A randomised double blind trial of the effect of pre-emptive epidural ketamine on persistent pain after lower limb amputation

Pain

Volumn 135, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 108-118

  Wilson, John A ^a   Nimmo, Alastair F ^a   Fleetwood Walker, Susan M ^b   Colvin, Lesley A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^c WESTERN GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Epidural analgesia; Ketamine; NMDA receptors; Phantom limb; RCT

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; BUPIVACAINE; KETAMINE;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFECT; DYSPHORIA; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LEG AMPUTATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PAIN ASSESSMENT; POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SEDATION; SENSITIZATION; SENSORY STIMULATION; SIDE EFFECT; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE;

AGED; AMPUTATION; ANALGESIA, EPIDURAL; ANALGESICS; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; KETAMINE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE; PHANTOM LIMB; QUESTIONNAIRES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 38749092640     PISSN: 03043959     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.05.011     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Acosta A., Gomar C., Bombi J.A., Graca D.L., Garrido M., and Krauspenhar C. Ultrastructure of canine meninges after repeated epidural injection of S(+)-ketamine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 31 (2006) 438-444
2. Aulivola B., Hile C.N., Hamdan A.D., Sheahan M.G., Veraldi J.R., Skillman J.J., Campbell D.R., Scovel S.D., LoGerfo F.W., and Pomposelli Jr. F.B. Major lower extremity amputation: outcome of a modern series. Arch Surg 139 (2004) 395-399
3. Bach S., Noreng M.F., and Tjellden N.U. Phantom limb pain in amputees during the first 12 months following limb amputation after preoperative lumbar epidural blockade. Pain 33 (1988) 297-301
4. Bell R.F., Dahl J.B., Moore R.A., and Kalso E. Perioperative ketamine for acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2006) (CD004603)
5. Berman R.M., Cappiello A., Anand A., Oren D.A., Heninger G.R., Charney D.S., and Krystal J.H. Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 47 (2000) 351-354
6. Borgbjerg F.M., Svennson B.A., Frigast C., and Gordh Jr. T. Histopathology after repeated intrathecal injections of preservative-free ketamine in the rabbit: a light and electron microscopic examination. Anesth Analg 79 (1994) 105-111
7. Brock-Utne J.G., Kallichurum S., Mankowitz E., Maharaj R.J., and Downing J.W. Intrathecal ketamine with preservative-histological effects on spinal nerve roots of baboons. S Afr Med J 61 (1982) 440-441
8. Bromage P.R. A comparison of the hydrochloride and carbon dioxide salts of lidocaine and prilocaine in epidural analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 16 (1965) 55-69
9. Burton A.W., Lee D.H., Saab C., and Chung J.M. Preemptive intrathecal ketamine injection produces a long-lasting decrease in neuropathic pain behaviors in a rat model. Reg Anesth Pain Med 24 (1999) 208-213
10. Christoph T., Schiene K., Englberger W., Parsons C.G., and Chizh B.A. The antiallodynic effect of NMDA antagonists in neuropathic pain outlasts the duration of the in vivo NMDA antagonism. Neuropharmacology 51 (2006) 12-17
11. Clements J.A., Nimmo W.S., and Grant I.S. Bioavailabilty, pharmacokinetics and analgesic activity of ketamine in humans. J Pharm Sci 71 (1982) 539-542
12. Dalens B. Some current controversies in paediatric regional anaesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 19 (2006) 301-308
13. Davies S.N., and Lodge D. Evidence for involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartatic acid receptors in "wind up" of class 2 neurons in the dorsal horn of the rat. Brain Res 424 (1987) 402-406
14. de Lima J., Beggs S., and Howard R. Neural toxicity of ketamine and other NMDA antagonists. Pain 88 (2000) 311-312
15. Duedahl T.H., Romsing J., Moiniche S., and Dahl J.B. A qualitative systematic review of peri-operative dextromethorphan in post-operative pain. Acta Anaesth Scand 50 (2006) 1-13
16. Elia N., and Tramer M.R. Ketamine and postoperative pain - a quantitative systematic review of randomised trials. Pain 113 (2005) 61-70
17. Ephraim P.L., Wegener S.T., MacKenzie E.J., Dillingham T.R., and Pezzin L.E. Phantom pain, residual limb pain, and back pain in amputees: results of a national survey. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86 (2005) 1910-1919
18. Flor H. Phantom-limb pain: characteristics, causes, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 1 (2002) 182-189
19. Galer B.S., and Jensen M.P. Development and preliminary validation of a pain measure specific to neuropathic pain: the Neuropathic Pain Scale. Neurology 48 (1997) 332-338
20. Garry E.M., and Fleetwood-Walker S.M. Organizing pains. Trends Neurosci 7 (2004) 292-294
21. Goodman W.K. Selecting pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 65 Suppl 13 (2004) 8-13
22. Halbert J., Crotty M., and Cameron I.D. Evidence for the optimal management of acute and chronic phantom pain: a systematic review. Clin J Pain 18 (2002) 84-92
23. Hayes C., Armstrong-Brown A., and Burstal R. Perioperative intravenous ketamine infusion for the prevention of persistent post-amputation pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Anaesth Intensive Care 32 (2004) 330-338
24. Ikonomidou C., Bosch F., Miksa M., Bittigau P., Vockler J., Dikranian K., Tenkova T.I., Stefovska V., Turski L., and Olney J.W. Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Science 283 (1999) 70-74
25. Jorum E., and Arendt-Nielsen L. Sensory testing and clinical neurophysiology. In: Rice A.S.C., Warfield C.A., Justins D.M., and Eccleston C. (Eds). Clinical pain management practical applications and procedures (2003), Arnold, London 27-38
26. Kooijman C.M., Dijkstra P.U., Geertzen J.H., Elzinga A., and Van der Schans C.P. Phantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study. Pain 87 (2000) 33-41
27. Kudoh A., Takahira Y., Katagai H., and Takazawa T. Small-dose ketamine improves the post-operative state of depressed patients. Anesth Analg 95 (2002) 114-118
28. Larbig W., Montoya P., Flor H., Bilow H., Weller S., and Birbaumer N. Evidence for a change in neural processing in phantom limb pain patients. Pain 67 (1996) 275-283
29. Li S., and Stys P.K. Mechanisms of ionotropic glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in isolated spinal cord white matter. J Neurosci 20 (2000) 1190-1198
30. Lilja J., Endo T., Hofstetter C., Westman E., Young J., Olson L., and Spenger C. Blood oxygenation level-dependent visualization of synaptic relay stations of sensory pathways along the neuroaxis in response to graded sensory stimulation of a limb. J Neurosci 26 (2006) 6330-6336
31. Loughman B.A., Fennelly M.E., Henley M., and Hall G.M. The effects of differing concentrations of bupivacaine on the epidural somatosensory evoked potential after posterior tibial nerve stimulation. Anesth Analg 81 (1995) 147-151
32. Malinovsky J.M., Lepage J.Y., Crozian A., Mussini J.M., Pinaudt M., and Souron R. Is ketamine or its preservative responsible for neurotoxicity in the rabbit?. Anesthesiology 78 (1993) 109-115
33. Melzack R. The McGill pain questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain 1 (1975) 277-299
34. Melzack R., Coderre T.J., Katz J., and Vaccarino A.L. Central neuroplasticity and pathological pain. Ann NY Acad Sci 933 (2001) 157-174
35. Montoya P., Larbig W., Grulke N., Flor H., Taub E., and Birbaumer N. The relationship of phantom limb pain to other phantom limb phenomena in upper extremity amputees. Pain 72 (1997) 87-93
36. Moore K.A., Kohno T., Karchewski L.A., Scholz J., Baba H., and Woolf C.J. Partial peripheral nerve injury promotes a selective loss of GABAergic inhibition in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. J Neurosci 22 (2002) 6724-6731
37. Munglani R., Hudspith M.J., Fleming B., Harrison S., Smith G., Bountra C., Elliot P.J., Birch P.J., and Hunt S.P. Effect of pre-emptive NMDA antagonist treatment on long-term Fos expression and hyperalgesia in a model of chronic neuropathic pain. Brain Res 822 (1999) 210-219
38. Nikolajsen L., Gottrup H., Kristensen A.G.D., and Jensen T.S. Memantine (a N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist) in the treatment of neuropathic pain after amputation or surgery: a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study. Anesth Analg 91 (2000) 960-966
39. Nikolajsen L., Hansen C.L., Nielsen J., Keller J., Arendt-Nielsen L., and Jensen T.S. The effect of ketamine on phantom pain: a central neuropathic disorder maintained by peripheral input. Pain 67 (1996) 69-77
40. Nikolajsen L., Ilkjaer S., Christensen J.H., Kroner K., and Jensen T.S. Randomised trial of epidural bupivacaine and morphine in prevention of stump and phantom pain in lower limb amputation. Lancet 350 (1997) 1353-1357
41. Nikolajsen L., and Jensen T.S. Phantom limb pain. Br J Anaesth 87 (2001) 107-116
42. Olney J.W., Labruyere J., and Price M.T. Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and related drugs. Science 244 (1989) 1360-1362
43. Ozyalcin N.S., Yucel A., Camlica H., Dereli N., Andersen O.K., and Arendt-Nielsen L. Effect of pre-emptive ketamine on sensory changes and postoperative pain after thoracotomy: comparison of epidural and intramuscular routes. Br J Anaesth 93 (2004) 356-361
44. Proudfoot C.J., Garry E.M., Cottrell D.F., Rosie R., Anderson H., Robertson D.C., Fleetwood-Walker S.M., and Mitchell R. Analgesia mediated by the TRPM8 cold receptor in chronic neuropathic pain. Curr Biol 16 (2006) 1591-1605
45. Schwenkreis P., Maier C., Pleger B., Mansourian N., Dertwinkel R., Malin J.P., Tegenthoff M., and Zenz M. NMDA-mediated mechanisms in cortical excitability changes after limb amputation. Acta Neurol Scand 108 (2003) 179-184
46. Schley M., Topfner S., Wiech K., Schaller H.E., Konrad C.J., Schmelz M., and Birbaumer N. Continuous brachial plexus blockade in combination with the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine prevents phantom pain in acute traumatic upper limb amputees. Eur J Pain 11 (2007) 299-308
47. Sherman R.A., Sherman C.J., and Parker L. Chronic phantom and stump pain among American veterans: results of a survey. Pain 18 (1984) 83-95
48. Sprenger T., Valet M., Woltmann R., Zimmer C., Freynhagen R., Kochs E.F., Tolle T.R., and Wagner K.J. Imaging pain modulation by subanesthetic S-(+)-ketamine. Anesth Analg 103 (2006) 729-737
49. Subramaniam K., Subramaniam B., and Steinbrook R.A. Ketamine as adjuvant analgesic to opioids: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review. Anesth Analg 99 (2004) 482-495
50. Torsney C., and MacDermott A.B. Disinhibition opens the gate to pathological pain signaling in superficial neurokinin 1 receptor-expressing neurons in rat spinal cord. J Neurosci 26 (2006) 1833-1843
51. Turk D.C., Rudy T.E., and Salovey P. The McGill pain questionnaire reconsidered: confirming the factor structure and examining appropriate uses. Pain 21 (1985) 385-397
52. Wartan S.W., Hamann W., Wedley J.R., and McColl I. Phantom pain and sensation among British veteran amputees. Br J Anaesth 78 (1997) 652-659
53. Wiech K., Kiefer R.T., Topfner S., Preissl H., Braun C., Unertl K., Flor H., and Birbaumer N. A placebo-controlled randomized crossover trial of the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor antagonist, memantine, in patients with chronic phantom limb pain. Anesth Analg 98 (2004) 408-413
54. Wilkins K.L., McGrath P.J., Finley G.A., and Katz J. Prospective diary study of nonpainful and painful phantom sensations in a preselected sample of child and adolescent amputees reporting phantom limbs. Clin J Pain 20 (2004) 293-301
55. Wilson J.A., Garry E.M., Anderson H.A., Rosie R., Colvin L.A., Mitchell R., and Fleetwood-Walker S.M. NMDA receptor antagonist treatment at the time of nerve injury prevents injury-induced changes in spinal NR1 and NR2B subunit expression and increases the sensitivity of residual pain behaviours to subsequently administered NMDA receptor antagonists. Pain 117 (2005) 421-432
56. Woolf C.J. Somatic pain - pathogenesis and prevention. Br J Anaesth 75 (1995) 169-176
57. Woolf C.J., and Mannion R.J. Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management. Lancet 353 (1999) 1959-1964
58. Woolf C.J., and Thompson S.W. The induction and maintenance of central sensitization is dependent on N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor activation: implications for the treatment of post-injury pain hypersensitivity states. Pain 44 (1991) 293-299
59. Zarate Jr. C.A., Du J., Quiroz J., Gray N.A., Denicoff K.D., Singh J., Charney D.S., and Manji H.K. Regulation of cellular plasticity cascades in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders: role of the glutamatergic system. Ann NY Acad Sci 1003 (2003) 273-291
60. Zarate Jr. C.A., Singh J.B., Carlson P.J., Brutsche N.E., Ameli R., Luckenbaugh D.A., Charney D.S., and Manji H.K. A randomized trial of an N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 (2006) 856-864
61. Zigmond A.S., and Snaith R.P. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 67 (1983) 361-370