Plant sterols and stanols

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

Volumn 170, Issue , 2005, Pages 215-230

  Tikkanen, M J ^a  

^a HELSINKI UNIVERSITY CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

Cholesterol absorption; Cholesterol lowering; Phytostanols; Phytosterols

Indexed keywords

EID: 39649096123     PISSN: 01712004     EISSN: 18650325     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27661-0_7     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Altmann SW, Davis HR Jr, Zhu L-J, Yao X, Hoos LM, Tetzloff G, Iyer SPN, Maguire M, Golonko A, Zeng M, Wang L, Murgolo N, Graziano MP (2004) Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption. Science 303:1201-1204
2. Baker VA, Hepburn PA, Kennedy SJ, Jones PA, Lea LJ, Sumpter JP, Ashby J (1999) Safety evaluationofphytosterol esters.Part 1.Assessment of oestrogenicity using a combination of in vivo and in vitro assays. Food Chem Toxicol 37:13-22
3. Becker M, Staab D, von Bergmann K (1993) Treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood with sitosterol and sitostanol. J Pediatr 122:292-296
4. Berge KE, Tian H, Graf GA, Yu L, Grishin NV, Shultz J, Kwiterovich P, Shan B, Barnes R, Hobbs HH (2000) Accumulation of dietary cholesterol in sitosterolemia caused by mutations in adjacent ABC tansporters. Science 290:1771-1775
5. von Bergmann K, Salen G, Lütjohann D et al. (2002) Ezetimibe effectively reduces serum plant sterols in patients with sitosterolemia. Atherosclerosis 3 (suppl):232
6. Best MM, Duncan CH, Van Loon EJ, Wathen JD (1954) Lowering of serum cholesterol by administration of a plant sterol. Circulation 10:201-206
7. Best MM, Duncan CH, Van Loon EJ, Wathen JD (1955) The effects of sitosterol on serum lipids. Am J Med 19:61-70
8. Bhattacharyya AK, Connor WE (1974) Beta-sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis. A newly described lipid starage disease in two sisters. J Clin Invest 53:1033-1043
9. Blair SN, Capuzzi DM, Gottlieb SO, Nguyen T, Morgan JM, Cater NB (2000) Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy. Am J Cardiol 86:46-52
10. Blomqvist SM, Jauhiainen M, Van Tol A, Hyvönen M, Torstila I, Vanhanen HT (1993) Effect of sitostanol ester on composition and size distribution of LDL and HDL. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 3:158-164
11. Bosner MS, Lange LG, Stenson WF, Ostlund RE Jr. (1999) Percent cholesterol absorption in normal women and men quantified with dual stable isotopic tracers and negative ion mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 40:302-308
12. Czubayko F, Beumers B, Lammsfuss S, Lütjohann D, von Bergmann K (1991) A simplified micro-method for quantification of fecal excretion of neutral and acidic sterols for outpatient studies in humans. J Lipid Res 32:1861-1867
13. Dietschy JM, Turley SD, Spady DK (1993) Role of liver in the maintenance of cholesterol and low density lipoprotein homeostasis in different animal apecies, including humans. J Lipid Res 34:1637-1659
14. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) (2001) Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). JAMA 285:2486-2497
15. Farquhar JW, Smith RE, DempseyME(1956) The effect of beta sitosterol on the serumlipids of young men with arteriosclerotic heart disease. Circulation 14:77-82
16. Grundy SM, Mok HYI (1977) Determination of cholesterol absorption in man by intestinal perfusion. J Lipid Res 18:263-271
17. Gylling H, Miettinen TA (1994) Serum cholesterol and cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolaemic NIDDM patients before and during sitostanol estermargarine treatment. Diabetologia 37:773-780
18. Gylling H, Miettinen TA (1996) Effects of inhibiting cholesterol absorption and synthesis on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic non-insulin-dependent diabetic men. J Lipid Res 37:1776-1785
19. Gylling H, Radhakrishnan R, Miettinen TA (1997) Reduction of serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women with previousmyocardial infarction and cholesterol malabsorption induced by dietary sitostanol ester margarine: women and dietary sitostanol. Circulation 96:4226-4231
20. Gylling H, Siimes MA, Miettinen TA (1995) Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 36:1807-1812
21. Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Gylling H, Erkkilä AT, Uusitupa MI (2000) Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 54:715-725
22. Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI (2000) Plant stanol esters affect serumcholesterol concentrations of hypercholesterolemic men and women in a dose-dependent manner. J Nutr 130:767-776
23. Heinemann T, Leiss O, von Bergmann K (1986) Effect of low-dose sitostanol on serum cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 61:219-223
24. HeinemannT,Kullak-Ublick G-A, PietruckB, vonBergmannK(1991)Mechanisms of action of plant sterols on inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Comparison of sitosterol and sitostanol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 40:S59-S63
25. Heinemann T, Axtmann G, von Bergmann K (1993) Comparison of intestinal absorption of cholesterol with different plant sterols in man. Eur J Clin Invest 23:827-831
26. Hendriks HF, Brink EJ, Meijer GW, Princen HM, Ntanios FY (2003) Safety of long-term consumption of plant sterol esters-enriched spread. Eur J Clin Nutr 57:681-692
27. Hendriks HFJ, Weststrate JA, van Vliet T, Meijer GW (1999) Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 53:319-327
28. HomanR,KrauseBR(1997) Established and emerging strategies for inhibitionof cholesterol absorption. Curr Pharm Design 3:29-44
29. Ikeda I, Sugano M (1978) Comparison of absorption and metabolism of -sitosterol and -sitostanol in rats. Atherosclerosis 30:227-237
30. Jones PJH, MacDougall DE, Ntanios F, Vanstone CA (1997) Dietary phytosterols as cholesterol-lowering agents in humans. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 75:217-227
31. Katan MB, Grundy SM, Jones P, Law M, Miettinen T, Paoletti R, for the Stresa Workshop participants (2003) Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Mayo Clin Proc 78:965-978
32. LeeM-H, Lu K, Patel SB (2001) Genetic basis of sitosterolemia. Curr Opin Lipidol 12:141-149
33. Lee M-H, Lu K, Hazard S, Yu H, Shulenin S, Hidaka H, Kojima H, Allikmets R, Sakuma N, Pegoraro R, Srivasava AK, Salen G, Dean M, Patel SB (2001) Identification of a gene, ABCG5,important inthe regulationof dietary cholesterol absorption.Nat Genet 27:79-83
34. Lees RS, Lees AM (1976) Effects of sitosterol therapy on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. In: Greten H (ed) Lipoprotein metabolism. Springer-Verlag, New York, 119-124
35. Lees AM,Mok HYI, Lees RS,McCluskey MA, Grundy SM(1977) Plant sterols as cholesterollowering agents: clinical trials in patientswith hypercholesterolemia and studies of sterol balance. Atherosclerosis 28:325-338
36. Ling WH, Jones PJH (1995) Dietary phytosterols: a review of metabolism, benefits and side effects. Life Sci 57:195-206
37. Lütjohann D, Björkhem I, Beil UF, von Bergmann K (1995) Sterol absorption and sterol balance in phytosterolemia evaluated by deuterium-labeled sterols: effect of sitostanol treatment. J Lipid Res 36:1763-1773
38. Malini T and Vanithakumari G (1991) Antifertility effects of -sitosterol in male albino rats. J Ethnopharmacol 35:149-153
39. Mattson FH, Grundy SM, Crouse JR (1982) Optimizing the effect of plant sterols on cholesterol absorption in man. Am J Clin Nutr 35:697-700
40. Mellanen P, Petänen T, Lehtimäki J, Mäkelä S, Gylund G, Holmbom B, Mannila E, Oikari A, Santti R (1996)Wood-derived estrogens: studies in vitro with breast cancer cell lines and in vivo in trout. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 136:381-388
41. Miettinen TA (1970) Detection of changes in human cholesterol metabolism. Ann Clin Res 2:300-320
42. Miettinen TA, Tilvis RS,KesäniemiYA(1990) Serumplant sterols and cholesterol precursors reflect cholesterol absorption and synthesis in volunteers of a randomly selected male population. Am J Epidemiol 131:20-31
43. Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, Vanhanen H, Vartiainen E (1995) Reduction of serum cholesterolwith sitostanol-ester margarine in amildly hypercholesterolemic population. New Engl J Med 333:1308-1312
44. Miettinen TA, Gylling H, Strandberg T, Sarna S, for the Finnish 4S investigators (1998) Baseline serum cholestanol as predictor of recurrent coronary events in subgroup of Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. British Med J 316:1127-1130
45. Miettinen TA, Strandberg TE, Gylling H for the Finnish 4S investigators (2000) Noncholesterol sterols and cholesterol lowering by long-term simvastatin treatment in coronary patients: relation to basal serum cholestanol. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 20:1340-1346
46. Miettinen TA (2001) Cholesterol absorption inhibition: A strategy for cholesterol-lowering therapy. Int J Pract 55:710-716
47. Miettinen TA, and GyllingH(2002) Ineffective decrease of serum cholesterol by simvastatin in a subgroup of hypercholesterolemic coronary patients. Atherosclerosis 164:147-152
48. Miettinen TA, Gylling H (2003) Cholesterol synthesis and absorption in coronary patients with lipid triad and isolated high LDL cholesterol in a 4S subgroup. Atherosclerosis 168:343-349
49. Miettinen TA, Gylling H, Lindbohm N,Miettinen TE, Rajaratnam RA, RelasH(2003) Serum noncholesterol sterols during inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by statins. J Lab Clin Med 141:131-137
50. Miettinen TA, GyllingH(2004) Plant stanol and sterol esters in prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Ann Med 36:126-134
51. Nguyen TT, Dale LC, von Bergmann K, Croghan IT (1999) Cholesterol-lowering effect of stanol ester in a US population of mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc 74:1198-1206
52. Nissinen M, Gylling H, Vuoristo M, and Miettinen TA (2002) Micellar distribution of cholesterol and phytosterols after duodenal plant stanol ester infusion. Am J Physiol 282:G1009-G1015
53. Ostlund RE Jr, McGill JB, Zeng C-M, Covey DF, Stearns J, Stenson WF, Spilburg CA (2002) Gastrointestinal absorption and plasma kinetics of soy?5-phytosterols and phytostanols in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282: E911-E916
54. Patel SB, Salen G, Hikada H, Kwiterovich Jr PO, Stalenhoef AFH,Miettinen TA, Grundy SM, Lee M-H, Rubenstein JS, Polymeropoulos MH, Brownstein MJ (1998) Mapping a gene involved in regulating dietary cholesterol absorption: the sitosterolemia locus is found at chromosome 2p21. J Clin Invest 102:1041-1044
55. Plat J, Mensink RP (2000) Vegetable oil based versus wood based stanol ester mixtures: effects on serum lipids and hemostatic factors in non-hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 148:101-112
56. Pollak OJ (1953) Reduction of blood cholesterol in man. Circulation 7:702-706
57. Pollak OJ (1985) Effect of plant sterols on serum lipids and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 31:177-208
58. Salen G, Shefer S, Nguyen L, Ness GC, Tint GC, Shore V (1992) Sitosterolemia. J Lipid Res 33:945-955
59. Salen G, Shore V, Tint GS, Forte T, Shefer S, Horak I, Horak E, Dayal B, Nguyen L, Batta AK, Lindgren FT, Kwiterovich PO Jr. (1989) Increased sitosterol absorption, decreased removal, and expanded body pools compensate for reduced cholesterol synthesis in sitosterolemia with xanthomatosis. J Lipid Res 30:1319-1330
60. Sudhop T, Lütjohann D, Kodal A, Igel M, Tribble DL, Shah S (2002) Inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption by ezetimibe in humans. Circulation 106:1943-1948
61. Sugano M, Kamo F, Ikeda I, Morioka H (1976) Lipid-lowering activity of phytostanols in rats. Atherosclerosis 24:301-109
62. Sugano M, Morioka H, Ikeda I (1977) A comparison of hypocholesterolemic activity of -sitosterol and -sitostanol in rats. J Nutr 107:2011-2019
63. Tikkanen MJ,HöqströmP, Tuomilehto J, Keinänen?Kiukaannjemi S, Sundvall J, Karppanen H(2001) Effects of a diet based on low-fat foods enrichedwith nonesterified plant sterols and mineral nutrients on serum cholesterol. Am J Cardiol 88:1157-1162
64. Tremblay L, Van Der Kraak G (1998) Use of a series of homologous in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate the endocrine modulating actions of -sitosterol in rainbow trout. Aquatic Toxicol 43:149-162
65. Turley SD, Dietschy JM (2003) Sterol absorption by the small intestine Curr Opin Lipidol 14:233-240
66. Vanhanen HT, Kajander J, Lehtovirta H, Miettinen TA (1994) Serum levels, absorption efficiency, faecal elimination, and synthesis of cholesterol during increasing doses of dietary sitostanol esters in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Clin Sci 87:61-67
67. VanhanenHT,MiettinenTA(1992)Effects on unsaturated and saturated dietary plant sterols on their serum contents. Clin Chim Acta 205:97-107
68. Vuorio AF, Gylling H, Turtola H, Kontula K, Ketonen P, Miettinen TA (2000) Stanol ester margarine alone and with simvastatin lowers serum cholesterol in families with familial hypercholesterolemia caused by the FH-North Karelia mutation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:500-506
69. Weststrate JA,Meijer GW(1998) Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total-and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 52:334-343