Millennial timescale variability in ocean/climate models

Geophysical Monograph Series

Volumn 112, Issue , 1999, Pages 285-300

  Weaver, Andrew J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 38849175044     PISSN: 00658448     EISSN: 23288779     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1029/GM112p0285     Document Type: Chapter

References (101)

1. Alley, R, D.A. Meese, C.A. Shuman, A.J. Gow, K.C. Taylor, P.M. Grootes, J.W.C. White, M. Ram, E.D. Waddington, P.A. Mayewski, and G.A. Zielinski, Abrupt increase in Greenland snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas event, Nature, 362, 527-529, 1993.
2. Baumgartner, A., and E. Reichel, 1975: The World Water Balance, Elsevier, l79pp, 1975.
3. Behl, R.J., and J.P. Kennett, Brief interstadial events in the Santa Barbara basin, NE Pacific, during the past 60 kyr, Nature, 379, 243-246, 1996.
4. Birchfield, G.E., and W. Broecker, A salt oscillator in the glacial Atlantic?, 2, A “scale analysis” model, Paleoceanogr., 5, 835-843, 1990.
5. Bond, G.C., and R. Lotti, Iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic on millennial timescales during the last glaciation, Science, 267, 1005-1010, 1995.
6. Bond, G., W. Broecker, S. Johnsen, J. McManus, L. Labeyrie, J. Jouzel, and G. Bonani, Correlations between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice, Nature, 365, 143-147, 1993.
7. Bond, G., H. Heinrich, S. Huon, W. Broecker, L. Labeyrie, J. Andrews, J. McManus, S. Clasen, K. Tedesco, R. Jantschik, C. Simet, and M. Klas, Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the North Atlantic ocean during the last glaciation, Nature, 360, 245-249, 1992.
8. Bond, G., W. Showers, M. Cheseby, R. Lotti, P. Almasi, P. deMenocal, P. Priore, H. Cullen, I. Hajdas, and G. Bonani, A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial cycles, Science, 278, 1257-1266, 1997.
9. Bretherton, F.P., Ocean climate modelling, Prog. Oceanogr., 11, 93-129, 1982
10. Broecker, W.S., Massive iceberg discharges as triggers for global climate change, Nature, 372, 421-424, 1994.
11. Broecker, W.S., Paleocean circulation during the last deglaciation: A bipolar seesaw? Paleoceanogr., 13, 119-121, 1998.
12. Broecker, W., G. Bond, M. Klas, G. Bonani, and W. Wolfli, A salt oscillator in the glacial Atlantic?, I, The concept, Paleoceanogr., 5, 469-477, 1990.
13. Broecker, W., G. Bond, M. Klas, E. Clark, J. McManus, Origin of the northern Atlantic’s Heinrich events, Clim. Dyn., 6, 265-273, 1992.
14. Broecker, W.S., D. Peteet, D. Rind, Does the oceanatmosphere have more than one stable mode of operation? Nature, 315, 21-25, 1985.
15. Bryan, F., High-latitude salinity effects and interhemispheric thermohaline circulations, Nature, 323, 301-304, 1986.
16. 2 records from Antarctic and Greenland ice: A clue for stratigraphic disturbance in the bottom part of the Greenland Ice Core Project and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice cores, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26547-26557, 1997.
17. Chen, F., and M. Ghil, Interdecadal variability of the thermohaline circulation and high-latitude surface fluxes, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2547-2568, 1995.
18. Chen, F., and M. Ghil, lnterdecadal variability in a hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1561-1578, 1996.
19. Clarke, G.K.C., and S.J. Marshall, A glaciological perspective of Heinrich events, in The Role of High and Low Latitudes in Millennial-Scale Global Climate Change, Geophys. Mon. Ser., edited by R.S. Webb, P.U. Clark, and L.D. Keigwin, this issue, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1998.
20. Cortijo, E., J.C. Duplessy, L. Labeyrie, H. Leclaire, J. Duprat, and T.C.E. van Weering, Eemian cooling in the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean preceding continental icesheet growth, Nature, 372, 446-449, 1994.
21. Dansgaard, W., S.J. Johnsen, H.B. Clausen, D. Dahl-Jensen, N. Gundestrup, C.U. Hammer, and H. Oeschger, 1984: North Atlantic climate oscillations revealed by deep Greenland ice cores, in Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity, Geophys. Mon. Ser., vol. 29, edited by J.E. Hansen, and T. Takahashi, pp. 288-298, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1984.
22. Dansgaard, W., S.J. Johnsen, H.B. Clausen, D. Dahl-Jensen, N.S. Gundestrup, C.U. Hammer, C.S. Hvidberg, J.P. Steffensen, A.E. Sveinbjomsdottir, J. Jouzel, and G. Bond, Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record, Nature, 364, 218-220, 1993.
23. Dansgaard, W., J.W.C. White, and S.J. Johnsen, The abrupt termination of the Younger Dryas climate event, Nature, 339, 532-534, 1989.
24. Dowdeswell, J.A., M.A. Maslin, J.T. Andrews, and I.N. McCave, Iceberg production, debris rafting, and the extent and thickness of “Heinrich layers” (H-1, H-2) in North Atlantic sediments, Geology, 23, 301-304, 1995.
25. Fanning, A.F., and A.J. Weaver, An atmospheric energy moisture-balance model: climatology, interpentadal climate change and coupling to an OGCM, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15111-15128, 1996.
26. Fanning, A.F., and A.J. Weaver, Temporal-geographical meltwater influences on the North Atlantic conveyor: Implications for the Younger Dryas, Paleoceanogr., 12, 307-320, 1997.
27. Field, M.H., B. Huntley, and H. Muller, Eemian climate fluctuations observed in a European pollen record, Nature, 371, 779-783, 1994.
28. Fronval, T., and E. Jansen, Rapid changes in ocean circulation and heat flux in the Nordic Seas during the last interglacial period, Nature, 383, 806-810, 1996.
29. Fronval, T., and E. Jansen, Eemian and early Weichselian (140-60 ka) paleoceanography and paleoclimate in the Nordic seas with comparisons to Holocene conditions, Paleoceanogr., 12, 443-462, 1997.
30. Gates, W.L., J.F.B. Mitchell, G.J. Boer, U. Cubasch, and V.P. Meleshko, 1992, Climate modelling, climate prediction and model validation, in Climate Change 1992, the Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, edited by J.T. Houghton, B.A. Callander, and S.K. Varney, pp. 97-134, Cambridge Univ. Press., 1992.
31. GRIP Project Members, Climate instability during the last interglacial period recorded in the GRIP ice core, Nature, 364, 203-207, 1993.
32. Grootes, P.M., M. Stuiver, J.W.C. White, S. Johnsen, and J. Jouzel, Comparison of oxygen isotope records from GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores, Nature, 366, 552-554, 1993.
33. Haney, R.L., Surface thermal boundary condition for ocean circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., I, 241-248, 1971.
34. Heinrich, H., Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years, Quat. Res., 29, 143-152, 1988.
35. Hewitt, A.T., D. McDonald, and B.D. Bomhold,: Ice-rafted debris in the North Pacific and correlation to North Atlantic climatic events, Geophys. Res. Let., 24, 3261-3264, 1997.
36. Huang, R.X., Real freshwater flux as the upper boundary condition for the salinity balance and thermohaline circulation forced by evaporation and precipitation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2428-2446, 1993.
37. Huang, R.X., Thermohaline circulation: Energetics and variability in a single-hemisphere basin model, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12471-12485, 1994.
38. Hughes, T.M.C., and A.J. Weaver, Multiple equilibria of an asymmetric two-basin ocean model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 619-637, 1994.
39. Hughes, T.M.C., and A.J. Weaver, Sea surface temperatureevaporation feedback and the ocean’s thermohaline circulation, J. Phys. Oceano gr., 26, 644-654, 1996.
40. 18O record along the Greenland Ice Core Project deep ice core and the problem of possible Eemian climatic instability, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26397-26410, 1997.
41. Kattenberg, A., F. Giorgi, H. Grassl, G.A. Meehl, J.F.B. Mitchell, R.J. Stouffer, T. Tokioka, A.J. Weaver, and T.M.L. Wigley, 1996, Climate models-projections of future climate, in Climate Change 1995, the Science of Climate Change, edited by J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, pp. 285-357, Cambridge Univ. Press., 1996.
42. Keigwin, L.D., W.B. Curry, S.J. Lehman, and S. Johnsen, The role of the deep ocean in North Atlantic climate change between 70 and 130 kyr ago, Nature, 371, 323-326, 1994.
43. Kennett, J.P., and B.L. Ingram, A 20,000 year record of ocean circulation and climate change from the Santa Barbara basin, Nature, 377, 510-514, 1995.
44. Lenderink, G., and R.J. Haarsma, Variability and multiple equilibria of the thermohaline circulation associated with deep water formation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1480-1493, 1994.
45. Lund, D.C., and A.C. Mix, Millennial-scale deep water oscillations: Reflections of the North Atlantic in the deep Pacitic from 10 to 60 ka, Paleoceanogr.,13, 10-19, 1998.
46. MacAyeal, D.R., Binge/purge oscillations of the Laurentide ice sheet as a cause of the North Atlantic’s Heinrich events, Paleoceanogr. 8, 775-784, 1993.
47. Maier-Reimer, E., and U. Mikolajewicz, Experiments with an OOCM on the cause of the Younger Dryas, in Oceanography, edited by A. Ayala-Castanares, W. Wooster, and A. Yanez-Arancibia, pp. 87-99, UNAM Press, Mexico, 1989.
48. Manabe, S., and R.J. Stouffer, Simulation of abrupt climate change induced by freshwater input to the North Atlantic ocean, Nature, 378, 165-167, 1995.
49. Manabe, S., and R.J. Stouffer, Coupled ocean-atmosphere model response to freshwater input: Comparison to Younger Dryas event, Paleoceanogr., 12, 321-336, 1997.
50. Marotzke, J., Instabilities and multiple steady states of the thermohaline circulation, in Oceanic Circulation Models: Combining Data and Dynamics., edited by D.L.T. Anderson and J. Willebrand, pp. 501-511, NATO ASI series, Kluwer, 1989.
51. Marotzke, J., Instabilities and multiple equilibria of the thermohaline circulation, Ph.D. thesis, Ber. Inst. Meeresk. Kiel, 194, 126pp, 1990.
52. Marotzke, J., P. Welander, and J. Willebrand, Instability and multiple steady states in a meridional-plane model of the thermohaline circulation, Tellus, 40A, 162-172, 1988.
53. Marshall, S.J., and G.K.C. Clarke, A continuum mixture model of ice stream thermomechanics in the Laurentide Ice Sheet, I, Theory, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 20599-20614, 1997a.
54. Marshall, S.J., and G.K.C. Clarke, A continuum mixture model of ice stream thermomechanics in the Laurentide Ice Sheet, II, Application to the Hudson Strait Ice Stream, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 20615-20638, 1997b.
55. Mayewski, P.A., L.D. Meeker, M.S. Twickler, S. Whitlow, Q. Yang, W.B. Lyons, and M. Prentice, Major features and forcing of high-latitude northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation using a 20,000-year-long glaciochemical series, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26345-26366, 1997.
56. McManus, J.F., G.C. Bond, W.S. Broecker, S. Johnson, L. Labeyrie, and S. Higgins, High-resolution climate records from the North Atlantic during the last interglacial, Nature, 371, 326-329, 1994.
57. McWilliams, J.C., Modeling the oceanic general circulation, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech, 28, 215-248, 1996.
58. 18O in the oceans, in Tracer Oceanography, Proceedings of the Maurice Ewing Symposium on Applications of Trace Substance Measurements to Oceanographic Problems, October 1995, in press, 1997.
59. Mikolajewicz, U., and E. Maier-Reimer, Mixed boundary conditions in ocean general circulation models and their influence on the stability of the model’s conveyor belt, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 22633-22644, 1990.
60. Mikolajewicz, U., and E. Maier-Reimer, Internal secular variability in an ocean general circulation model, Clim. Dyn., 4, 145-156, 1994.
61. Mikolajewicz, U., E. Maier-Reimer, T.J. Crowley, and K.Y. Kim, Effect of Drake and Panamanian gateways on the circulation of an ocean model, Paleoceanogr., 8, 409-426, 1993.
62. Mitchell, J.F.B., S. Manabe, V. Meleshko, and T. Tokioka, Equilibrium climate change - and its implications for the future, in Climate Change The IPCC Scientific Assessment, edited by J.T. Houghton, G.J. Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums, pp. 131-172, Cambridge Univ. Press., 1990.
63. Myers, P.G., and A.J. Weaver AJ, Low-frequency internal oceanic variability under seasonal forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9541-9563, 1992.
64. Oeschger, H., J. Beer, U. Siegenthaler, B. Stauffer, W. Dansgaard, and C.C. Langway, Late glacial climate history from ice cores, in Climate Processes arul Climate Sensitivity, Geophys. Mon. Ser., vol. 29, edited by J.E. Hansen, and T. Takahashi, pp. 299-306, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1984.
65. Oppo, D., Millennial climate oscillations, Science, 278, 1244-1246, 1997.
66. Oppo, D.W., M. Horowitz, and S.J. Lehman, Marine core evidence for reduced deep water production during Termination II followed by a relatively stable substage 5e (Eemian), Paleoceanogr., 12, 51-63, 1997.
67. Oppo, D.W., J.F. McManus, and J.L. Cullen, Abrupt climate events 500,000 to 340,000 years ago: Evidence from subpolar North Atlantic sediments, Science, 279, 1335-1338, 1998.
68. Pierce, D.W., K.Y. Kim, and T.P. Barnett, Variability of the thermohaline circulation in an ocean general circulation model coupled to an atmospheric energy balance model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 725-738, 1996.
69. Power, S.B., A.M. Moore, D.A. Post, N.R. Smith, and R. Kleeman, Stability of North Atlantic deep water formation in a global ocean general circulation model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 906-916, 1994.
70. Rahmstorf, S., Rapid climate transitions in a coupled oceanatmosphere model, Nature, 372, 82-85, 1994.
71. Rahmstorf, S., Bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to changes in the hydrological cycle, Nature, 378, 145-149, 1995.
72. Rahmstorf, S., and J. Willebrand, The role of temperature feedback in stabilizing the thermohaline circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 787-805, 1995.
73. Raymo, M.E., K. Ganley, S. Carter, D.W. Oppo, and J. McManus, Millennial-scale climate instability during the early Pleistocene epoch, Nature, 392, 699-702, 1998.
74. Sakai, K., and W.R. Peltier, A simple model of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation: Internal and forced variability with paleoclimatological implications, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13455-13479, 1995.
75. Sakai, K., and W.R. Peltier, A multibasin reduced model of the global thermohaline circulation: Paleoceanographic analyses of the origins of ice-age variability, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22535-22562, 1996.
76. Sakai, K., and W.R. Peltier, Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations in a coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model, J. Climate, 10, 949-970, 1997.
77. Schiller, A., U. Mikolajewicz, and R. Voss, The stability of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model, Clim. Dyn., 13, 325-347, 1997.
78. Schopf, P.S., On equatorial Kelvin waves and El Niño. II: Effects of air-sea coupling, J. Phys. Oceano gr., 13, 1878-1893, 1983.
79. Seidenkrantz, M.-S., P. Kristensen, and K.L. Knudsen, Marine evidence for climatic instability during the last interglacial in shelf records from northwest Europe, J. Quat. Sci., 10, 77-82, 1995.
80. Sejrup, H.P., H. Haflidason, A.D. Kristensen, and S.J. Johnsen, Last interglacial and Holocene climatic development in the Norwegian Sea region: Ocean front movements and ice-core data, J. Quat. Sci. 10, 385-390, 1995.
81. Stocker, T.F., The role of the deep ocean circulation for past and future climate change, Nature, submitted, 1998.
82. Stocker, T.F., and D.G. Wright, Rapid transitions of the ocean’s deep circulation induced by changes in surface water fluxes, Nature, 351, 729-732, 1991.
83. Tang, B., and A.J. Weaver AJ, Climate stability as deduced from an idealized coupled atmosphere-ocean model, Clim. Dyn., 11, 141-150, 1995.
84. Taylor, K.C., C.U. Hammer, R.B. Alley, H.B. Clausen, D. Dahl-Jensen, A.J. Gow, N.S. Gundestrup, J. Kipfstuhl, J.C. Moore, and E.D. Waddington, Electrical conductivity measurements from the GISP2 and GRIP ice cores, Nature, 366, 549-552, 1993.
85. Taylor, K.C., G.W. Lamorey, G.A. Doyle, R.B. Alley, P.M. Grootes, P.A. Mayewski, J.W.C. White, and L.K. Barlow, The ‘flickering switch’ of late Pleistocene climate change, Nature, 361, 432-436, 1993.
86. Teller, J.T., Meltwater and precipitation runoff to the North Atlantic, Arctic, and Gulf of Mexico from the Laurentide Ice sheet and adjacent regions during the Younger Dryas, Paleoceanogr., 5, 897-905, 1990.
87. Thouveny, N., J.-L. de Beaulieu, E. Bonifay, K.M. Creer, J. Guiot, M. Icole, S. Johnsen, J. Jouzel, M. Reille, T. Williams, and D. Williamson, Climate variations in Europe over the past 140 kyr deduced from rock magnetism, Nature, 371’ 503-506, 1994.
88. Tzedakis, P.C., K.D. Bennett, and D. Magri, Climate and pollen record, Nature, 370, 513, 1994.
89. Tziperman, E., J.R. Toggweiler, Y. Feliks, and K. Bryan, Instability of the thermohaline circulation with respect to mixed boundary conditions: Is it really a problem for realistic models? J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 217-232, 1994.
90. Weaver, A.J., and T.M.C. Hughes, Rapid interglacial climate fluctuations driven by North Atlantic ocean circulation, Nature, 367, 447-450, 1994.
91. Weaver, A.J., and T.M.C. Hughes, On the incompatibility of ocean and atmosphere models and the need for flux adjustments, Clim. Dyn., 12, 141-170, 1996.
92. Weaver, A.J. and E.S. Sarachik, The role of mixed boundary conditions in numerical models of the ocean’s climate, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1470-1493, 1991.
93. 2, orbital forcing and ice sheets on the climate of the last glacial maximum, Nature, 394, 847-853, 1998.
94. Weaver, A.J., J. Marotzke, P.F. Cummins, and E.S. Sarachik, Stability and variability of the thermohaline circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 39-60, 1993.
95. White, J.W.C., Don’t touch that dial, Nature, 364, 186, 1993.
96. Winton, M., Deep decoupling oscillations of the oceanic thermohaline circulation, in Ice in the Climate System., NATO AS/ series, Vol. 12, edited by W.R. Peltier, pp. 417-432, Springer-Verlag, 1993.
97. Winton, M., Energetics of deep-decoupling oscillations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 420-427, 1995.
98. Winton, M., The effect of cold climate upon North Atlantic deep water formation in a simple ocean-atmosphere model, J. Climate., 10, 37-51, 1997.
99. Winton, M., and E.S. Sarachik, Thermohaline oscillations induced by strong steady salinity forcing of ocean general circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1389-1410, 1993.
100. Wright, D.G., and T.F. Stocker, A zonally averaged ocean model for the thermohaline circulation. Part 1: Model development and flow dynamics, J. Phys. Oceano gr., 21, 1713-1724, 1991.
101. Zhang, S., R.J. Greatbatch, and C.A. Lin, A reexamination of the polar halocline catastrophe and implications for coupled ocean-atmosphere modelling, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 287-299, 1993.