Determinants of TANF participation: A multilevel analysis

Social Service Review

Volumn 81, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 633-656

  Teitler, Julien O ^a   Reichman, Nancy E ^b   Nepomnyaschy, Lenna ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^b RUTGERS ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 39449111009     PISSN: 00377961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/522770     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Allen, Katherine, and Maria Kirby. 2000. "Unfinished Business: Why Cities Matter to Welfare Reform." Survey Series Report. Brookings Institution, Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, Washington, DC.
2. American Chamber of Commerce Researchers Association. 2001. "Cost of Living Index." 2001 issue. http://www.coli.org/default.asp (accessed February 25, 2002).
3. Blank, Rebecca M. 2002. "Evaluating Welfare Reform in the United States." Journal of Economic Literature 40 (4): 1105-66.
4. Blank, Rebecca M., and Lucie Schmidt. 2001. "Work, Wages, and Welfare." 70-102 in The New World of Welfare, edited by Rebecca M. Blank and Ron Haskins. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
5. Brodkin, Evelyn Z. 1997. "Inside the Welfare Contract: Discretion and Accountability in State Welfare Administration." Social Service Review 71 (1): 1-33.
6. Conlisk, John, and Harold Watts. 1979. "A Model for Optimizing Experimental Designs for Estimating Response Surfaces." Journal of Econometrics 11 (1): 27-42.
7. Coulton, Claudia J. 2003. "Metropolitan Inequities and the Ecology of Work: Implications for Welfare Reform." Social Service Review 77 (2): 159-90.
8. Council of Economic Advisors. 1999. The Effects of Welfare Policy and the Economic Expansion on Welfare Caseloads: An Update. Technical Report. Washington, DC: Council of Economic Advisors.
9. Danziger, Sandra K., Mary Corcoran, Sheldon H. Danziger, and Colleen M. Heflin. 2000. "Work, Income, and Material Hardship after Welfare Reform." Journal of Consumer Affairs 34 (1): 6-30.
10. Duncan, Greg J., and Stephen W. Raudenbush. 2001. "Getting Context Right in Quantitative Studies of Child Development." 356-83 in The Well-Being of Children and Families: Research and Data Needs, edited by Arland Thornton. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
11. Fernandez, Roberto M., and Celina Su. 2004. "Space in the Study of Labor Markets." Annual Review of Sociology 30:545-69.
12. Figlio, David N., and James P. Ziliak. 1999. "Welfare Reform, the Business Cycle, and the Decline in AFDC Caseloads." 17-48 in Economic Conditions and Welfare Reform, edited by Sheldon H. Danziger. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute.
13. Finance Project, The. 2001. "Work Activities as of June 30, 2001." The Finance Project, Washington, DC. http://www.financeprojectinfo. org/win/spd/workactivities.htm. (accessed November 8, 2004).
14. Fitzgerald, John M. 1995. "Local Labor Markets and Local Area Effects on Welfare Duration." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 14 (1): 43-67.
15. Gelman, Andrew, and Jennifer Hill. 2006. Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. New York: Cambridge University Press.
16. Goldstein, Harvey, and Jon Rasbash. 1996. "Improved Approximations for Multilevel Models with Binary Responses." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A: Statistics in Society 159 (3): 505-13.
17. Grogger, Jeffrey. 2003. "The Effects of Time Limits, the EITC, and Other Policy Changes on Welfare Use, Work, and Income among Female-Headed Families." Review of Economics and Statistics 85 (2): 394-408.
18. _. 2004a. "Time Limits and Welfare Use." Journal of Human Resources 39 (2): 405-24.
19. _. 20044. "Welfare Transitions in the 1990s: The Economy, Welfare Policy, and the EITC." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 23 (4): 671-95.
20. Grogger, Jeffrey, and Lynn A. Karoly. 2005. Welfare Reform: Effects of a Decade of Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
21. Grogger, Jeffrey, Lynn A. Karoly, and Jacob Alex Klerman. 2002. Consequences of Welfare Reform: A Research Synthesis. Report no. DRU-2676-DHHS. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/ welfare_employ/res_systhesis/reports/consequences _of_wr/rand_report.pdf.
22. Grogger, Jeffrey, and Charles Michalopoulos. 2003. "Welfare Dynamics under Time Limits." Journal of Political Economy 111 (3): 530-54.
23. Ham, John C., and Lara D. Shore-Sheppard. 2005. "Did Expanding Medicaid Affect Welfare Participation?" Industrial and Labor Relations Review 58 (3): 452-70.
24. Hofferth, Sandra L., Stephen Stanhope, and Kathleen Mullan Harris. 2002. "Exiting Welfare in the 1990s: Did Public Policy Influence Recipients' Behavior?" Population Research and Policy Review 21 (5): 433-72.
25. Hoynes, Hilary Williamson. 2000. "Local Labor Markets and Welfare Spells: Do Demand Conditions Matter?" Review of Economics and Statistics 82 (3): 351-68.
26. Huang, Chien-Chung. 2002. "The Impact of Child Support Enforcement on Nonmarital and Marital Births: Does It Differ by Racial and Age Groups?" Social Service Review 76 (2): 275-301.
27. Huang, Chien-Chung, Irwin Garfinkel, and Jane Waldfogel. 2004. "Child Support Enforcement and Welfare Caseloads." Journal of Human Resources 39 (1): 108-34.
28. Huang, Chien-Chung, James Kunz, and Irwin Garfinkel. 2002. "The Effect of Child Support on Welfare Exits and Re-entries." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 21 (4): 557-76.
29. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2003. "Income Eligibility Levels for Children under Medicaid as a Percent of Federal Poverty Level, April 2003." http://www.StateHealtliFacts.org (accessed October 18, 2004).
30. Kaushal, Neeraj, and Robert Kaestner. 2001. "From Welfare to Work: Has Welfare Reform Worked?" Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 20 (4): 699-719.
31. Leonard, Paul, and Maureen Kennedy. 2001. "What Cities Need from Welfare Reform Reauthorization." Research Brief, November. Brookings Institution, Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, Washington, DC. http://www.brookings.edu/es/urban/publications/leonkencitieswelfare.pdf.
32. Lipsky, Michael. 1980. Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. New York: Russell Sage.
33. MaCurdy, Thomas E., David C. Mancuso, and Margaret O'Brien-Strain. 2002. "Does California's Welfare Policy Explain the Slower Decline of Its Caseload?" Report. Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco. http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_102TMR.pdf.
34. Madden, Janice F. 2000. Changes in Income Inequality within U.S. Metropolitan Areas. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute.
35. Mead, Lawrence M. 1999. "The Decline of Welfare in Wisconsin." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 9 (4): 597-622.
36. _. 2000. "Caseload Change: An Exploratory Study." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 19 (3): 465-72.
37. _. 2003. "Caseload Change: An Alternative Approach." Policy Studies Journal 31 (2): 163-85.
38. Meyer, Daniel R. 1993. "Child Support and Welfare Dynamics: Evidence from Wisconsin." Demography 30 (1): 45-62.
39. Meyers, Marcia K., Bonnie Glaser, and Karin MacDonald. 1998. "On the Front Lines of Welfare Delivery: Are Workers Implementing Policy Reforms?" Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 17 (1): 1-22.
40. Moffitt, Robert A. 1992. "Incentive Effects of the U.S. Welfare System: A Review." Journal of Economic Literature 30 (1): 1-61.
41. _. 1999. "The Effect of Pre-PRWORA Waivers on AFDC Caseloads and Female Earnings, Income, and Labor Force Behavior." 91-118 in Economic Conditions and Welfare Reform, edited by Sheldon H. Danziger. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute.
42. National Center for Children in Poverty. n.d. "50 State Policy Wizard." National Center for Children in Poverty, New York. http://www.nccp.org/tools/policy (accessed February 23, 2004).
43. Nepomnyaschy, Lenna, and Irwin Garfinkel. 2007. "Child Support Enforcement and Fathers' Contributions to Their Nonmarital Children." Working Paper no. 2006-09-FF. Princeton University, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, Princeton, NJ.
44. O'Neill, June E., and M. Anne Hill. 2001. "Gaining Ground? Measuring the Impact of Welfare Reform on Welfare and Work." Civic Report no. 17. Manhattan Institute, Center for Civic Innovation, New York.
45. Reichman, Nancy E., Julien O. Teitler, Irwin Garfinkel, and Sandra Garcia. 2004. "Variations in Maternal and Child Well-Being among Financially Eligible Mothers by TANF Participation Status." Eastern Economic Journal 30 (1): 101-18.
46. Reichman, Nancy E., Julien O. Teitler, Irwin Garfinkel, and Sara S. McLanahan. 2001. "Fragile Families: Sample and Design." Children and Youth Services Review 23 (4-5): 303-26.
47. Ribar, David C. 2005. "Transitions from Welfare and the Employment Prospects of Low-Skill Workers." Southern Economic Journal 71 (3): 514-33.
48. SPDP (State Policy Documentation Project). 2000o. "State Time Limits on TANF Cash Assistance." SPDP (a joint project of the Center for Law and Social Policy and Center on Budget and Policy Priorities), Washington, DC. http://www.spdp.org/tanf/timelimits/tlovervw.pdf.
49. _. 2000b. "Summary of State Sanction Policies, as of April 2000." State Policy Documentation Project (a joint project of the Center for Law and Social Policy and Center on Budget and Policy Priorities), Washington, DC. http://www.spdp.org/tanf/sanctions_overview.pdf.
50. _. 2000c. "Time Limit Exemptions (part 1 of 2), as of October 1999." State Policy Documentation Project (a joint project of the Center for Law and Social Policy and Center on Budget and Policy Priorities), Washington, DC. http://www.spdp.org/tanf/timelimits/TLexempt1.pdf.
51. _. 2000d. "Time Limit Exemptions (part 2 of 2), as of October 1999." State Policy Documentation Project (a joint project of the Center for Law and Social Policy and Center on Budget and Policy Priorities), Washington, DC. http://www.spdp.org/tanf/timelimits/TLexempt.2.pdf.
52. _. 2000e. "Work Requirements: Exemptions, as of October 1999." State Policy Documentation Project (ajoint project of the Center for Law and Social Policy and Center on Budget and Policy Priorities), Washington, DC. http://www.spdp.org/tanf/exemptions.pdf.
53. _. 2000f. "Work Requirements: Hourly Participation, as of October 1999." State Policy Documentation Project (a joint project of the Center for Law and Social Policy and Center on Budget and Policy Priorities), Washington, DC. http://www.spdp.org/tanf/hourlyreqmt.pdf.
54. Teitler, Julien O., Nancy E. Reichman, and Lenna Nepomnyaschy. 2004. "Sources of Support, Child Care, and Hardship among Unwed Mothers, 1999-2001." Social Service Review 78 (1): 125-48.
55. Tumlin, Karen C., and Wendy Zimmerman. 2003. "Immigrants and TANF: A Look at Immigrant Welfare Recipients in Three Cities." Assessing the New Federalism, Occasional Paper no. 69. Urban Institute, Washington, DC. http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/310874_OP69.pdf.
56. U.S. Census Bureau. State and Metropolitan Area Data Book, 1997-1998, 5th ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
57. _. n.d. "American FactFinder" database. http://factfinder. census.gov/home/saff/main.html?_lang = en (accessed May 8, 2006).
58. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Child Support Enforcement. n.d. "Intergovernmental Referral Guide (IRG) Public Map Page." Database of State Profiles of Child Support Enforcement. http://ocse3.acf.hhs.gov/ext/irg/sps/report.cfm (accessed January 25, 2003).
59. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2002. "Local Area Unemployment Statistics." http://www.bls.gov/lau/home.htm (accessed January 8, 2002).
60. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means. 2004. 2004 Green Book Background Material and Data on the Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means Committee Print 108-6. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
61. Wallace, Geoffrey L., and Rebecca M. Blank. 1999. "What Goes Up Must Come Down? Explaining Recent Changes in Public Assistance Caseloads." 49-89 in Economic Conditions and Welfare Reform, edited by Sheldon H. Danziger. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute.
62. Yelowitz, Aaron S. 1995. "The Medicaid Notch, Labor Supply, and Welfare Participation: Evidence from Eligibility Expansions." Quarterly Journal of Economics 110 (4): 909-39.
63. Zedlewski, Sheila R. 2002. "Left Behind or Staying Away? Eligible Parents Who Remain off TANF." New Federalism: National Survey of America's Families Policy Brief, series B, no. B-51. Urban Institute, Washington, DC.
64. Ziliak, James P., David N. Figlio, Elizabeth E. Davis, and Laura S. Connolly. 2000. "Accounting for the Decline in AFDC Caseloads: Welfare Reform or the Economy?" Journal of Human Resources 35 (3): 570-86.