A comparison of the postdeployment hospitalization experience of U.S. military personnel following service in the 1991 gulf war, southwest asia after the gulf war, and Bosnia

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

Volumn 3, Issue 12, 2006, Pages 660-670

  Smith, Besa ^a   Smith, Tyler C ^a   Ryan, Margaret A K ^a   Gray, Gregory C ^b  

^a NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

Combat disorders; Hospitalization; Military medicine; Persian Gulf syndrome; Veterans

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ASIA; BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOLDIER; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES; WAR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ASIA; BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; GULF WAR; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; MILITARY PERSONNEL; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 38649119245     PISSN: 15459624     EISSN: 15459632     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15459620601003212     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Persian Gulf Veterans Coordinating Board: Unexplained illnesses among Desert Storm veterans: A search for causes, treatment, and cooperation. Report of the Persian Gulf Veterans Coordinating Board. Arch. Intern. Med. 155:262-268 (1995
2. Institute of Medicine (IOM): Health Consequences of Service During the Persian GulfWar: Initial Findings and Recommendations for Immediate Action. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1995. pp. 1-104.
3. Coker, W.J., B.M. Bhatt, N.F. Blatchley, and J.T. Graham: Clinical findings for the first 1000 Gulf war veterans in the Ministry of Defence's medical assessment programme. Br. Med. J. 318(7179):290-294 (1999).
4. Malone, J.D., B. Paige-Dobson, C. Ohl, C. DiGiovanni, S. Cunnion, and M.J. Roy: Possibilities for unexplained chronic illness among reserve units deployed in Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. South. Med. J. 89:1147-1155 (1996).
5. Kroenke, K., P.Koslowe, and M. Roy: Symptoms in 18,495 Persian Gulf War veterans. Latency of onset and lack of association with self-reported exposures. (Comment). J. Occup. Environ. Med. 40:520-528 (1998).
6. Joseph, S.C., R. Blanck, G.D. Gackstetter, et al.: A comprehensive clinical evaluation of 20,000 Persian Gulf War veterans. Mil. Med. 162:149-155 (1997).
7. Fukuda, K., R. Nisenbaum, G. Stewart, et al.: Chronic multisymptom illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War. JAMA 280(11):981- 988 (1998).
8. The Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group: Self-reported illness and health status among Persian GulfWar veterans:Apopulation-based study. JAMA 277(3):238-245 (1997).
9. Gray, G.C., R.J. Reed, K.S. Kaiser, T.C. Smith, and V.M. Gastanaga: The Seabee Health Study: Self-reported multi-symptom conditions are common and strongly associated among Gulf War veterans. Am. J. Epidemiol. 155:1033-1044 (2002).
10. Barrett, D.H., G.C. Gray, B.N. Doebbeling, D.J. Clauw, and W.C. Reeves: Prevalence of symptoms and symptom-based conditions among Gulf War veterans: Current status of research findings. Epidemiol. Rev. 24:218-227 (2002).
11. Gray, G.C., G.D. Gackstetter, H.K. Kang, J.T. Graham, and K.C. Scott: After more than 10 years of GulfWar veteran medical evaluations, what have we learned Am. J. Prev. Med. 26(5):443-452 (2004).
12. Gray, G.C., B.D. Coate, C.M. Anderson, et al.: The postwar hospitalization experience of U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War. N. Engl. J. Med. 335(20):1505-1513 (1996).
13. Gray, G.C., T.C. Smith, H.K. Kang, and J.D. Knoke: Are GulfWar veterans sufferingwar-related illnesses Federal and civilian hospitalizations examined, June 1991 to December 1994. Am. J. Epidemiol. 151(1):63-71 (2000).
14. Smith, T.C., G.C. Gray, and J.D. Knoke: Is systemic lupus erythematosus, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or fibromyalgia associated with Persian Gulf War service An examination of Department of Defense hospitalization data. Am. J. Epidemiol. 151(11):1053-1059 (2000).
15. Kang, H., and T. Bullman: Mortality among U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War. N. Engl. J. Med. 355:1498-1504 (1996).
16. Writer, J.V., R.F. DeFraites, and J.F. Brundage: Comparative mortality among U.S. military personnel in the Persian Gulf region and worldwide during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. JAMA275(2):118-121 (1996).
17. Kang, H.K., and T.A. Bullman: Mortality among U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War: 7-year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol. 154(5):399-405 (2001).
18. Kang, H.K.,T.A. Bullman, G.J. Macfarlane, and G.C. Gray: Mortality among U.S. and U.K. veterans of the Persian GulfWar:Areview. J. Occup. Environ Med. 59:794-799 (2002).
19. Ismail, K., K. Kent, T. Brugha, et al.: The mental health of UK Gulf War veterans: Phase 2 of a two phase cohort study. BMJ 325(7364):576 (2002).
20. Gray, G.C., T.C. Smith, J.D. Knoke, and J.M. Heller: The postwar hospitalization experience of Gulf War Veterans possibly exposed to chemical munitions destruction at Khamisiyah, Iraq. Am. J. Epidemiol. 150(5):532-540 (1999).
21. Smith, T.C., G.C. Gray, J.C. Weir, J.M. Heller, and M.A.K. Ryan: Gulf War veterans and Iraqi nerve agents at Khamisiyah. Postwar hospitalization data revisited. Am. J. Epidemiol. 158:456-467 (2003).
22. Smith, T.C., T.E. Corbeil, M.A.K. Ryan, J.M. Heller, and G.C. Gray: In-theater hospitalizations of US and allied personnel during the 1991 Gulf War. Am. J. Epidemiol. 159(11):1064-1076 (2004).
23. Smith, T.C., J.M. Heller, T.I. Hooper, G.D. Gackstetter, and G.C. Gray: Are veterans of the GulfWar experiencing illness from exposure to Kuwaiti oil well fire smoke Department of Defense hospitalization data examined. Am. J. Epidemiol. 155(10):908-917 (2002).
24. Kang, H.K., C.M. Mahan, K.Y. Lee, et al.: Evidence for a deploymentrelated Gulf War syndrome by factor analysis. Arch. Environ. Health. 57(1):61-68 (2002).
25. Horner, R.D., K.G. Kamins, J.R. Feussner, et al.: Occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Gulf War veterans. (Comment). Neurology 61(6):742-749 (2003).
26. Haley, R.W.: Excess incidence of ALS in young Gulf War veterans. (Comment). Neurology 61(6):750-756 (2003).
27. Davis, L., S. Eisen, F. Murphy, et al.: Clinical and laboratory assessment of distal peripheral nerves in Gulf War veterans and spouses. Neurology 63(6):1070-1077 (2004).
28. Rose, M., M. Sharief, J. Priddin, et al.: Evaluation of neuromuscular symptoms in U.K. Gulf War veterans: A controlled study. Neurology 63(9):1681-1687 (2004).
29. Voelker, M.D., K.G. Saag, D.A. Schwartz, et al.: Health-related quality of life in GulfWar era military personnel. Am. J. Epidemiol. 155(10):899- 907 (2002).
30. Black, D.W., C.P. Carney, P.M. Peloso, et al.: Gulf War veterans with anxiety: Prevalence, comorbidity, and risk factors. Epidemiology 15(2):135-142 (2004).
31. Black, D.W., C.P. Carney, V.L. Forman-Hoffman, et al.: Depression in veterans of the first Gulf War and comparable military controls. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 16(2):53-61 (2004).
32. Hoge, C.W., C.A. Castro, S.C. Messer, D. McGurk, D.I. Cotting, and R.L. Koffman: Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N. Engl. J. Med. 351(1):13-22 (2004).
33. Hoge, C.W., J.L. Auchterlonie, and C.S. Milliken: Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. JAMA 295(9):1023-1032 (2006).
34. Barrett, D.H., C.C. Doebbeling, D.A. Schwartz, et al.: Posttraumatic stress disorder and self-reported physical health status among U.S. military personnel serving during the Gulf War period: A populationbased study. Psychosomatics 43(3):195-205.
35. Ismail, K., B. Everitt, N. Blatchley, et al.: Is there a GulfWar syndrome Lancet 353(9148):179-182 (1999).
36. Knoke, J.D., T.C. Smith, G.C. Gray, and K.S. Kaiser: Factor analysis of self-reported symptoms: Does it identify a GulfWar syndrome Am. J. Epidemiol. 152(4):379-388 (2000).
37. Doebbeling, B.N., W.R. Clarke, D. Watson, et al.: Is there a Persian Gulf War syndrome Evidence from a large population-based survey of veterans and nondeployed controls. Am. J. Med. 108(9):695-704 (2000).
38. Shapiro, S.E., M.R. Lasarev, and L. McCauley: Factor analysis of Gulf War illness: What does it add to our understanding of possible health effects of deployment Am. J. Epidemiol. 156(6):578-584 (2002).
39. Forbes, A.,D.McKenzie, A. Mackinnon, et al.: The health of Australian veterans of the 1991 GulfWar: Factor analysis of self-reported symptoms. Occup. Environ. Med. 61:1014-1020 (2004).
40. Schumm,W.R., D.B. Bell, and P.A. Gade: Effects of a military overseas peacekeeping deployment on marital quality, satisfaction, and stability. Psychol. Rep. 87(3 Part 1):815-821 (2000).
41. Barrett, D.H., T.K. Boehmer, V.L. Boothe, W.D. Flanders, and D.H. Barrett: Health-related quality of life of U.S. military personnel: A population-based study. Mil. Med. 168:941-947 (2003).
42. Black, W.G. Jr.: Military-induced family separation: A stress reduction intervention. Soc. Work. 38(3):273-280 (1993).
43. Schumm,W.R., D.B. Bell, and P.A. Gade: Effects of a military overseas peacekeeping deployment on marital quality, satisfaction, and stability. Psychol. Rep. 87(3 Part 1):815-821 (2000).
44. Stuart, J.A., and R.R. Halverson: The psychological status of U.S. Army soldiers during recent military operations. Mil. Med. 162:737-743 (1997).
45. Litz, B.T., S.M. Orsillo, M. Friedman, P. Ehlich, and A. Batres: Posttraumatic stress disorder associated with peacekeeping duty in Somalia for U.S. military personnel. (Comment). Am J Psychiatry. 154:178-184 (1997).
46. Erratum appears in Am. J. Psychiatry 154:722 (1997).
47. Orsillo, S.M., L. Roemer, B.T. Litz, P. Ehlich, and M.J. Friedman: Psychiatric symptomatology associated with contemporary peacekeeping: An examination of post-mission functioning among peacekeepers in Somalia. J. Trauma. Stress 11(4):611-625 (1998).
48. Thoresen, S., L. Mehlum, and B. Moller: Suicide in peacekeepers - A cohort study of mortality from suicide in 22,275 Norwegian veterans from international peacekeeping operations. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol. 38:605-610 (2003).
49. Shigemura, J., and S. Nomura: Mental health issues of peacekeeping workers. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 56(5):483-491 (2002).
50. Ward,W.: Psychiatric morbidity in Australian veterans of the United Nations peacekeeping force in Somalia. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry 31(2):184- 193 (1997).
51. Birenbaum, R.: Peacekeeping stress prompts new approaches to mentalhealth issues in Canadian military. CMAJ 151(10):1484-1489 (1994).
52. Newman, E., S.M. Orsillo, D.S. Herman, B.L. Niles, and B.T. Litz: Clinical presentation of disorders of extreme stress in combat veterans. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 183:628-632 (1995).
53. Ford, J.D.: Disorders of extreme stress following war-zone military trauma: Associated features of posttraumatic stress disorder or comorbid but distinct syndromes J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 67(1):3-12 (1999).
54. Hall, D.P. Jr.: Peacekeeping duty and PTSD. (Comment). Am. J. Psychiatry 154:1482-1483 (1997).
55. Hall, D.P.: Stress, suicide, and military service during Operation Uphold Democracy. Mil. Med. 161:159-162 (1996).
56. Bartone, P.T., A.B. Adler, and M.A. Vaitkus: Dimensions of psychological stress in peacekeeping operations. Mil Med. 163:587-593 (1998).
57. Haley, R.: Point: Bias from the "healthy-warrior effect" and unequal follow-up in three governmental studies of health effects of the GulfWar. Am. J. Epidemiol. 148(4):315-323 (1998).
58. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS): The International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification. Washington, D.C.: DHHS, 1989.
59. Department of Defense (DoD): DoD Occupational Conversion Manual: Enlisted/Officer/Civilian.Washington, D.C.: DoD, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Force Management and Personnel, 1991.
60. Gray, G.C., A. Hawksworth, T.C. Smith, H.K. Kang, J.D. Knoke, and G.D. Gackstetter: GulfWar veterans' health registries. Who is most likely to seek evaluation Am. J. Epidemiol. 148:343-349 (1998).
61. Smith, T.C., B. Smith, M.A. Ryan, et al.: Ten years and 100,000 participants later: Occupational and other factors influencing participation in U.S. Gulf War health registries. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 44:758-768 (2002).
62. Smith, T.C., D.L. Jimenez, B. Smith, et al.: The postwar hospitalization experience of Gulf War veterans participating in U.S. health registries. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 46:386-97 (2004).
63. Brundage, J.F., K.F. Kohlhase, and J.M. Gambel: Hospitalization experiences of U.S. servicemembers before, during, and after participation in peacekeeping operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Am. J. Ind. Med. 41:279-284 (2002).
64. Lange, J.L., D.A. Schwartz, B.N. Doebbeling, J.M. Heller, and P.S. Thorne: Exposures to the Kuwait oil fires and their association with asthma and bronchitis among Gulf War veterans. Environ. Health Perspect. 110:1141-1146 (2002).
65. Knoke, J.D., and G.C. Gray: Hospitalizations for unexplained illnesses among U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4:211- 219 (1998).
66. Gray, G.C., K.S. Kaiser,A.W. Hawksworth, F.W. Hall, and E. Barrett- Connor: Increased postwar symptoms and psychological morbidity among U.S. Navy Gulf War veterans. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60:758- 766 (1999).
67. Haley, R.W.: Point: Bias from the "healthy-warrior effect" and unequal follow-up in three government studies of health effects of the Gulf War. Am. J. Epidemiol. 148(4):315-323 (1998).
68. Gray, G.C., J.D. Knoke, S.W. Berg, F.S. Wignall, and E. Barrett- Connor: Counterpoint: Responding to suppositions and misunderstandings. Am. J. Epidemiol. 148(4):328-333 (1998).
69. Brundage, J.F., K.F. Kohlhase, M.V. Rubertone: Hospitalizations for all causes of U.S. military service members in relation to participation in Operations Joint Endeavor and Joint Guard, Bosnia-Herzegovina, January 1995 to December 1997. (Comment). Mil. Med. 165:505-511 (2000).
70. Haley, R.W., J. Hom, P.S. Roland, et al.: Evaluation of neurologic function in GulfWar veterans. A blinded case-control study. (Comment). JAMA 277(3):223-230 (1997).
71. Gray, G.C., K.B. Chesbrough, M.A. Ryan, et al.: The Millennium Cohort Study: A 21-year prospective cohort study of 140,000 military personnel. Mil. Med. 167:483-488 (2002).