Dietary phytosterols as cholesterol-lowering agents in humans

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

Volumn 75, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 217-227

  Jones, Peter J H ^a,b   MacDougall, Diane E ^a   Ntanios, Fady ^a   Vanstone, Catherine A ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Absorption; Cholesterol; Phytosterols; Sitostanol; Sitosterol

Indexed keywords

ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; PHYTOSTEROL; SITOSTANOL; SITOSTEROL;

CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIET; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 0030969142     PISSN: 00084212     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/y97-011     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (40)

1. Bean, G.A. 1973. Phytosterols. Adv. Lipid Res. 11: 193-218.
2. Becker, M., Staab, D., and von Bergmann, K. 1992. Long-term treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in children: effect of sitosterol and bezafibrate. Pediatrics, 89: 138-142.
3. Becker, M., Staab, D., and von Bergmann, K. 1993. Treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood with sitosterol and sitostanol. J. Pediatr. 122: 292-296.
4. Briones, E.R., Steiger, D., Palumbo, P.J., and Kottke, B.A. 1984. Primary hypercholesterolemia: effect of treatment on serum lipids, lipoprotein fractions, cholesterol absorption, sterol balance, and platelet aggregation. Mayo Clin. Proc. 59: 251-257.
5. Cerqueira, M.T., Fry, M.M., and Connor, W.E. 1979. The food and nutrient intakes of the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 905-915.
6. Denke, M.A. 1995. Lack of efficacy of low-dose sitostanol therapy as an adjunct to a cholesterol-lowering diet in men with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61: 392-396.
7. Farquhar, J.W., Smith, R.E., and Dempsey, M.E. 1956. The effect of beta sitosterol on the serum lipids of young men with arteriosclerotic heart disease. Circulation, 14: 77-82.
8. Ghannudi, S.A., Shareha, A.M., El Samannoudy, F.A., Ibrahim, H.A., El Mougy, S.A. 1978. Adverse effects of phytoestrogens. 1. Histological and histochemical effects of β-sitosterol on the immature male rabbit. Libyan J. Sci. 8B: 17-24.
9. Glueck, C.J., Speirs, J., Tracy, T., Streicher, P., Illig, E., and Vandergrift, J. 1991. Relationship of serum plant sterols (phytosterols) and cholesterol in 595 hypercholesterolemic subjects, and familial aggregation of phytosterols, cholesterol, and premature coronary heart disease in hypercholesterolemic probands and their first-degree relatives. Metabolism, 40: 842-848.
10. Gylling, H., and Miettinen, T.A. 1994. Serum cholesterol and cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic NIDDM patients before and during sitostanol ester-margarine treatment. Diabetologia, 37: 773-780.
11. Heinemann, T., Leis, O., and von Bergmann, K. 1986. Effect of low-dose sitostanol on serum cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis, 61: 219-223.
12. Heinemann, T., Axtmann, G., and von Bergmann, K. 1993. Comparison of intestinal absorption of cholesterol with different plant sterols in man. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 23: 827-831.
13. Hirai, K., Shimazu, C., Takezoe, R., and Ozeki, Y. 1986. Cholesterol, phytosterol and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in 1982 and 1957 Japanese diets. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 32: 363-372.
14. Kempen, H.J., de Knijff, P., Boomsma, D.I., van der Voort, H.A., Gevers Leuven, J.A., and Havekes, L. 1991. Plasma levels of lathosterol and phytosterols in relation to age, sex, anthropometric parameters, plasma lipids, and apolipoprotein E phenotype, in 160 Dutch families. Metabolism, 40: 604-611.
15. Lees, A.M., Mok, H.Y., Lees, R.S., McCluskey, M.A., and Grundy, S.M. 1977. Plant sterols as cholesterol-lowering agents: clinical trials in patients with hypercholesterolemia and studies of sterol balance. Atherosclerosis, 28: 325-338.
16. Ling, W.H., and Jones, P.J.H. 1995. Enhanced efficacy of sitostanol-containing versus sitostanol-free phytosterol mixtures in altering lipoprotein cholesterol levels and synthesis in rats. Atherosclerosis, 118: 319-331.
17. Malini, T., and Vanithakumari, G. 1990. Rat toxicity studies with β-sitosterol. J. Ethnopharmacol. 28: 221-234.
18. Malini, T., and Vanithakumari, G. 1991. Antifertility effects of β-sitosterol in male albino rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 35: 149-153.
19. Mattson, F.H., Volpenhein, R.A., and Erickson, B.A. 1977. Effect of plant sterol esters on the absorption of dietary cholesterol. J. Nutr. 107: 1139-1146.
20. Miettinen, T.A., and Vanhanen, H. 1994. Dietary sitostanol related to absorption, synthesis and serum level of cholesterol in different apolipoprotein E phenotypes. Atherosclerosis, 105: 217-226.
21. Miettinen, T.A., Tilvis, R.S., and Kesaniemi, Y.A. 1990. Serum plant sterol and cholesterol precursors reflect cholesterol absorption and synthesis in volunteers of a randomly selected male population. Am. J. Epidemiol. 131: 20-31.
22. Miettinen, T.A., Puska, P., Gylling, H., Vanhanen, H., and Vartiainen, E. 1995a. Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. N. Engl. J. Med. 333: 1308-1312.
23. Miettinen, T.A., Färkkila, M., Vuoristo, M., Karvonen, A.L., Leino, R., Lehtola, J., Friman, C., Seppälä, K., and Tuominen, J. 1995b. Serum cholestanol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols during placebo-controlled treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis with ursodeoxycholic acid or colchicine. Hepatology, 21: 1261-1268.
24. Morton, G.M., Lee, S.M., Buss, D.H., and Lawrance, P. 1995. Intakes and major dietary sources of cholesterol and phytosterols in the British diet. J. Human Nutr. Diet, 8: 429-440.
25. Nair, P.P., Turjman, N., Kessie, G., Calkins, B., Goodman, G.T., Davidovitz, H., and Nimmagadda, G. 1984. Diet, nutrition intake, and metabolism in populations at high and low risk for colon cancer. Dietary cholesterol, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 40: 927-930.
26. Newman, R.K., Betschart, A.A., Newman, C.W., and Hofer, P.J. 1992. Effect of full-fat or defatted rice bran on serum cholesterol. Plant Food Human Nutr. 42: 37-43.
27. Nikkila, K., Höckerstedt, K., and Miettinen, T.A. 1991. High cholestanol and low campesterol-to-sitosterol ratio in serum of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis before liver transplantation. Hepatology, 13: 663-669.
28. Pelletier, X., Belbraouet, S., Mirabel, D., Mordret, F., Perrin, J.L., Pages, X., and Debry, G. 1995. A diet moderately enriched in phytosterols lowers plasma cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolemic humans. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 39: 291-295.
29. Pollack, O.J., and Kritchevsky, D. 1981. Monographs on atherosclerosis. Karger, New York.
30. Register, B., Bethel, M.A., Thompson, N., Walmer, D., Blohm, P., Ayyash, L., and Hughes, C., Jr. 1995. The effect of neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol, coumesterol, and β-sitosterol on pituitary responsiveness and sexually dimorphic nucleus volume in the castrated adult rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 208: 72-77.
31. Salen, G., Ahrens, E.H., Jr., and Grundy, S.M. 1970. Metabolism of β-sitosterol in man. J. Clin. Invest. 49: 952-967.
32. Schlierf, G., Oster, P., Heuck, C.C., Raetzer, H., and Schellenberg, B. 1978. Sitosterol in juvenile type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis, 30: 245-248.
33. Shefer, S., Salen, G., Nguyen, L., Batta, A.K., Packin, V., Tint, G.S., and Hauser, S. 1988. Competitive inhibition of bile acid synthesis by endogenous cholestanol and sitosterol in sitosterolemia with xanthomatosis. Effect on cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase. J. Clin. Invest. 82: 1833-1839.
34. Sutherland, W.H., Robertson, M.C., Williamson, S.A., and Nye, E.R. 1991. Plasma noncholesterol sterols in male distance runners and sedentary men. Eur. J. Appl.Physiol. Occup. Ther. 63: 119-123.
35. Sutherland, W.H., Scott, R.S., Lintott, C.J., Robertson, M.C., Stapely, S.A., and Cox, C. 1992. Plasma non-cholesterol sterols in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Horm. Metab. Res. 24: 172-175.
36. Tilvis, R.S., and Miettinen, T.A. 1986. Serum plant sterols and their relation to cholesterol absorption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43: 92-97.
37. Vanhanen, H.T., Blomqvist, S., Ehnholm, C., Hyvönen, M., Jauhiainen, M., Torstila, I., and Miettinen, T.A. 1993. Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment. J. Lipid Res. 34: 1535-1544.
38. Vanhanen, H.T., and Miettinen, T.A. 1992. Effects of unsaturated and saturated dietary plant sterols on their serum contents. Clin. Chim. Acta, 205: 97-107.
39. Vanhanen, H.T., Kajander, J., Lehtovirta, H., and Miettinen, T.A. 1994. Serum levels, absorption efficiency, faecal elimination and synthesis of cholesterol during increasing doses of dietary sitostanol esters in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Clin. Sci. 87: 61-67.
40. Vuoristo, M., Tilvis, R., and Miettinen, T.A. 1988. Serum plant sterols and lathosterol related to cholesterol absorption on coeliac disease. Clin. Chim. Acta, 174: 213-224.