perfect" In Dieter Stein and Susan Wright, eds. Subjectivity and Subjectivisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 83-102.
11. Christian, Donna, Walt Wolfram, and Natalie Dube. 1988. Variation and Change in Geographically Isolated Communities: Appalachian English and Ozark English. Tuscaloosa, AL: American Dialect Society.
12. Curme, George. 1977. A Grammar of the English Language. Essex, CT: Verbatim.
13. Dahl, Osten. 1985. Tense and Aspect Systems. Oxford: Blackwell.
14. Dayton, Elizabeth. 1996. "Grammatical categories of the verb in African American Vernacular English". Ph. D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
15. Edwards, Viv and Bert Weltens. 1985. "Research on non-standard dialects of British English: Progress and prospects". In Wolfgang Viereck, ed. Focus on: England and Wales. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 97-139.
16. Edwards, Walter. 1991. "A comparative description of Guyanese Creole and Black English pre-verbal aspect marker don". In Walter F. Edwards and Donald Winford, eds. Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 240-55.
17. Edwards, Walter. 2001. "Aspectual dan in African American vernacular English in Detroit". Journal of Sociolinguistics 5: 413-27.
18. Elsness, Johan. 1997. The Perfect and the Preterite in Contemporary and Earlier English. Berlin, New York. Mouton de Gruyter.
19. Fasold, Ralph and Walt Wolfram. 1975. "Some linguistic features of Negro dialect". In Paul Stoller, ed. Black American English: Its Background and its Usage in the Schools and in the Literature. New York: Dell, 49-83.
20. Feagin, Crawford. 1979. Variation and Change in Alabama English: A Sociolinguistic Study of the White Community. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
21. Fickett, Joan G. 1972. "Tense and aspect in Black English". Journal of English Linguistics 6: 17-9.
22. Fraenkel, Merran. 1964. Tribe and Class in Monrovia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
23. Görlach, Manfred. 1999. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Green, Lisa J. 1998. "Remote past and states in African-American English". American Speech 73: 115-38.
25. Green, Lisa J. 2002. African American English: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
26. Hackenburg, Robert G. 1973. "Appalachian English: A sociolinguistic study". Ph.D. dissertation, Georgetown University.
27. Holm, John. 1991. "The Atlantic creoles and the language of the Ex-slave Recordings". In Guy Bailey, Natalie Maynor and Patricia Cukor-Avila, eds. The Emergence of Black English: Text and Commentary. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 231-48.
28. Hook, Peter Edwin. 1991. "The emergence of perfective aspect in Indo-Aryan languages". In Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine, eds. Approaches to Grammaticalization. Vol. 2: Focus on Types of Grammatical Markers. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 59-89.
29. Hopper, Paul J. 1986. "The paradigm at the end of the universe". In Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paul J. Hopper, eds. The Limits of Grammaticalization. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 147-58.
30. Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Jespersen, Otto H. 1933. Essentials of English Grammar. Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
32. Kautzsch, Alexander. 2000. "Liberian letters and Virginian narratives: Negation patterns in two new sources of Earlier African American English". American Speech 75: 34-53.
33. Kurylowicz, Jerzy. 1965. "The evolution of grammatical categories". Diogenes 51: 55-71.
34. Labov, William. 1972. Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
35. Labov, William. 1998. "Co-existent systems in AAVE". In Salikoko S. Mufwene, John R. Rickford, Guy Bailey, and John Baugh, eds. African American English: Structure, History and Use. London: Routledge, 110-53.
36. Labov, William, Paul Cohen, Clarence Robins, and John Lewis. 1968. "A Study of the non-standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican speakers in New York City, Volume I: Phonological and grammatical analysis". Final Report. Philadelphia: U.S. Office of Education Cooperative Research Project Number 3288.
37. Lawrence, Helen R. 2000. "Aspects of English: An examination of aspect within past temporal reference in northern British English". Ph.D. dissertation, University of York.
38. Liebenow, J. Gus. 1987. Liberia: The Quest for Democracy. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
39. Loflin, Marvin D. 1970. "On the structure of the verb in a dialect of American Negro Speech". Linguistics 59: 14-28.
40. Matthews, Richard. 1987. "Present perfect tenses: towards an integrated functional account". In Alfred Schopf, ed. Essays on Tensing in English. Vol. 1: Reference Time, Tense and Adverbs. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 111-76.
41. McDaniel, Antonio. 1995. Swing Low, Sweet Chariot: The Mortality Cost of Colonizing Liberia in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
42. Montgomery, Michael B. 1999. "Eighteenth-century Sierra Leone English: Another exported variety of African American English". English World Wide 10: 227-78.
43. Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1992. "Ideology and facts on African American Vernacular English". Pragmatics 2: 141-66.
44. Poplack, Shana. ed. 2000. The English History of African American English. Oxford: Blackwell.
45. Poplack, Shana, and Sali A. Tagliamonte. 1996. "Nothing in context: Variation, grammaticization, and past time marking in Nigerian Pidgin English". In Anand Syea and Philip Baker, eds. Changing Meanings, Changing Functions: Papers Relating to Grammaticalization in Contact Languages. Westminster, UK: University of Westminster Press, 71-94.
46. Poplack, Shana, and Sali A. Tagliamonte. 2001. African American English in the Diaspora. Oxford: Blackwell.
47. Poplack, Shana and Danielle Turpin. 1999. "Does the FUTUR have a future in (Canadian) French?" Probus 11: 133-64.
48. Randolph, Vance. 1927. "The grammar of the Ozark dialect". American Speech 3: 1-11.
49. Ransom, Roger L. and Richard Sutch. 1977. One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Impact of Emancipation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
50. Rickford, John R. 1999. African American Vernacular English: Features, Evolution, Educational Implications. Oxford: Blackwell.
51. Rickford, John R. and Christine Theberge-Rafal. 1996. "Preterit had in the narratives of African American preadolescents". American Speech 71: 227-54.
52. Rydén, Mats and Sverker Brorström. 1997. The Be/Have Variation with Intransitives in English. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
53. Sankoff, David. 1988. "Sociolinguistics and syntactic variation". In Frederick J. Newmeyer, ed. Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey. Vol 4: Language: The Socio-Cultural Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 140-61.
54. Schneider, Edgar W. 1989. American Earlier Black English: Morphological and Syntactic Variables. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
55. Schwenter, Scott A. 1994. "'Hot news' and the grammaticalization of perfects" Linguistics 32: 995-1028.
56. Singler, John Victor. 1989. "Plural marking in Liberian Settler English" American Speech 64: 40-64.
57. Smitherman, Geneva. 1986. Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
58. Spears, Arthur. 1982. "The Black English semi-auxiliary come" Language 58: 850-72.
59. Tagliamonte, Sali A. 1991. "A matter of time: Past temporal reference verbal structures in Samana English and the ex-slave recordings". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Ottawa.
60. Tagliamonte, Sali A. 1997. "Obsolescence in the English Perfect? Evidence from Samaná English". American Speech 72: 33-68.
61. Tagliamonte, Sali A. and Shana Poplack. 1995. "The synchrony of obsolescence: Tracking the PERFECT in African Nova Scotian English". Paper presented to the American Dialect Society, Chicago.
62. Terry, J. Michael. 2000. "On the semantics of dan in African American English". In Kiyomi Kusumoto and Elizabeth Villalta, eds. University of Massachusetts Occasional Working Papers 23, Issues in Semantics. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Department of Linguistics, 225-49.
63. Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 1972. A History of English Syntax: A Transformational Approach to the History of English Sentence Structures. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
64. Trnka, Bohumil. 1930. On the Syntax of the English Verb from Caxton to Dryden. Prague: Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague.
65. Van Herk, Gerard. 1999. "'Aiift-shaped holes' and Standard English that isn't: Negation and literacy in Early African American English letters". Paper presented at Methods X, St. John's, Newfoundland.
66. Van Herk, Gerard. 2002. "A message from the past: past temporal reference in early African American letters". Ph. D. dissertation, University of Ottawa.
67. Van Herk, Gerard. 2003. "In perfect shape: Verb semantics in the history of the English present perfect" Paper presented at NWAVE 32, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia/PA.
68. Van Herk, Gerard. 2004. "Rates versus rules: Behind the 'growt' of the present perfect in Early Modern English". Paper presented at Bilingual Workshop in Theoretical Linguistics, Toronto.
69. Van Herk, Gerard. and Shana Poplack. 2003. "Rewriting the past: Bare verbs in the Ottawa Repository of Early African American Correspondence". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 18: 231-66.
70. Van Herk, Gerard. and James A. Walker. 2005. "S marks the spot? Regional variation and early African American correspondence". Language Variation and Change 17:113-31.
71. Vanneck, Gerard. 1955. "The colloquial preterite in Modern American English". Word 14: 237-42.
72. Visser, Fredericus Theodorus. 1963. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. Vol. 1: Syntactical Units with One Verb. Leiden: Brill.
73. Visser, Fredericus Theodorus. 1966. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. Vol. 2: Syntactical Units with One Verb (continued). Leiden: Brill.
74. Visser, Fredericus Theodorus. 1969. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. Vol. 3: Syntactical units with Two Verbs. Leiden: Brill.
75. Williams, Hank. 1947. Move It On Over. MGM Records, Public domain (Acuff-Rose Publishing).
76. Williams, Joseph M. 1975. Origins of the English Language. New York: Macmillan.
77. Winford, Donald. 1992. "Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited." Language Variation and Change 4: 11-357.
78. Winford, Donald. 1993. "Variability in the use of perfect have in Trinidadian English: A problem of categorical and semantic mismatch". Language Variation and Change 5: 141-87.
79. Wolfram, Walt and Donna Christian. 1975. "Sociolinguistic variables in Appalachian dialects". Final report. Washington, DC: National Institute of Education of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
80. Zandvoort, Reinard W. 1932. "On the perfect of experience". English Studies 14: 11-20.
81. Zettersten, Arne. 1969. The English of Tristan da Cunha. Lund: Gleerup.
82. Zydatiss, Wolfgang. 1978. "'Continuative' and 'resultative perfects in English?" Lingua 44: 339-62.