Leishmaniases in the Mediterranean in the era of molecular epidemiology

Trends in Parasitology

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 135-142

  Schönian, Gabriele ^a   Mauricio, Isabel ^b   Gramiccia, Marina ^c   Cañavate, Carmen ^d   Boelaert, Marleen ^e   Dujardin, Jean Claude ^e  

^a CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^c ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^d INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

^e INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; BACTERIUM CULTURE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DNA FINGERPRINTING; DRUG RESISTANCE; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; EPIDEMIC; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFECTION CONTROL; LEISHMANIA INFANTUM; LEISHMANIA MAJOR; LEISHMANIA TROPICA; LEISHMANIASIS; MIXED INFECTION; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; MULTILOCUS ENZYME ELECTROPHORESIS; MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING; PHYLOGENY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; POPULATION GENETIC PARAMETERS; RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SOUTHERN EUROPE; TAXONOMY; TREATMENT FAILURE; VIRULENCE; VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS;

ANIMALS; DRUG RESISTANCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY, MOLECULAR; GENETIC MARKERS; HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; LEISHMANIA; LEISHMANIASIS; LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS; LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL; MEDITERRANEAN REGION; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 39849088411     PISSN: 14714922     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.12.006     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Oumeish O.Y. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: a historical perspective. Clin. Dermatol. 17 (1999) 249-254
2. Bray R.S. Note on the history of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean and Middle East area. Parassitologia 29 (1987) 175-179
3. Zink A.R., et al. Leishmaniasis in ancient Egypt and Upper nubia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12 (2006) 1616-1617
4. Dujardin J.C. Risk factors in the spread of leishmaniases: towards integrated monitoring?. Trends Parasitol. 22 (2006) 4-6
5. Tibayrenc M. Bridging the gap between molecular epidemiologists and evolutionists. Trends Microbiol. 13 (2005) 575-580
6. Rioux J.A., et al. Taxonomy of Leishmania. Use of isoenzymes. Suggestions for a new classification. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 65 (1990) 111-125
7. Croan D.G., et al. Evolution of the genus Leishmania revealed by comparison of DNA and RNA polymerase gene sequences. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 89 (1997) 149-159
8. Davila A.M., and Momen H. Internal-transcribed-spacer (ITS) sequences used to explore phylogenetic relationships within Leishmania. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 94 (2000) 651-654
9. Pratlong F., et al. Sudan: the possible original focus of visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 122 (2001) 599-605
10. Lukes J., et al. Evolutionary and geographical history of the Leishmania donovani complex with a revision of current taxonomy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104 (2007) 9375-9380
11. Bouratbine A., et al. Spread of Leishmania killicki to Central and South-West Tunisia. Parasite 12 (2005) 59-63
12. Aoun K., et al. First report of Leishmania (L) killicki Rioux, Lanotte & Pratlong, 1986 in Libya. Parasite 13 (2006) 87-88
13. Schwenkenbecher J.M., et al. Microsatellite analysis reveals genetic structure of Leishmania tropica. Int. J. Parasitol. 36 (2006) 237-246
14. Hide M., et al. Genetic heterogeneity and phylogenetic status of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum zymodeme MON-1: epidemiological implications. Parasitology 123 (2001) 425-432
15. Morales M.A., et al. Relapses versus reinfections in patients coinfected with Leishmania infantum and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Infect. Dis. 185 (2002) 1533-1537
16. Chicharro C., et al. Molecular epidemiology of Leishmania infantum on the island of Majorca: a comparison of phenotypic and genotypic tools. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96 Suppl 1 (2002) S93-S99
17. Cortes S., et al. Application of kDNA as a molecular marker to analyse Leishmania infantum diversity in Portugal. Parasitol. Int. 55 (2006) 277-283
18. Kuhls K., et al. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetically isolated populations between and within the main endemic regions of visceral leishmaniasis. Microbes Infect. 9 (2007) 334-343
19. Capelli G., et al. Monitoring of canine leishmaniasis in northern Italy: an update from a scientific network. Parassitologia 46 (2004) 193-197
20. Ferroglio E., et al. Dogs' parasite and zoonotic risk: from old to new "emergencies" in the North-West of Italy. Parassitologia 48 (2006) 115-116
21. Bogdan C., et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in a German child who had never entered a known endemic area: case report and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32 (2001) 302-306
22. Koehler K., et al. Cutaneous leishmaniosis in a horse in southern Germany caused by Leishmania infantum. Vet. Parasitol. 109 (2002) 9-17
23. Aransay A.M., et al. Population differentiation of Phlebotomus perniciosus in Spain following postglacial dispersal. Heredity 90 (2003) 316-325
24. Perrotey S., et al. Postglacial dispersal of Phlebotomus perniciosus into France. Parasite 12 (2005) 283-291
25. Di Muccio T., et al. Phylogenetic analysis of Phlebotomus species belonging to the subgenus Larroussius (Diptera, psychodidae) by ITS2 rDNA sequences. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 30 (2000) 387-393
26. Jaffe C.L., et al. Leishmaniasis in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Trends Parasitol. 20 (2004) 328-332
27. Al-Jawabreh A., et al. The recent emergence of Leishmania tropica in Jericho (A'riha) and its environs, a classical focus of L. major. Trop. Med. Int. Health 9 (2004) 812-816
28. Jacobson R.L., et al. Outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Israel. J. Infect. Dis. 188 (2003) 1065-1073
29. Nasereddin A., et al. Molecular fingerprinting of Leishmania infantum strains following an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in central Israel. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 6054-6059
30. Ben Salah A.B., et al. Investigation of the spread of human visceral leishmaniasis in central Tunisia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94 (2000) 382-386
31. Bel Haj Salah M., et al. Unusual presentation of visceral leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent patient. Med. Mal. Infect. 36 (2006) 167-169
32. Lira R., et al. Evidence that the high incidence of treatment failures in Indian kala-azar is due to the emergence of antimony-resistant strains of Leishmania donovani. J. Infect. Dis. 180 (1999) 564-567
33. Rijal S. Antimonial treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: are current in vitro susceptibility assays adequate for prognosis of in vivo therapy outcome?. Microbes Infect. 9 (2007) 529-535
34. Abdo M.G., et al. Antimony-resistant Leishmania donovani in eastern Sudan: incidence and in vitro correlation. East. Mediterr. Health J. 9 (2003) 837-843
35. Gradoni L., et al. Visceral leishmaniasis treatment, Italy. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9 (2003) 1617-1620
36. Croft S.L., and Brun R. In vitro and in vivo models for the identification and evaluation of drugs active against Trypanosoma and Leishmania. In: Fairlamb A.H., Ridley R.G., and Vial H.J. (Eds). Drugs Against Parasitic Diseases: R&D Methodologies and Issues (2003), World Health Organization 165-175
37. Shani-Adir A., et al. Leishmania tropica in northern Israel: a clinical overview of an emerging focus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 53 (2005) 810-815
38. Yardley V., et al. American tegumentary leishmaniasis: is antimonial treatment outcome related to parasite drug susceptibility?. J. Infect. Dis. 194 (2006) 1168-1175
39. Decuypere S., et al. Gene expression analysis of the mechanism of natural Sb(V) resistance in Leishmania donovani isolates from Nepal. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49 (2005) 4616-4621
40. Mittal M.K., et al. Characterization of natural antimony resistance in Leishmania donovani isolates. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76 (2007) 681-688
41. Mandal G., et al. Increased levels of thiols protect antimony unresponsive Leishmania donovani field isolates against reactive oxygen species generated by trivalent antimony. Parasitology 134 (2007) 1679-1687
42. Perez-Victoria F.J., et al. Mechanisms of experimental resistance of Leishmania to miltefosine: implications for clinical use. Drug Resist. Updat. 9 (2006) 26-39
43. Laurent T., et al. Epidemiological dynamics of antimonial resistance in Leishmania donovani: genotyping reveals a polyclonal population structure among naturally-resistant clinical isolates from Nepal. Infect. Genet. Evol. 7 (2007) 206-212
44. Cruz I., et al. Leishmania/HIV co-infections in the second decade. Indian J. Med. Res. 123 (2006) 357-388
45. Lopez-Velez R. The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on visceral leishmaniasis in Spanish patients who are co-infected with HIV. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 97 Suppl. 1 (2003) 143-147
46. Medrano F.J., et al. The role of serology in the diagnosis and prognosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59 (1998) 155-162
47. Chicharro C., and Alvar J. Lower trypanosomatids in HIV/AIDS patients. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 97 Suppl. 1 (2003) 75-78
48. Malik A.N., et al. Changing pattern of visceral leishmaniasis, United Kingdom, 1985-2004. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12 (2006) 1257-1259
49. Gramiccia M., et al. Heterogeneity among zymodemes of Leishmania infantum from HIV-positive patients with visceral leishmaniasis in south Italy. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 128 (1995) 33-38
50. Chicharro C., et al. Iso-enzymatic variability of Leishmania infantum in Spain. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 97 Suppl. 1 (2003) 57-64
51. Botilde Y., et al. Comparison of molecular markers for strain typing of Leishmania infantum. Infect. Genet. Evol. 6 (2006) 440-446
52. Morales M.A., et al. Molecular tracking of infections by Leishmania infantum. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 95 (2001) 104-107
53. Gontijo C.M., et al. Concurrent cutaneous, visceral and ocular leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in a kidney transplant patient. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 97 (2002) 751-753
54. Basset D., et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in organ transplant recipients: 11 new cases and a review of the literature. Microbes Infect. 7 (2005) 1370-1375
55. Schonian G., et al. PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and imported clinical samples. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 47 (2003) 349-358
56. Mauricio I.L., et al. Towards multilocus sequence typing of the Leishmania donovani complex: resolving genotypes and haplotypes for five polymorphic metabolic enzymes (ASAT, GPI, NH1, NH2, PGD). Int. J. Parasitol. 36 (2006) 757-769
57. Zemanova E., et al. The Leishmania donovani complex: genotypes of five metabolic enzymes (ICD, ME, MPI, G6PDH, and FH), new targets for multilocus sequence typing. Int. J. Parasitol. 37 (2007) 149-160
58. Ravel C., et al. First report of genetic hybrids between two very divergent Leishmania species: Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major. Int. J. Parasitol. 36 (2006) 1383-1388
59. Cruz I., et al. A nested polymerase chain reaction (Ln-PCR) for diagnosing and monitoring Leishmania infantum infection in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96 Suppl. 1 (2002) S185-S189
60. Bensoussan E., et al. Comparison of PCR assays for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44 (2006) 1435-1439
61. Nicolas L., et al. Real-time PCR for detection and quantitation of Leishmania in mouse tissues. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (2002) 1666-1669
62. Schulz A., et al. Detection, differentiation, and quantitation of pathogenic Leishmania organisms by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based real-time PCR assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (2003) 1529-1535
63. Salotra P., et al. Development of a species-specific PCR assay for detection of Leishmania donovani in clinical samples from patients with kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 (2001) 849-854
64. Jirku M., et al. Development of a direct species-specific PCR assay for differential diagnosis of Leishmania tropica. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 55 (2006) 75-79
65. Marfurt J., et al. Identification and differentiation of Leishmania species in clinical samples by PCR amplification of the miniexon sequence and subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (2003) 3147-3153
66. Garcia A.L., et al. American tegumentary leishmaniasis: direct species identification of Leishmania in non-invasive clinical samples. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 101 (2007) 368-371
67. Quispe Tintaya K.W., et al. Antigen genes for molecular epidemiology of leishmaniasis: polymorphism of cysteine proteinase B and surface metalloprotease glycoprotein 63 in the Leishmania donovani complex. J. Infect. Dis. 189 (2004) 1035-1043
68. Mauricio I.L., et al. Leishmania donovani complex: genotyping with the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and the mini-exon. Parasitology 128 (2004) 263-267
69. Bulle B., et al. Practical approach for typing strains of Leishmania infantum by microsatellite analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (2002) 3391-3397
70. Siriwardana H.V., et al. Leishmania donovani and cutaneous leishmaniasis, Sri Lanka. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13 (2007) 476-478