Multidimensional motor sequence learning is impaired in older but not younger or middle-aged adults

Physical Therapy

Volumn 88, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 351-362

  Boyd, Lara A ^a   Vidoni, Eric D ^b   Siengsukon, Catherine F ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LEARNING; LEARNING DISORDER; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NORMAL HUMAN; SPATIAL DISCRIMINATION; TASK PERFORMANCE; TIME PERCEPTION;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; COMPUTERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LEARNING; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR SKILLS; REACTION TIME; RETENTION (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 40049084604     PISSN: 00319023     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20070131     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Harrington DL, Haaland KY. Sequencing in Parkinson's disease: abnormalities in programming and controlling movement. Brain. 1991;114:99-115.
2. Harrington DL, Rao SC, Haaland KY, et al. Specialized neural systems underlying representation of sequential movements. J Cogn Neurosci. 2000;12:56-77.
3. Povel DJ, Collard R. Structural factors in patterned finger tapping. Acta Psychol (Amst). 1982;52:107-123.
4. Collard R, Povel DJ. Theory of serial pattern production: tree traversais. Psychol Rev. 1982;89:693-707.
5. Willingham DB. Implicit motor sequence learning is not purely perceptual. Mem Cognit. 1999;27:561-572.
6. Parsons MW, Harrington DL, Rao SM. Distinct neural systems underlie learning visuomotor and spatial representations of motor skills. Hum Brain Mapp. 2005;24:229-247.
7. Mayr U. Spatial attention and implicit sequence learning; evidence for independent learning of spatial and nonspatial sequences. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1996;22:350-364.
8. Stadler MA. On learning complex procedural knowledge. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1989;15:1061-1069.
9. Schmidt RA, Lee TD. Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 2005.
10. Shin JC, Ivry RB. Concurrent learning of temporal and spatial sequences. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2002;28:445-457.
11. Howard DV, Howard JH Jr. Adult age differences in the rate of learning serial patterns: evidence from direct and indirect tests. Psychol Aging. 1992;7:232-241.
12. Harrington DL, Haaland KY. Skill learning in the elderly: diminished implicit and explicit memory for a motor sequence. Psychol Aging. 1992;7:425-434.
13. Boyd LA, Winstein CJ. Impact of explicit information on implicit motor-sequence learning following middle cerebral artery stroke. Phys Ther. 2003;83:976-989.
14. Curran T. Effects of aging on implicit sequence learning: accounting for sequence structure and explicit knowledge. Psychol Res. 1997;60:24-41.
15. Nissen MJ, Bullemer P. Attentional requirements of learning: evidence from performance measures. Cognit Psychol. 1987;19:1-32.
16. Willingham DB, Nissen MJ, Bullemer P. On the development of procedural knowledge. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1989;15:1047-1060.
17. Howard DV, Howard JH Jr. Age differences in learning serial patterns: direct versus indirect measures. Psychol Aging. 1989;4:357-364.
18. Pohl PS, McDowd JM, Filion DL, et al. Implicit learning of a perceptual-motor skill after stroke. Phys Ther. 2001;81:1780-1789.
19. Frensch PA. Composition during serial learning: a serial position effect. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1994;20:423-442.
20. Howard JH Jr, Howard DV. Age differences in implicit learning of higher order dependencies in serial patterns. Psychol Aging. 1997;12:634-656.
21. Dennis NA, Howard JH Jr, Howard DV. Age deficits in learning sequences of spoken words. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2003;58:P224-P227.
22. Myerson J, Hale S, Rhee SH, Jenkins L. Selective interference with verbal and spatial working memory in young and older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1999;54:P161-P164.
23. Negash S, Howard DV, Japikse KC, Howard JH. Age-related differences in implicit learning of non-spatial sequences. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2003;10:108-121.
24. Smith CD, Walton A, Loveland AD, et al. Memories that last in old age: motor skill learning and memory preservation. Neurobiol Aging. 2005;26:883-890.
25. Smits-Bandstra S, De Nil LF, Saint-Cyr JA. Speech and nonspeech sequence skill learning in adults who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2006;31:116-136.
26. Boyd L, Winstein C. Explicit information interferes with implicit motor learning of both continuous and discrete movement tasks after stroke. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2006;30:46-57; discussion 58-49.
27. Salthouse TA. Effects of age and skill in typing. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1984;113:345-371.
28. Gomez-Perez E, Ostrosky-Solis F. Attention and memory evaluation across the life span: heterogeneous effects of age and education. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2006;28:477-494.
29. Smith CD, Umberger GH, Manning EL, et al. Critical decline in fine motor hand movements in human aging. Neurology. 1999;53:1458-1461.
30. Salmoni AW, Schmidt RA, Walter CB. Knowledge of results and motor learning: a review and critical reappraisal. Psychol Bull. 1984;95:355-386.
31. Kami A, Meyer G, Rey-Hipolito C, et al. The acquisition of skilled motor performance: Fast and slow experience-driven changes in primary motor cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:861-868.
32. Lachman ME. Development in midlife. Ann Rev Psychol. 2004;55:305-331.
33. Crum RM, Anthony JC, Bassett SS, Folstein MF. Population-based norms for the MiniMental State Examination by age and educational level. JAMA. 1993;269:2386-2391.
34. Lundy-Ekman L. Neuroscience: Fundamentals for Rehabilitation. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1998.
35. Seidler RD, Purushotham A, Kim SG, et al. Neural correlates of encoding and expression in implicit sequence learning. Exp Brain Res. 2005;165:114-124.
36. Fendrich DW, Healy AF, Bourne LE Jr. Long-term repetition effects for motoric and perceptual procedures. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1991;17:137-151.
37. Boyd LA, Quaney BM, Pohl PS, Winstein CJ. Learning implicitly: effects of task and severity after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21:444-454.
38. Boyd LA, Winstein CJ. Providing explicit information disrupts implicit motor learning after basal ganglia stroke. Learn Mem. 2004;11:388-396.
39. Boyd LA, Winstein CJ. Cerebellar stroke impairs temporal but not spatial accuracy during implicit motor learning. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2004;18:134-143.
40. Thomas JR, Salazar W, Landers DM. What is missing in p less than .05? Effect size. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1991;62:344-348.
41. Koch I, Hoffmann J. The role of stimulus-based and response-based spatial information in sequence learning. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2000;26:863-882.
42. Clegg BA. Stimulus-specific sequence representation in serial reaction time tasks. Q J Exp Psychol A. 2005;58:1087-1101.
43. Cabeza R. Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: the HAROLD model. Psychol Aging. 2002;17:85-100.
44. Olson IR, Chun MM. Temporal contextual cuing of visual attention. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2001;27:1299-1313.
45. Keele SW, Ivry R, Mayr U, Hazeltine E, Heuer H. The cognitive and neural architecture of sequence representation. Psychol Rev. 2003;110:316-339.
46. Stergiou N, Harbourne R, Cavanaugh J. Optimal movement variability: a new theoretical perspective for neurologic physical therapy. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2006;30:120-129.
47. Kramer AF, Atchley P. Age-related effects in the marking of old objects in visual search. Psychol Aging. 2000;15:286-296.
48. Cherry KE, Stadler MA. Implicit learning of a nonverbal sequence in younger and older adults. Psychol Aging. 1995;10:379-394.
49. McDowd J, Craik F. Aging and the complexity hypothesis. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 1984;22:290-290.
50. Wulf G, Shea CH. Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning. Psychon Bull Rev. 2002;9:185-211.
51. Shea CH, Park JH, Braden HW. Age-related effects in sequential motor learning. Phys Ther. 2006;86:478-488.
52. Shannon CE. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal. 1948;27:379-423, 623-656.
53. Cover TM, Thomas JA. Elements of Information Theory. New York, NY: Wiley; 1991.
54. Jamieson BA, Rogers WA. Age-related effects of blocked and random practice schedules on learning a new technology. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2000;55:P343-P353.
55. Rogers WA, Fisk AD, Mead SE, et al. Training older adults to use automatic teller machines. Hum Factors. 1996;38:425-433.
56. Sorel O, Pennequin V. Aging of the planning process: the role of executive functioning. Brain Cogn. 2007 Sep 18; Epub ahead of print.