Gastroparesis - Current concepts and considerations

MedGenMed Medscape General Medicine

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2008, Pages

  Hasler, William L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIEMETIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; BETHANECHOL; BUSPIRONE; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CISAPRIDE; CLARITHROMYCIN; CORTICOSTEROID; DOMPERIDONE; ERYTHROMYCIN; GHRELIN; GINGER EXTRACT; METOCLOPRAMIDE; MIRTAZAPINE; MITEMCINAL; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PERTECHNETIC ACID TC 99M; PROCHLORPERAZINE; PROKINETIC AGENT; PYRIDOSTIGMINE; SUMATRIPTAN; TEGASEROD; THIETHYLPERAZINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACUPRESSURE; AGITATION; AMENORRHEA; ARTICLE; BRONCHOSPASM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED EMESIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETIC GASTROPARESIS; DIAPHORESIS; DIET THERAPY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTION DISORDER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSTONIA; ELECTROGASTROGRAPHY; ELECTROSTIMULATION; ENTERIC FEEDING; FATIGUE; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GALACTORRHEA; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HUMAN; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; HYPNOSIS; HYPOTENSION; IDIOPATHIC GASTROPARESIS; MONOTHERAPY; NAUSEA; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PATHOGENESIS; POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA; QT PROLONGATION; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SLEEP DISORDER; STOMACH DISEASE; STOMACH EMPTYING; STOMACH MOTILITY; STOMACH PARESIS; SUDDEN DEATH; TARDIVE DYSKINESIA; URINARY URGENCY; VOMITING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW;

CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; GASTROPARESIS; HUMANS; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 39049088493     PISSN: 15310132     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (167)

1. Abell TL, Bernstein RK, Cutts T, et al. Treatment of gastroparesis: a multidisciplinary clinical review. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18:263-283.
2. Cutts TF, Luo J, Starkebaum W, et al. Is gastric electrical stimulation superior to standard pharmacologjcal therapy in improving GI symptoms, healthcare resources, and long-term health care benefits? J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2005;17:35-43.
3. Hoogerwerf WA, Pasricha PJ, Kalloo AN, Schuster MM. Pain: the overlooked symptom in gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:1029-1033.
4. Soykan, I, Sivri B, Saroseik I, et al. Demography, clinical characteristics, psychological and abuse profiles, treatment, and long-term follow-up of patients with gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;432398-2404.
5. Holloway RH, Hongo M, Berger K, McCallum RW. Gastric distention: a mechanism for postprandial gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology. 1985;89:779-784.
6. Bizer E, Harrell S, Koopman J, et al. Obesity is common in gastroparesis despite nausea, vomiting, and early satiety (abstract). Gastroenterology. 2005;128:M1895.
7. Lee J. Bezoars and foreign bodies of the stomach. Gastrointest Endos Clin North Am. 1996;6:605-619.
8. Kong MF, Horowitz M, Jones KL, et al. Natural history of diabetic gastroparesis. Diabetes-Care. 1998; 22:503-507.
9. Revicki DA, Rentz AM, Dubois D, et al. Development and validation of a patient-assessed gastroparesis symptom severity measure: the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:141-150.
10. Rentz AM, Kahrilas P, Stanghellini V, et al. Development and psychometric evaluation of the patient assessment of upper gastrointestinal symptom severity index (PAGI-SYM) in patients with uppel gastrointestinal disorders. Qual Life Res. 2004;13:1737-1749.
11. De la Loge C, Trudeau E, Marquis P, et al. Cross-cultural development and validation of a self-administered questionnaire to assess quality of life in upper gastrointestinal disorders. Qual Life Res. 2004;13:1751-1762.
12. Bytzer P, Talley NJ, Leemon M, et al. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1989-1996.
13. Horowitz M, Maddox AF, Wishart JM, et al. Relationships between oesophageal transit and solid and liquid gastric emptying in diabetes mellitus. Eur J Nuc Med. 1991;18:229-234.
14. Horowitz M, Harding PE, Maddox AF, et al. Gastric and oesophageal emptying in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1989;32:151-159.
15. Eisenberg B, Murata GH, Tzamaloukas AH, et al. Gastroparesis in diabetics on chronic dialysis: clinical and laboratory associations and predictive features. Nephron. 1995;70:296-300.
16. Mearin F, Camilleri M, Malagelada J-R. Pyloric dysfunction in diabetics with recurrent nausea and vomiting. Gastroenterology 1986;90:1919-1925.
17. Camilléri M, Malagelada J-R. Abnormal intestinal motility indiabetics with the gastroparesis syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest. 1984; 14:420-427.
18. Feldman M, Corbett DB, Ramsey EJ, et al. Abnormal gastric function in longstanding insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Gastroenterology. 1979;77:12-17.
19. Kristensson K, Nordborg C, Olsson Y, et al. Changes in the vagus nerve in diabetes mellitus. Acta pathol Microbiol Scand. 1971;79:684-685.
20. Merio R, Festa A, Bergmann H, et al. Slow gastric emptying in type I diabetes: relation to autonomic and peripheral neuropathy, blood glucose, and glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:419-423.
21. Jones KL, Russo A, Berry MK, et al. A longitudinal study of gastric emptying and upper gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. 2002;113:449-455.
22. Soulie ML, Cros G, Serrano JJ, Bali JP. Impairment of contractile response to carbachol and muscannic receptor coupling in gastric antral smooth muscle cells isolated from diabetic streptozotocin-treated rats and db/db mice. Mol Cell Biochem. 1992;109:185-188.
23. Ejskjaer NT, Bradley JL, Buxton-Thomas MS, et al. Novel surgical treatment and gastric pathology in diabetic gastroparesis. Diabetic Med. 1999;16:488-495.
24. Jackson MW, Gordon TP, Waterman SA. Disruption of intestinal motility by a calcium channel-stimulating autoantibody in type 1 diabetes. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:819-828.
25. He CL, Soffer EE, Ferris CD, et al. Loss of interstitial cells of Cajal and inhibitory innervation in insulin-dependent diabetes: Gastroenterology. 2001;121:4217-434.
26. Forster J, Damjanov I, Lin Z, et al. Absence of interstitial cells of Cajal in patients with gastroparesis and correlation with clinical findings. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9:102-108.
27. Iwasaki H, Najimura M, Osawa S, et al. A deficiency of gastric interstitial cells of Cajal accompanied by decreased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and substance P in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Gastroenterol. 2006;41:1076-1087.
28. Vittal H, Farrugia G, Pehlivanov ND, et al. Neuropathological and genpmic changes in the stomach of patients with human diabetic gastroparesis (abstract). Gastroenterology. 2006;130:245.
29. Horvath VJ, Vittal H, Lorincz A, et al. Reduced stem cell factor links smooth muscle myopathy and loss of interstitial cells of Cajal in murine diabetic gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:759-770.
30. Nohara S, Iwase M, Imoto H, et al. Gastric emptying in patients with Type 2-diabetes mellitus and diabetes associated with mitochondrial DNA 3243 mutation using 13C-octanoic acid breath test. J Diabetes Comp. 2006;20:295-301.
31. Barnett JL, Owyang C. Serum glucose concentration as a modulator of interdigestive gastric motility Gastroenterology. 1988;94:739-744.
32. Fraser R, Horowitz M, Maddox A, et al. Hyperglycemia slows gastric emptying in type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1990;33:675-680.
33. Rayner CK, Su YC, Doran SM, et al. The stimulation of antral motility by erythromycin is attenuated by hyperglycemia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:2233-2241.
34. Bityutskiy LP, Soykan I, McCallum RW. Viral gastroparesis: a subgroup of idiopathic gastroparesis-clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:1501-1506. Abstract
35. Sigurdsson L, Flores A, Putnam PE, et al. Postviral gastroparesis: presentation, treatment, and outcome. J Pediatr. 1997;131:751-754.
36. Pande H, Lacy BE, Crowell MD. Inflammatory causes of gastroparesis: report of five cases. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47:2664-2668.
37. Kebede D, Barthel JS, Singh A. Transient gastroparesis associated with cutaneous herpes zoster. Dig Dis Sci. 1987;32:318-322.
38. Lobrano A, Blanchard K, Abell TL, et al. Postinfectious gastroparesis related to autonomic failure: a case report. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18:162-167.
39. Pande H, Lacy BE, Crowell MD. Inflammatory causes of gastroparesis: report of five cases. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47:2664-2668.
40. Hasler W, Coleski R, Chey WD, et al. Selective intragastric pH profile impairment in diabetic vs. idiopathic gastroparesis: relation to degree of gastric stasis (abstract). Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18:741.
41. Gaddipati KV, Simonian HP, Kresge KM, et al. Abnormal ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide responses in gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51:1339-1346.
42. Zarate N, Mearin F, Wang XY, et al. Severe idiopathic gastroparesis due to neuronal and interstitial cells of Cajal degeneration: pathological findings and management. Gut. 2003;52:966-970.
43. Sokol H, Laverge-Slove A, Mikol J, et al. Severe isolated myopathic gastroparesis: a case report with pathological findings (letter). Gut. 2006;55:1662.
44. Martin ST, Collins CG, Fitzgibbon J, et al. Gastric motor dysfuncttion: is eosinophilic mural gastritis a causative factor? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005; 17:983-986.
45. De Giorgio R, Barbara G, Stanghellini V, et al. Idiopathic myenteric ganglionitis underlying intractable, vomiting in a young adult. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;12:613-616.
46. Kraft RO, Fry WJ, DeWeese MS. Post-vagotomy gastric atony. Arch Surq. 1964;88:865-7874.
47. van der Mijle HC, Kleibeuker JH, Limburg AJ, et al. Manometric and scintigraphic studies of the relation between motility disturbances in the Roux limb and thq Roux-en-Y syndrome. Arc J Surg. 1993;166:11-47.
48. Berkowitz N, Schulman LL, McGregor C, Markowitz D. Gastroparasis after lung transplantation. Potential, role in postoperative respiratory complications. Chest. 1996;108:1602-1607.
49. Horowitz M, Cook DJ, Collins PJ, et al. Measurement of gastric, emptying after gastric bypass surgery using radionuclides. Br J Surg. 1982;69:655-657.
50. Trus TL, Bax T, Richardson WS, et al. Complications of laparoscopic paraesophageal hemia repair. J Gastrointest Surg. 1997;1:221-228.
51. Malagelada JR, Rees WD, Mazzotta LJ, Go VLW. Gastric motor abnormalities in diabetic and post vagotomy gastroparesis: effect of metoclopramide and bethanechol. Gastroenterology. 1980;78:286-293:
52. Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Gastric tone measured by an electronic barostat in health and postsurgical gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 1987;92:934-943.
53. Stanghellini V, Málagelada JR. Gastric manometric abnormalities in patients with dyspeptic symptoms after fundoplication. Gut. 1983;24:790-797.
54. McCallum RW, Berkowitz DM, Lerner E. Gastric emptying in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology. 1981;80:285-291.
55. Shay SS, Eggli D, McDonald D, Johnson LF. Gastric emptying of solid food in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology. 1987;92:456-465.
56. Barkin JS, Goldberg RI, Sfakianakis GN, Levi J. Pancrecitic carcinoma is associated with delayed-gastric emptying. Dig Dis Sci. 1986;31:265-267.
57. Caras S, Laurie S, Cronk W, et al. Case report: pancreatic cancer presenting with paraneoplastic gastroparesis. Am J Med Sci. 1996;312:34-36.
58. Layer P, Hotz J, Goebbell H. Gastroparesis after radiation: successful treatment with carbachol. Dig Dis Sci. 1986;31:1377-1380.
59. Davies WT, Kilpatrick JR, Owen GM, Shields R. Gastric emptying in atrophic gastritis and carcinoma of the stomach. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1971;6:297-301.
60. Balaban DH, Chen J, Lin Z, et al. Median arcuate ligament syndrome: a possible cause of idiopathic gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:519-523.
61. Liberski SM, Koch KL, Atnip RG, Stern RM. Ischemic gastropresis: resolution after revascularization. Gastroenterology. 1990;99:252-257.
62. Kristinsson JO, Hopman WP, Oyen WJ, Drenth JP. Gastroparesis in patients with inactive Crohn's disease: a case series. BMC Gastroenterol. 2007;7:11.
63. Maddern GJ, Horowitz M, Jamieson GG, et al. Abnormalities of esophageal and gastric emptying in progressive systemic sclerosis. Gastroenterology. 1984;87:922-426.
64. Horowitz M, Maddox A, Maddem GJ, et al. Gastric and esophageal emptying in dystrophia myotonica: effect of metoclopramide. Gastroenterology. 1987;92:570-577.
65. Bodensteiner JB, Grunow JE. Gastroparesis in neonatal myotonic dystrophy. Muscle Nerve. 1984;7:486-487.
66. Bensen ES, Jaffe KM, Tarr PI. Acute gastric dilatation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:512-514.
67. Gilat T, Spiro HM. Amyloidosis and the gut. Am J Dig Dis 1968:13:619-633.
68. van der Sijp JR, Kamm MA, Nightengale JM, et al. Disturbed gastric and small bowel transit in severe idiopathic constipation. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38:837-844.
69. Lennon VA, Sas DF, Busk MF, et al. Enteric neuronal autoantibodies in pseudoobstruction with small-cell lung carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 1991;100:137-142.
70. De Giorgio R, Guerrini S, Barbara G, et al. Inflammatory neuropathies of the enteric nervous system Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1872-1883.
71. Pasha SF, Lunsford TN, Lennon VA. Autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility treated successfully with pyridostigmine. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:1592-1596.
72. Troncon LE, Oliveira RB, Romanello LM, et al. Abnormal progression of a liquid meal through the stomach and small intestine in patients with Chagas' disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38:1511-1517.
73. Konturek JW, Fischer H, van der Voort IR, Domschke W. Disturbed gastric motor activity in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32:221-225.
74. Reddymasu SC, Bonino J, McCallum RW. Gastroparesis secondary to a demyelinating disease: a case series. BMC Gastroenterol. 2007;7:3.
75. Stacher G, Kiss A, Wesnagrotzki S, et al. Oesophageal and gastric motility disorders in patients categorised as having primary anorexia nervosa. Gut. 1986;27:1120-1126.
76. Rigaud D, Bedig G, Merrouche M, et al. Delayed gastric emptying in anorexia nervosa is improved by completion of a renutrition program. Dig Dis Sci. 1988;8:919-925.
77. Soykan I, Chen J, Kendall BJ, McCallum RW. The rumination syndrome: clinical and manometric profile, therapy and long-term outcome. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42:1866-1872.
78. Amamath RP, Abell TL, Malagelada J-R. The rumination syndrome in adults: a characteristic manometric pattern. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105:513-518.
79. Levy DM, Williams OA, Magides AD, Reilly CS. Gastric emptying is delayed at 8-12 weeks' gestation. Br J Anaesth. 1994;73:237-238.
80. Tack J, Talley NJ, Camilleri M, et al. Functional gastroduodenal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1466-1479.
81. Namin F, Patel J, Lin Z, et al. Clinical, psychiatric and manometric profile of cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults and response to tricyclic therapy: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007;19:196-202.
82. Abell TL, Kim CH, Malagelada JR. Idiopathic cyclic nausea and vomiting: a disorder of gastrointestinal motility? Mayo Clin Proc. 1988;63:1169-1175.
83. Staiano A, Salemo M, Di Maio S, et al. Delayed gastric emptying: a novel gastrointestinal finding in Turner's syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1996;75:440-443.
84. Mushambi MC; Bailey SM, Trotter TN, et al. Effect of alcohol on gastric emptying in volunteers. Br J Anaesth. 1993;71:674-676.
85. Scott AM, Kellow JE, Shuter B, et al. Effects of cigarette smoking on solid and liquid intragastric distribution and gastric emptying. Gastroenterology. 1993; 104:410-416.
86. Bursztein-De Myttenaere S, Gil KM, Heymsfield SB, et al. Gastric emptying in humans: influence of different regimens of parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60:244-248.
87. Parkman HP, Schwartz SS. Esophagitis and gastroduodenal disorders associated with diabetic gastroparesis. Arch Int Med. 1987;147:1477-1480.
88. Cassilly DW, Friedenberg FK, Maurer A, et al. Performance characteristics of the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index in patients referred for suspected delayed gastric emptying (abstract). Gastroenterology. 2007; 132: M1147.
89. Undeland KA, Hausken T, Gilja OH, et al. Gastric meal accommodation studied by ultrasound in diabetes. Relation to vagal tone. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998;33:236-241.
90. Samsom M, Salet GA, Roelofs JM, et al. Compliance of the proximal stomach and dyspeptic symptoms in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Dig Dis Sci. 1995;40:2037-2042.
91. Rathmann W, Enck P, Frieling T, Gries FA. Visceral afferent neuropathy in diabetic gastroparesis. Diabetes, Care. 1991;14:1086-1089.
92. Karamanolis G, Caenepeel P, Arts J, Tack J. Determinants of symptom pattern in idiopathic severely delayed gastric emptying: gastric emptying rate or proximal stomach dysfunction? Gut. 2007;56;29-36.
93. Tack J, Demedts I, Dehondt G, et al. Clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of acute-onset functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:1738-1747.
94. Parkman HP, Hasler WL, Fisher RS. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the diagnosis and treatment of gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:1592-1622.
95. House A, Champion MC, Chamberlain M. National survey of radionuclide gastric emptying studies. Can J Gastroenterol. 1997;11:317-321.
96. Tougas G, Eaker EY, Abell TL, et al. Assessment of gastric emptying using a low fat meal: establishment of international control values. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:1456-1462.
97. Guo JP, Maurer AH, Fisher RS, Parkman HP. Extending gastric emptying scintigraphy from two to four hours detects more patients with gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci. 2001;46:24-29.
98. Galil MA, Critchley M, Mackie CR. Isotope gastric emptying tests in clinical practice: expectation, outcome, and utility. Gut. 1993;34:916-919.
99. Braden B, Adams S, Duan LP, et al. The [13C] acetate breath test accurately reflects gastric emptying of liquids in both liquid and semisolid test meals. Gastroenterology. 1995;108:1048-1055.
100. Kuo B. McCallum RW, Koch KL, et al. SmartPill, a novel ambulatory diagnostic test for measuring gastric emptying in health and disease (abstract). Gastroenterology. 2006;130:M2205.
101. Irvine EJ, Tougas G, Lappalainen R, Bathurst NC. Reliability and interobserver variability of ultrasonographic measurement of gastric emptying rate. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38:803-810.
102. Schwizer W, Fraser R, Borovicka J, et al. Measurement of gastric emptying and gastric motility by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Dig Dis Sci. 1994;39(12 Suppl):101S-103S.
103. Jones K, Edelbroek M, Horowitz M, et al. Evaluation of antral motility in humans using manometry and scintigraphy. Gut. 1995;37:643-648.
104. Camilleri M, Hasler WL, Parkman HP, et al. Measurement of gastrointestinal motility in the GI laboratory. Gastroenterology. 1998; 115:747-762.
105. Soffer E, Thongsawat S. Clinical value of duodenojejunal manometry. Its usefulness in diagnosis and management of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Dig Dis Sci. 1996;41:859-863.
106. Parkman HP, Hasler WL, Barnett JL, et al. Electrogastrography: a document prepaped by the gastric section of the American Motility Society Clinical GI Motility Testing Task Force. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2003;15:89-102.
107. Chen JD, Lin Z, Pan J, McCallum RW. Abnormal gastric myoelectrical activity and delayed gastric emptying in patients with symptoms suggestive of gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci: 1996,41:1538-1545.
108. Koch KL, Stern RM, Stewart WR, Vasey MW. Gastric emptying and gastric myoelectrical activity in patients with diabetic gastroparesis: effect of long-term domperidone treatment. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989; 84:1069-1075.
109. Kuiken SD, Samsom M, Camilleri M, et al. Development of a test to measure gastric accommodation in humans. Am J Physiol. 1999;277:G1217-G1221.
110. Tack J, Caenepeel P, Piessevaux H, et al. Assessment of mial induced gastric accommodation by a satiety drinking test in health and in severe functional dyspepsia. Gut. 2003;52:1271-1277.
111. Benini L, Castellani G, Brighenti F, et al. Gastric emptying of a solid meal is accelerated by the removal of dietary fibre naturally present in food. Gut. 1995;36:825-830.
112. Sturm A, Holtmann G, Goebell H, Gerken G. Prokinetics in patients with gastroparesis: a sytematic analysis. Digestion. 1999;60:422-427.
113. McCallum RW, Valenzuela G, Polepalle S, Spyker D. Subcutaneous metoclopramide in the treatment of symptomatic gastroparesis: clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991;258:136-142.
114. Bateman DN, Darling WM, Boys R, Rawlins MD. Extrapyramidal reactions to metaclopramide and prochlorperazine. Q J Med. 1989;71:307-311.
115. Ganzini L, Casey DE, Hoffman WF, McCall AL. The prevalence of metoclopramide-induced tardive dyskinesia and acute extrapyramidal movement disorders. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1469-1475.
116. Lin HC, Sanders SL, Gu YG, Doty JE. Erythromycin accelerates solid emptying at the expense of gastric sieving. Dig Dis Sci. 1994;39:124-128.
117. Stern MA, Wolf DC. Erythromycin as a prokinetic agent: a prospective, randomized, controlled study of efficacy in nasoenteric tube placement. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994;89:2011-2013.
118. Richards RD, Davenport K, McCallum RW. The treatment of idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis with acute intravenous and chronic oral erythromycin. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993;88:203-207.
119. Hasler WL, Heldsinger A, Owyang C. Erythromycin contracts rabbit colon myocytes via occupation of motilin receptors. Am J Physiol. 1992;262:G50-G55.
120. Sarna SK, Soergel KH, Koch TR, et al. Gastrointestinal motor effects of erythromycin in humans. Gastroenterology. 1991;101:1488-1496.
121. Ray WA, Murray KT, Meredith S, et al. Oral erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1089-1096.
122. Brogden RN, Carmine AA, Heel RC, et al. Domperidone: a review of its pharmacological activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy in the symptomatic treatment of chronic dyspepsia and as an antiemetic. Drugs. 1982;24:360-400.
123. Bruera E, Villamayor R, Roca E, et al. Q-T interval prolongation and ventricular fibrillation with i.v. domperidone. Cancer Treat Rep. 1986;70:545-546.
124. Soykan I, Sarosiek I, McCallum RW. The effect of chronic oral domperidone therapy on gastrointestinal symptoms, gastric emptying, and quality of life in patients with gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92:976-980.
125. Jost WH. Gastrointestinal motility problems in patients with Parkinson's disease. Effects of antiparkinsonian treatment and guidelines for management. Drugs Aging. 1997;10:249-258.
126. Strauss SM, Sturkenboom MC, Bleumink GS, et al. Non-cardiac QTc-prolonging drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:2007-2012.
127. Tougas G, Chen Y, Luo D, et al. Tegaserod improves gastric emptying in patients with gastroparesis and dyspeptic symptoms (abstract). Gastroenterology. 2003;124:A54.
128. FDA News. FDA permits restricted use of Zelnorm for qualifying patients. July 27, 2007. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/ zelnorm/default.htm Accessed January 9, 2008.
129. Griffin JP. Prepulsid withdrawn from UK & US markets. Adv Drug React Toxicol Rev. 2000;19:177.
130. McCallum RW, Fink SM, Lerner E, Berkowitz DM. Effects of metoclopramide and bethanechol on delayed gastric emptying present in gastroesophageal reflux patients. Gastroenterology. 1983;84:1573-1577.
131. McCallum RW, Cynshi O, US Investigative Team. Efficacy of mitemcinal, a motilin agonist, on gastrointestinal symptoms suggesting diabetic gastropathy: a randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26:107-116.
132. Murray CD, Martin NM, Patterson M, et al. Ghrelin enhances gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis: a double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. Gut. 2005;54:1693-1698.
133. Lassos IS, Mevorach D, Oren R. Thiethyperazine treatment of gastroparesis diabeticorum. Ann Pharmacother. 1992;26:1016.
134. Prakash C, Lustman PJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE. Tricyclic antidepressants for functional nausea and vomiting. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43:1951-1956.
135. Sawhney MS, Prakash C, Lustman PJ, Clouse RE. Tricyclic antidepressants for chronic vomiting in diabetic patients. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52: 418-424.
136. Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim JM et al. Mirtazepine for severe gastroparesis unresponsive to conventional prokinetic treatment. Psychosomatics. 2006;47:440-442.
137. Wang L. Clinical observation on acupuncture treatment in 35 cases of diabetic gastroparesis. J Tradit Chin Med. 2004;24:163-165.
138. Tack J, Piessevaux H, Coulie B, et al. Role-of impaired gastric accomodation to a meal in functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology, 1998;115:1346-1352.
139. Coulie B, Tack J, Sifrim D, et al. Role of nitric oxide in fasting gastric fundus tone and in 5-HT1 receptor-mediated relaxation of gastric fundus. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:G373-G377.
140. Tack J, Broekaert D, Coulie B, et al. Influence of the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, paroxetine, on gastric sensorimotor function in humans. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:603-608.
141. Tack J, Caenepeel P, Fischler B, et al. Symptoms associated with hypersensitivity to gastric distention in functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:526-535.
142. Stacher G, Schernthaner G, Francesconi M, et al. Cisapride versus placebo for 8 weeks on glycemic control and gastric emptying in insulin-dependent diabetes: a double blind cross-ever trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:2357-2362.
143. Gupta P, Rao SS. Attenuation of isolated pyloric pressure wave's in gastroparesis in response to botulinum toxin injection: a case report. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:770-772.
144. Lacy BE, Crowell MD, Schettler-Duncan A, et al. The treatment of diabetic gastroparesis with botulinum toxin injection into the pylorus. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2341-2347.
145. Arts J, van Goal S, Caenepeel P, et al. Influence of intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection on gastric emptyig and meal-related symptoms in gastroparesis patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006,24:661-667:
146. Bromer MQ, Friedenberg F, Miller LS, et al. Endoscopic pyloric injectoion of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of refractory gastraparesis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;61:833-839.
147. Coleski R, Hasler W. Clinical and gastric functional predictors of symptom response to pyloric injection of botulinum toxin in patients with gastroparesis (abstract). Neuragastroenterol Motil. 2005;17:628.
148. Arts J, Bisschops R, Caenepeel P, et al. A placebo-controlled cross-over study of intrapyloric injection of botulinum toxin in diabetic or postsurgical gastroparesis (abstract). Gastroenterology. 2007;132:779.
149. Friedenberg FK, Palit A, Parkman HP, Nelson D. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of delayed gastric emptying (abstract). Gastroenterology. 2007;132M1150.
150. Kim CH, Nelson DK. Venting percutaneous gastrostomy in the treatment of refractory idiopathic gastroparesis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;47:67-70.
151. McCallum RW, Chen JD, Lin Z, et al. Gastric pacing improves emptying and symptoms in patients with gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 1998;114:456-461.
152. Abell TL, Van Cutsem E, Abrahamsson H, et al. Gastric electrical stimulation in intractable symptomatic gastroparesis. Digestion. 2002;66:204-212.
153. Abell T, Lou J, Tabbaa M, et al. Gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis improves nutritional parameters at short, intermediate, and long-term follow-up. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2003;27:277-281.
154. Lin Z, Sarosiek I, Forster J, McCallum RW. Symptom responses, long-term outcomes and adverse events beyond 3 years of high-frequency gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18:18-27.
155. Abell T, McCallum R, Hocking M, et al. Gastric electrical stimulation for medically refractory gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:421-428.
156. Liu J, Qiao X, Chen JD. Vagal afferent is involved in short-pulse gastric electrical stimulation in rats. Dig Dis Sci. 2004;49:729-737.
157. Xing JH, Brody F, Brodsky J, et al. Gastric electrical stimulation at proximal stomach induces gastric relaxation in dogs. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2003;15:15-23.
158. Tack J, Coulie B, Van Cutsem E, et al. The influence of gastric electrical stimulation on proximal gastric motor and sensory function in severe idiopathic gastroparesis (abstract). Gastroenterology. 1999;116:G4733.
159. Abouezzi ZE, Melvin WS, Ellison EC, Schirmer WJ. Functional and symptomatic improvement in patients with diabetic gastroparesis following pyloroplasty (abstract). Gastroenterology. 1998;114:A1374.
160. Nguyen LB, Parker S, Snape WJ. Is pyloroplasty a surgical option in the treatment of refractory gastroparesis? Gastroenterology. 2007;132:M1151.
161. Eckhauser FE, Conrad M, Knol JA, et al. Safety and long-term durability of completion gastrectomy in 81 patients with postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome. Am Surg. 1998;64:711-717.
162. Forstner-Barthell AW, Murr MM, Nitecki S, et al. Near-total completion gastrectomy for severe pestvagotomy gastric itasis. J Gastrointest Surg. 1999;3:15-21.
163. Watkins PJ, Buxton-Thomas MS, Howard ER. Long-term outcome after gastrectomy for infractable diabetic gastroparesis. Diab Med. 2003;20:58-63.
164. Cashion AK, Holmes SL, Hathaway DK, Gaber AO. Gastroparesis following kidney/Pancreas transplant. Clin. Transplant. 2004;18:306-311.
165. Fontana RJ, Barnett JL. Jejunostomy tube placement in refractory diabetic gastroparesis: a retrospective review. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:2174-2178.
166. Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. Gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetic patients: lack of association with nepropathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989;84:868-872.
167. Rashed H, Cutts, Luo J, et al, Predictors of response to a behavioral treatment in patients with chronic gastric motility disorders. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47:1020-1026.