Making Russia multicultural kazan at its millennium and beyond

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 54, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 17-27

  Graney, Kate ^a  

^a SKIDMORE COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 38849141953     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2753/PPC1075-8216540602     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. The ethnie composition of Kazan is the mirror image of that of the republic as a whole, which according to the 2002 Russian census is 51.3 percent Tatar and 40 percent Russian.
2. The complex, multilayered Soviet ethno-federal system remains more or less intact today, although a few of the smaller ethnically designated units, mainly autonomous okrugs, have begun to vote to merge with the larger administrative krais in which they are located. Various plans to dismantle the ethno-federal system completely have been floated in the post-communist era, but none has ever come close to being enacted. See the section called "Regions" at the Russia Profile magazine Web site (www.RussiaProfile.org).
3. For example, in the early years of the Putin regime the Constitutional Court repeatedly challenged the republics' use of the language of sovereignty in their constitutions, and in 1997 the Duma reprised Stalin's imposition of the Cyrillic alphabet for all non-Russian languages, after Tatarstan, modeling Turkey, passed a law introducing the use of the Latin alphabet for the Tatar language.
4. See, for example, Steven Solnick, "Federal Bargaining in Russia," East European Constitutional Review 4, no. 4 (fall 1995): 52-58;
5. Daniel Treisman, "Russia's Ethnic Revival: The Separatist Activism of Regional Leaders in a Post-Communist Order," World Politics 49, no. 2 (1997): 212-49.
6. For a comparison of the Tatarstan and Chechen cases, see Gulnaz Sharafutdinova, "Chechnya versus Tatarstan: Understanding Ethnopolitics in Post-Communist Russia," Problems of Post-Communism 47, no. 2 (March/April 2000): 13-22,
7. and Ann Robertson, "Yeltsin, Shaimiev, and Dudaev: Negotiating Autonomy for Tatarstan and Chechnya," in Unity or Separation: CenterPeriphery Relations in the Former Soviet Union, ed. Daniel R. Kempten and Terry D. Clark (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001), pp. 99-142.
8. For one example of such a survey, see the consulting firm Russian Expert's English-language site, "Gateway2Russia" (www.gateway2russia. com/st/art_267792.php).
9. See "Capital Cities, Special Cities," Canada Plan 40, no. 3 (April/May/June 2000): 38-39;
10. Denise Liebowitz and Tony Simon, "Plans in Time," American Planning Association Journal 68, no. 2 (spring 2002): 128-31;
11. Francisco Javier Monclus, "Barcelona's Planning Strategies: From 'Paris of the South' to the 'Capital of the West Mediterranean,' " GeoJournal 51, nos. 1-2 (2000): 57-63;
12. Michiel Wagenaar, "Townscapes of Power," GeoJournal 51, nos. 1-2 (2000): 3-13.
13. Wagenaar, "Townscapes of Power," p. 4.
14. Rashit Akhmetov, "Kazan-Tretii Rim?" (Kazan-The Third Rome?), Zvezda povolzhia (August 4-10, 2005): 1-2.
15. Nadir Kinossian, "Urban Governance in a Transitional Economy: A Case Study of Kazan" (M.A. thesis, University of Missouri, St. Louis, 2005), p. 2.
16. Wagenaar notes that the two things most associated with the upgrading of Paris that was aped by other European capitals in the nineteenth century were slum-clearance programs and public transportation projects (Wagenaar, 'Townscapes of Power," p. 3).
17. Airat Rustomov, "Drevnost ne porok" (Antiquity Is Not a Flaw), interview with Kamil Iskhakov, Kommersant special supplement "Kazan-1,000" (August 26, 2005): 15, 18.
18. Kinossian, "Urban Governance in a Transitional Economy," pp. 41, 43.
19. Ibid., p. 45.
20. Shamil Idiyatullin, "Kazan, Otkroisia!" [Kazan, Open!], Kommersant special supplement "Kazan-1,000" (August 26, 2005): 13, 19.
21. Julia Holdsworth, "Change and Contesting Identities: The Creation and Negotiation of Landscape in Donetsk," Anthropology Matters Journal 6, no. 1 (2004): 8.
22. For a fascinating analysis of the political significance of the new monuments erected in Moscow in the post-Soviet period, see Bruce Grant, "New Moscow Monuments; or, States of Innocence," American Ethnologist 28, no. 2 (2001): 332-62.
23. Jeremy MacClancy, "The Museum as a Site of Contest: The Bilbao Guggenheim," Focaal: European Journal of Anthropology, no. 29 (1997): 91-100.
24. See also "Basques Make a Dangerous Liaison," Financial Times (October 18, 1997): 8;
25. "Security Tight as Guggenheim Museum Opens," CNN.com (October 18, 1997); "The Wow of Bilbao," Irish Times Magazine (March 30, 2002).
26. Yuri Nikolaev, "Kazani do iubileia nikogda ne khvatalo deneg" (Kazan Jubilee Did Not Have Enough Money), interview with Mintimer Shaimiev, Izvestia (August 26-28, 2005): 2.
27. The Suyumbike Tower's origins remain obscure, and its dating is somewhat politicized. Some Tatar nationalists date the tower before the fall of Kazan in 1552; other historians date it to the seventeenth century.
28. While the main center of government for Volga Bulgaria was, of course, located in the city of Bulgar, located farther south down the Volga River, recent excavations of the Kazan Kremlin ordered by the Shaimiev administration have determined that the complex included "fortified buildings and other fortifications from the tenth and eleventh centuries," identified as part of the Volga Bulgarian empire. See Ravil Bukharaev, Farida Zabirova, and Airat Sitdikov, "Kazan Kremlin: The White, Fairy-Tale Palace on the Volga River," World Heritage Review 28 (2000): 52-63.
29. Izvestiia TOTs (November 1992).
30. In an interview in early 1994, the head of the Ministry of Culture's division on monuments and historical landmarks replied, when asked about the Kazan dead in 1552, "Of course we need such a monument." See Idel, nos. 1/2 (1994): 56.
31. From the multimedia DVD Kazanskii Kreml (Kazan Kremlin) (Kazan: ZAO Insait Media, 2005).
32. Ibid. There seems to be some confusion about when the addition of the Kazan Kremlin to the World Heritage Site list actually occurred. The placard on the wall of the Kremlin says 1998, but some sources say November 2000. See Bukharaev, Zabirova, and Sitdikov, "Kazan Kremlin."
33. Izvestiia Tatarstana (November 15, 1995): 1.
34. RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Daily Report (December 9, 2002).
35. See Tatar-Inform (June 10, 2004) and RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Daily Report (June 11, 2004).
36. RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Daily Report (June 11, 2004).
37. From the multimedia DVD Kazanskii Kreml.
38. RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Daily Report (March 8, 2002).
39. See the "Message from the General Secretary of the United Nations on the 1,000th Anniversary of Kazan," August 30, 2005, posted on the official Web site of the Republic of Tatarstan at www.tatar.ru.
40. Mukhametshin's speech is reprinted in Zvezda povolzhia (September 2-7, 2005): 1-2.
41. Shamil Idiatullin, "Menia vlastiu uzhe ne udivish" (You Cannot Astonish Me With Power), interview with Mintimer Shaimiev, Kommersant vlast (August 29, 2005): 32-35.
42. Aleksandr Chudodyeyev, "Daiesh Milenium!" (Give Me the Millennium!), Itogi (September 5, 2005): 20-21.
43. Shaimiev virtually admitted as much in an interview with Izvestia published in its August 26-28, 2005, issue. See Kinossian, "Urban Governance in a Transitional Economy."
44. Matthew Evangelista, The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union? (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2002), pp. 5-6.
45. Rashit Akhmetov, "Kazanskii vybor" (Kazan's Choice), Zvezda povolzhia (August 18-24, 2005): 1.
46. Gulnara Khasanova, "Tysiachiletie Kazani kak simbol natsionalnogo vozrozhdeniia" (The Kazan Millennium as a Symbol of National Revival), special submission to the Web site of Radio Azatlik/Radio Svobody (www.azatliq.org), August 28, 2005.
47. Idiyatullin, "Kazan, Otkroisia!" p. 13.
48. Ibid.
49. Kinossian, "Urban Governance in a Transitional Economy," pp. 41, 43.
50. Ibid.
51. Galina Aristova, "Staryi Gorod: Rossiia prazdnuet 1,000-letie Kazani" (Old City: Russia Celebrates Kazan's Millennium), interview with Kamil Iskhakov, Rossiiskaia gazeta (August 26, 2005): 1, 13.
52. Kinossian, "Urban Governance in a Transitional Economy."
53. Olga Tropkina, "Gubernatorov priglasili v Kreml. V Kazanskii: Iubileinoie zasedaniie Gossoveta proshlo vchera v stolitse Tatarstana" (Governors Invited to the Kazan Kremlin: Jubilee Session of the Federation Council Met Yesterday in the Capital of Tatarstan), Rossiiskaia gazeta (August 27, 2005): 1;
54. Andrei Kolesnikov, "Vladimir Putin oboshelsia bez gossovetchikov" (Vladimir Putin Managed Without the Federation Council), Kommersant (August 27, 2005): 2
55. Rashit Akhmetov, "Tysiachiletie" (Millennium), Zvezda povolzhia (September 2-7, 2005): 1.
56. Ibid.
57. Kinossian, "Urban Governance in a Transitional Economy," pp. 41, 43.
58. Ibid.
59. Khasanova, "Tysiachiletie Kazani kak simbol natsionalnogo vozrozhdeniia."
60. Kinossian, "Urban Governance in a Transitional Economy."