When in Rome? The effects of spokesperson ethnicity on audience evaluation of crisis communication

Journal of Business Communication

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 314-339

  Arpan, Laura M ^a,b  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Florida State University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 38949215121     PISSN: 00219436     EISSN: 15524582     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/002194360203900302     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Allen, M. W., & Caillouet, R. H. (1994). Legitimation endeavors: Impression management strategies used by an organization in crisis. Communication Monographs, 61, 44-62.
2. Babbie, E. (2001). The Practice of Social Research (9th ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
3. Banks, S. P. (1995). Multicultural public relations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
4. Barban, A. (1969). The dilemma of integrated advertising. The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago, 42, 477-496.
5. Basil, M. D. (1996). The use of student samples in communication research. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40, 431-440.
6. Benoit, W. L. (1995). Accounts, excuses, and apologies: A theory of image restoration strategies. Albany, NY: State University of New York.
7. Birch, D., & McPhail, J. (1999). Does accent matter in international television advertisements? International Journal of Advertising, 18, 251-268.
8. Bresnahan, M. J., Ohashi, R., Nebashi, R., & Kim, M. S. (2001, May). The effects of self construal, emotional arousal, and strength of ethnicity on attitudes toward accented English. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Washington, DC.
9. Brown, B. L., Giles, H., & Thakerer, J. N. (1985). Speaker evaluation as a function of speech rate, accent, and context. Language and Communication, 5(3), 207-220.
10. Bourhis, R. Y., & Giles, H. (1976). The language of cooperation in Wales: A field study. Language Sciences, 42, 13-16.
11. Caponigro, J. R. (1998). The Crisis Counselor. Southfield, MI: Barker Business Books.
12. Choudbury, P., & Schmid, L. (1974). Black models in advertising to blacks. Journal of Advertising Research, 14, 19-22.
13. Coombs, W. T. (1998). An analytic framework for crisis situations: Better responses from a better understanding of the situation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 10(3), 177-191.
14. Coombs, W. T. (1999). Information and compassion in crisis responses: A test of their effects. Journal of Public Relations Research, 11(2), 125-142.
15. Deshpande, R., Hoyer, W. D., & Donthu, N. (1986). The intensity of ethnic affiliation: A study of the sociology of Hispanic consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 13, 214-220.
16. Deshpande, R., & Stayman, D. (1994). A tale of two cities: Distinctiveness theory and advertising effectiveness. Journal of Marketing Research, 32(1), 57-64.
17. Dobbins, G. H., Lane, I. M., & Steiner, D.D. (1988, July). A note on the role of laboratory methodologies in applied behavioural research: Don't throw out the baby with the bath water. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 373-379.
18. Donthu, N., & Cherian, J. (1992). Hispanic coupon usage: The impact of strong and weak ethnic identification. Psychology and Marketing, 9(6), 501-510.
19. Elsbach, K. (1994). Managing organizational legitimacy in the California cattle industry: The construction and effectiveness of verbal accounts. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 57-88.
20. Elsbach, K. D., & Sutton, R. I. (1992). Acquiring organizational legitimacy through illegitimate actions: Marriage of institutional and impression management theories. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 699-738.
21. Frank, J. (2000, October). Sorry is no longer the hardest word. Marketing, p. 12.
22. Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Chaiken, S. (1978). Causal inferences about communicators and their effect on opinion change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 424-435.
23. Garfield, B. (2000, August 28). Nasser spot lacks star quality, but gets tire message across. Advertising Age, 72(36), 36.
24. Giles, H. (1971). Ethnocentrism and the evaluation of accented speech. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, 187-188.
25. Giles, H. (1973). Communicative effectiveness as a function of accented speech. Speech Monographs, 40, 330-331.
26. Giles, H., & Street, R. L., Jr. (1985). Communicator characteristics and behavior. In M. L. Knapp, & G. R. Miller (Eds.). Handbook of interpersonal communication (pp. 205-261). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
27. Gomez, C., & Pearson, J. (1990). Students' perceptions of the credibility and homophily of native and non-native English speaking teaching assistants. Communication Research Reports, 7(1), 58-62.
28. Green, C. L. (1997). Ethnic evaluations of advertising: Interaction effects of strength of ethnic identification, media placement, and degree of racial composition. Journal of Advertising, 28(1), 49-64.
29. Griffin, M., Babin, B., & Attaway, J. (1991). An empirical investigation of the impact of negative public publicity on consumer attitudes and intentions. Advances in Consumer Research, 18, 334-341.
30. Guth, D. W. (1995). Organizational crisis experience and public relations roles. Public Relations Review, 21, 123-136.
31. Harding, J., Kutner, B., Prohansky, H., & Chein, I. (1954). Prejudice and ethnic relations. In G. Lindsey (Ed.), Handbook of Social Psychology (p. 2). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
32. Hirschman, E. C. (Summer, 1981). American Jewish ethnicity: It's relationship to some selected aspects of consumer behavior. Journal of Marketing, 45, 102-110.
33. Holland, J. L., & Gentry, J. W. (1997). The impact of cultural symbols on advertising effectiveness: A theory of intercultural accommodation. Advances in Consumer Research, 24, 483-489.
34. Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Haven: Yale University Press.
35. Hovland, C., & Weiss, W. (1951). The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15, 635-650.
36. Kaufmann, J. B., Kesner, I. R, & Hazen, T. L. (1994, July-August). The myth of full disclosure: A look at organizational communications during a crisis. Business Horizons, pp. 29-39.
37. Khairullah, D. (1995). Acculturation and its relation to Asian-Indian immigrants' perceptions of advertisements. Journal of Applied Business Research, 11(2), 55-64.
38. Johnson, B. T., & Eagly, A. H. (1989). Effects of involvement on persuasion: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 290-314.
39. Lorimar, E., & Watson Dunn, S (1968). Reference groups, congruity theory, and cross cultural persuasion. Communication Research Reports, 2(1), 76-79.
40. Lowry, D. (1973). Demographic similarity, attitudinal similarity, and attitude change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(2), 192-208.
41. Marcus, A. A., & Goodman, R. S. (1991). Victims and shareholders: The dilemmas of presenting corporate policy during a crisis. Academy of Management Journal, 34, 281-305.
42. McCroskey, J.C., Richmond, V.P., & Daly, J.A. (1975). The development of a measure of perceived homophily in interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 323-32.
43. McCroskey, J. C., & Young, T. J. (1981). Ethos and credibility: The construct and its measurement after three decades. Central States Speech Journal, 32, 24-34.
44. Nakayama, T. K., & Krizek, R. L. (1995). Whiteness: A strategic rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 81, 291-309.
45. Perloff, R. (1993). The dynamics of persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
46. Petty, R., & Cacioppo, J. (1986a). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Springer-Verlag.
47. Petty, R., & Cacioppo, J. (1986b). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L.Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123-205). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
48. Petty, R., Cacioppo, J., & Goldman, R. (1981). Involvement and persuasion: Tradition versus integration. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 367-374.
49. Phinney, J. S. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with adolescents and youth adults from diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156-176.
50. Powesland, P. F., & Giles, H. (1975). Persuasiveness and accent-message incompatibility. Human Relations, 28, 85-93.
51. Rokeach, M., & Mezei, L. (1966). Race and shared belief as factors in social choice. Science, 151, 167-172.
52. Schlinger, J. J., & Plummer, J. (1972). Advertising in black and white. Journal of Marketing Research, 9, 149-153.
53. Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
54. Sears, D. O. (1986). College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology's view of human nature. Journal-of-Personality-and-Social-Psychology, 51, 515-530.
55. Shoham, A. (1996). Effectiveness of standardized and adapted television advertising: An international field study approach. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 9(1), 5-23.
56. Simons, H., Berkowitz N., & Moyer, R. (1970). Similarity, credibility, and attitude change: A review and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 73, 1-16.
57. Slade, L. A., Gordon, M. E., Dobbins, G. H., Lane, I. M., & Steiner, D. D. (1988, October). On the virtues of laboratory babies and student bath water: A reply to Dobbins, Lane, and Steiner; A further examination of student babies and laboratory bath water: A response to Slade and Gordon. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 281-287.
58. Subtelny, J. D., Whitehead, R. L., & Orlando, N. A. (1980). Description and evaluation of an instructional program to improve speech and voice diagnosis of the hearing impaired. The Volta Review, 91, 85-95.
59. Szybillo, G., & Jacoby, J. (1974). Effects of different levels of integration on advertising preference and intention to purchase. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(3), 274-280.
60. Taylor, A. (2000, October 2). Why Ford's chairman has kept mostly mum. Fortune, 142, 4348.
61. Tolley, S., & Goett, J. (1972). Reactions to blacks in newspaper ads. Journal of Advertising Research, 11(2), 11-17.
62. Top ten countries with which the U.S. trades. Retrieved September 24, 2001, from Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/foreign- trade/ top/dst/current/balance.html
63. Ueltschy, L., & Krampf, R. (1997). The influence of acculturation on advertising effectiveness to the Hispanic market. Journal of Applied Business Research, 13(2), 87-101.
64. Ueltschy, L., & Ryans, J. (1997a). Employing standardized promotion strategies in Mexico: The impact of language and cultural differences. Thunderbird International Business Review, 39(4), 479-495.
65. Ueltschy, L., & Ryans, J. (1997b). Advertising strategies to capitalize on Spain's second golden age. International Journal of Management, 14(3), 456-467.
66. Waters, M. C. (1990). Ethnic options: Choosing identities in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
67. Webster, C. (1994). Effects of ethnic identification on marital roles in the purchase decision process. Journal of Consumer Research, 21, 319-331.
68. Webster, W., & Kramer, E. (1968). Attitudes and evaluational reactions to accented English speech. Journal of Social Psychology, 75, 231-240.
69. Weigelt, K., & Camerer, C. (1998). Reputation and corporate strategy: A review of recent theory and application. Strategic Management Journal, 9, 443-454.
70. Whittler, T. (1991). The effects of actors' race in commercial advertising: Review and extension. Journal of Advertising, 20(1), 54-60.
71. Williams, J., & Qualls, W. (1989). Middle-class black consumers and intensity of ethnic identification. Psychology and Marketing, 6(4), 263-286.
72. Williams, J. D., Qualls W. J., & Grier, S. A. (1995). Racially exclusive real estate advertising: Public policy implications for fair housing practices. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 14, 225.
73. Williams, D. E., & Treadaway, G. (1992, Spring). Exxon and the Valdez accident: A failure in crisis communication. Communication Studies, 43, 56-64.
74. Wilson, E., & Sherrell, D. (1993). Source effects in communication and persuasion research: A meta-analysis of effect size. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 21(2), 101-112.