Long-term variations in the magnetic fields of the Sun and the heliosphere: Their origin, effects, and implications

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 106, Issue A8, 2001, Pages 16021-16038

  Lockwood, M ^a,b  

^a RUTHERFORD APPLETON LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 39449138862     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000ja000115     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Ahluwalia, H.S., Galactic cosmic ray intensity variations at a high-latitude sea-level site 1937-1994, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 24,229-24,236, 1997
2. Ahluwalia, H.S., and M.D. Wilson, Present status of the recovery phase of cosmic ray 11-year modulation, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4879-4883, 1996.
3. Balogh, A., E.J. Smith, B.T. Tsurutani, D.J. Southwood, R.J. Forsyth, and T.S. Horbury, The heliospheric field over the south polar region of the Sun, Science, 268, 1007-1010, 1995.
4. Beer, J., S. Tobias, and N. Weiss, An active Sun throughout the Maunder minimum, Sol. Phys., 181, 237-249, 1998.
5. Bering, E.A., A.A. Few, and J.R. Benbrook, The global electric circuit, Phys. Today, 51, 24-30, 1998.
6. 44Ti measurements in meteorites, Science, 270, 1648-1650.
7. Bradley, R.S., and P.D. Jones, "Little Ice Age" summer temperature variations: Their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends, Holocene 3, 367-376, 1993.
8. Brest, C.L., W.B. Rossow, and M.D. Roiter, Update of radiance callibrations for ISCCP, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technolo., 14, 1091-1109, 1997.
9. Cane, H.V., G. Wibberenz, I.G. Richardson, and T.T. von Rosenvinge, Cosmic ray modulation and the solar magnetic field, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 565-568, 1999.
10. Chapman, G.A., A.M. Cookson, and J.J. Dobias, Solar variability and the relation of facular to sunspot areas during cycle 22, Astrophys. J., 842, 541-545, 1997.
11. Clilverd, M.A., T.D.G. Clark, E. Clarke, and H. Rishbeth, Increased magnetic storm activity from 1868 to 1995, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 60, 1047-1056, 1998.
12. Cliver, E.W., V. Boriakoff, and K.H. Bounar, The 22-year cycle of geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 27,091-27,109, 1996.
13. Cliver, E.W., V. Boriakoff, and K.H. Bounar, Geomagnetic activity and the solar wind during the Maunder minimum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 897-900, 1998a.
14. Cliver, E.W., V. Boriakoff, and J. Feynman, Solar variability and climate change: Geomagnetic activity and global surface temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1035-1038, 19985.
15. Cummings, A.C., E.C. Stone, and W.R. Webber, Distance to the solar wind termination shock and the source of anomalous cosmic rays during 1986-1988, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 11,547-11,552, 1994.
16. Feynman, J., and N.U. Crooker, The solar wind at the turn of the century, Nature, 275, 626-627, 1978.
17. Fligge, M., S.K. Solanki, Y.C. Unruh, C. Fröhlich and C. Wehrli, A model of solar total and spectral irradiance variations, Astron. Astrophys., 335, 109-718, 1998.
18. Fligge, M., S.K. Solanki, and J. Beer, Determination of solar cycle length using the continuous wavelet transform, Astron. Astrophys, 346, 313, 1999.
19. Foukal, P., and. J. Lean, An empirical model of total solar irradiance variation between 1874 and 1988, Science, 247, 556-558, 1990
20. Friis-Christensen, E., and K. Lassen, The length of the solar cycle, an indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate, Science, 192, 1189-1202, 1991.
21. Fröhlich, C., and J. Lean, The Sun's total irradiance: Cycles, trends and related climate change uncertainties since 1976, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4377-4380, 1998.
22. Gazis, P.R., Solar cycle variation of the heliosphere, Rev. Geophys., 34, 379-402, 1996.
23. Gazis, P.R., J.D. Richardson, and K.I. Paularena, Long-term periodicity in the solar wind velocity during the last three solar cycles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1165-1168, 1995.
24. Gleissberg, W., A table of secular variations of the solar cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 49, 243-244, 1944.
25. Hapgood, M.A., A double solar-cycle variation in the 27-day recurrence of geomagnetic activity, Ann. Geophys., 11, 248-256, 1993.
26. Harvey, K.L., and C. Zwaan, Properties and emergence of bipolar active regions, Sol. Phys.,148, 85-118, 1993.
27. Howe, R., J. Christensen-Dalsgaard, F. Hill, R.W. Komm, R.M. Lassen, J. Shou, M.J. Thompson, and J. Toomre, Dynamic variations at the base of the solar convection zone, Science, 287, 2456-2460, 2000.
28. Hoyt, D., and K. Schatten, A discussion of plausible solar irradiance variations 1700-1992, 18,895-18,906, 1993.
29. Kristjánsson, J.E., and J. Kristiansen, Is there a cosmic ray signal in recent variations in global cloudiness and cloud radiative forcing?, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11,851-11,863, 2000.
30. Lean, J., Evolution of the Sun's spectral irradiance since the Maunder minimum, Geophys. Res. Lett., in press, 2000.
31. Lean, J., J. Beer, and R. Bradley, Reconstruction of solar irradiance since 1610: Implications for climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3195-3198, 1995.
32. Lockwood, M., and R. Stamper, Long-term drift of the coronal source magnetic flux and the total solar irradiance, Geophys Res. Lett., 26, 2461-2464, 1999.
33. Lockwood, M., R. Stamper, and M.N. Wild, A doubling of the sun's coronal magnetic field during the last 100 years, Nature, 399, 437-439, 1999a.
34. Lockwood, M., R. Stamper, M.N. Wild, A. Balogh, and G. Jones, Our changing Sun, Astron. Geophys, 40, 4.10-4.16, 1999b.
35. Marsh, N., and H. Svensmark, Cosmic rays, clouds and climate, Space Sci. Rev., in press, 2000.
36. Mayaud, P.N., The aa indices: A 100-year series characterising the magnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 6870-6874, 1972.
37. Moraal, H., Cosmic ray modulation studies in the outer heliosphere, Nucl. Phys. B, 33A,B, proc. suppl., 161-178, 1993.
38. Mursula, K., and T. Ulich, A new method to determine the solar cycle length, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1837-1840, 1998.
39. Mursula, K and B. Zieger, The 1.3-year variation in solar wind speed and geomagnetic activity, Adv. Space Res., in press, 2000.
40. O'Brien, K., Secular variations in the production of cosmogenic isotopes in the Earth's atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 423-431, 1979.
41. th century, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14,373-14,399, 1994.
42. Paularena, K.I., A. Sazbo, and J.D. Richardson, Coincident 1.3-year periodicities in the Ap geomagnetic index and the solar wind, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3001-3004, 1995.
43. Potgieter, M.S., The long-term modulation of galactic cosmic raysnin the heliosphere, Adv. in Space Res, 16(9), 191-203, 1995
44. Pulkkinen, T.I., H. Nevanlinna, P.J. Pulkkinen, and M. Lockwood, The Earth-Sun connection in time scales from years to decades to centuries, Space Sci. Rev., in press, 2000.
45. Richardson, J.D., K.I. Paularena, J.W. Belcher, and A.J. Lazarus, Solar wind oscillations with a 1.3 year period, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1559-1560, 1994.
46. Rossow, W.B., A.W. Walker, D.E. Beuschel, and M.D. Roiter, International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP): Documentation of new datasets, WMO/TD 737, World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, 1996.
47. Russell, C.T., and R.L. McPherron, The magnetotail and substorms, Space Sci. Rev., 15, 205-225, 1973.
48. Sabbah, I., The role of interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind in modulating both galactic cosmic rays and geomagnetic activity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1823-1826, 2000.
49. Schatten, K.H., J.M. Wilcox, and N.F. Ness, A model of interplanetary and coronal magnetic fields, Sol. Phys., 6, 442-455, 1969
50. Silverman, S.M., and R. Shapiro, Power spectral analysis of auroral occurrence frequency, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 6310-6316, 1983.
51. Solanki , S.K. and M. Fligge, Solar irradiance since 1874 revisited, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 341-344, 1998.
52. Solanki, S.K. and M. Fligge, A reconstruction of total solar irradiance since 1700, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2465-2468, 1999.
53. Solanki , S.K., M. Schüssler, and M. Fligge, Secular evolution of the Sun's magnetic field since the Maunder minimum, Nature, in press, 2000.
54. Soon, W., S. Baluinas, E.S. Posmentier, and P. Okcke, Variations of solar coronal hole qarea and terrestrial lower tropospheric air temperature from 1979 to mid-1998: Astronomical forcings of changes in Earth's climate?, New Astron., 4, 563-579, 2000.
55. Stamper, R., M. Lockwood, M.N. Wild, and T.D.G. Clark, Solar causes of the long term increase in geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys Res., 104, 28,325-28,342, 1999.
56. Stuiver, M., and P.D. Quay, Changes in atmospheric carbon-14 attributed to a variable Sun, Science, 207, 11, 1980.
57. Svensmark, H., Influence of cosmic rays on Earth's climate, Phys. Rev. Lett., 81, 5027-5030, 1998.
58. Svensmark, H., and E. Friis-Christensen, Variation of cosmic ray flux and global cloud coverage: A missing link in solar-climate relationships, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 59, 1225-1232, 1997.
59. Szabo, A., R.P. Lepping, and J.H. King, Magnetic field observations of the 1.3 solar wind oscillations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1845-1848, 1995.
60. Tett, S., P.A. Stott, M.R. Allen, W.J. Ingram and J.F.B. Mitchell, Causes of twentieth century temperature change, Nature, 388, 569-572, 1999.
61. Usoskin, I.G., U. Kananen, K. Mursula, P. Tanskanen, and G.A. Kovaltsov, Correlative study of solar activity and cosmic ray intensity, J. Geophys.Res., 103, 9567-9574, 1998.
62. Vasyliunas, V.M., J.R. Kan, G.L. Siscoe, and S.-I. Akasofu, Scaling relations governing magnetospheric energy transfer, Planet Space Sci., 30, 359-365, 1982.
63. Wang, Y.-M. and N.R. Sheeley Jr., Solar implications of Ulysses interplanetary field measurements, Astrophys. J., 447, L143-L146, 1995.
64. Wang, Y.-M., S.H. Hawley, and N.R. Sheeley Jr., The magnetic nature of coronal holes, Science, 271, 464-469, 1996.
65. Wang, Y.-M., N.R. Sheeley Jr., and J. Lean, Understanding the evolution of Sun's magnetic flux, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 621-624, 2000a.
66. Wang , Y.-M., J. Lean, and N.R. Sheeley Jr., The long-term evolution of the Sun's open magnetic flux, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 505-508, 2000b.
67. Wigley, T.M.L., and S.C.B. Raper, Climatic change due to solar irradiance changes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 2169-2172, 1990.
68. Willson, R.C., Total solar irradiance trend during cycles 21 and 22, Science, 277, 1963-1965, 1997.