They're digging up the road again: The processing cost of Institutional They

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 372-380

  Sanford, Anthony J ^a   Filik, Ruth ^a   Emmott, Catherine ^a   Morrow, Lorna ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anaphora; Pronoun resolution; They; Unheralded pronouns

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; EYE MOVEMENT; HUMAN; LINGUISTICS; PHYSIOLOGY; REACTION TIME; READING; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

EYE MOVEMENTS; HUMANS; PSYCHOLINGUISTICS; REACTION TIME; READING; VERBAL BEHAVIOR; VOCABULARY;

EID: 38949182664     PISSN: 17470218     EISSN: 17470226     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17470210701634552     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. Clark, H. H., & Marshall, C. R. (1981). Definite reference and mutual knowledge. In A. K. Joshi, B. L. Webber, & I. A. Sag (Eds.), Elements of discourse understanding (pp. 10-63). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2. Cornish, F., Garnham, A., Cowles, C. W., Fossard, M., & Andre, V. (2005). Indirect anaphora in English and French: A cross-linguistic study of pronoun resolution. Journal of Memory and Language, 52, 363-376.
3. Erku, F., & Gundel, J. K. (1987). The pragmatics of indirect anaphors. In J. Verschueren & M. Bertuccelli-Papi (Eds.), The pragmatic perspective: Selected papers from the 1985 international pragmatics conference (pp. 533-545). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
4. Ferreira, F., Ferraro, V., & Bailey, K. G. D. (2002). Good-enough representations in language comprehension. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 11, 11-15.
5. Foertsch, J., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (1997). In search of gender neutrality: Is singular They a cognitively efficient substitute for generic He? Psychological Science, 8, 106-111.
6. Garrod, S. C., Freudenthal, D., & Boyle, E. (1994). The role of different types of anaphor in the on-line resolution of sentences in a discourse. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 39-68.
7. Gernsbacher, M. A. (1991). Comprehending conceptual anaphors. Language and Cognitive Processes, 6, 81-105.
8. Gerrig, R. J. (1986). Process models and pragmatics. In N. E. Sharkey (Ed.), Advances in cognitive science (pp. 23-42). Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood.
9. Gerrig, R. J., Horton, W. S., & Stent, A. (2006, July). Unheralded pronouns and theories of pronoun resolution. Paper presented at 16th annual meeting of the Society for Text and Discourse, Minneapolis, MN.
10. Gerrig, R. J., & McKoon, G. (1998). The readiness is all: The functionality of memory-based text processing. Discourse Processes, 26, 67-86.
11. Greene, S. B., Gerrig, R. J., McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1994). Unheralded pronouns and management by common ground. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 511-526.
12. Koh, S., Sanford, A. J., Clifton, C., & Dawydiak, E. (in press). Good-enough representation in plural and singular pronominal reference: Modulating the conjunction cost. In J. Gundel & N. Hedberg (Eds.), Interdisciplinary perspectives on reference processing. Oxford, UK: University Press.
13. Moxey, L. M., Sanford, A. J., Sturt, P., & Morrow, L. (2004). Constraints on the formation of plural reference objects: The influence of role, conjunction, and type of description. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 346-364.
14. Oakhill, J., Garnham, A., Gernsbacher, M. A., & Cain, K. (1992). How natural are conceptual anaphors? Language and Cognitive Processes, 7, 257-280.
15. Rankin, I. (1998). Knots and crosses. London: Orion.
16. Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1989). The psychology of reading. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
17. Sanford, A. J. (1985). Aspects of pronoun interpretation: Evaluation of search formulations of inference. In G. Rickheit & H. Strohner (Eds.), Advances in psychology: Vol. 29. Inferences in text processing. Amsterdam: North Holland.
18. Sanford, A. J., & Filik, R. (2007). "They" as a gender-unspecified singular pronoun: Eye-tracking reveals a processing cost. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60, 171-178.
19. Sanford, A. J., Garrod, S. C., Lucas, A., & Henderson, R. J. (1984). Pronouns without explicit antecedents? Journal of Semantics, 2, 303-318.
20. Sanford, A. J., & Start, P. (2002). Depth of processing in language comprehension: Not noticing the evidence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 382-386.
21. Yule, G. (1982). Interpreting anaphora without identifying reference. Journal of Semantics, 1, 315-322.