Trajectories of maternal depression over 7 years: Relations with child psychophysiology and behavior and role of contextual risks

Development and Psychopathology

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 55-77

  Ashman, Sharon B ^a,b   Dawson, Geraldine ^a   Panagiotides, Heracles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b SEATTLE CHILDREN S RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGORAPHOBIA; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BREATHING DISORDER; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD GROWTH; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; CONDUCT DISORDER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MATERNAL BEHAVIOR; MATERNAL DEPRESSION; OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER; PHOBIA; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEPARATION ANXIETY; SOCIAL COMPETENCE; SOCIAL PHOBIA;

AGGRESSION; AROUSAL; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; CHILD OF IMPAIRED PARENTS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; INFANT; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MOTHERS; PARENTING; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIALIZATION;

EID: 38649109500     PISSN: 09545794     EISSN: 14692198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579408000035     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Abidin, R. R. (1990). Parenting Stress Index Short Form: Test manual Charlottesville, VA: Pediatric Psychology Press.
2. Achenbach, T. M. (1979). Child Behavior Checklist. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
3. Adrian, C., & Hammen, C. (1993). Stress exposure and stress generation in children of depressed mothers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 354-359.
4. Alpern, L., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (1993). Preschool children at social risk: Chronicity and timing of maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems at school and at home. Development and Psychopathology, 5 371-387.
5. Anderson, C. A., & Hammen, C. L. (1993). Psychosocial outcomes of children of unipolar depressed, bipolar, medically ill, and normal women: A longitudinal study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 448-454.
6. Angst, J., & Merikangas, K. (1997). The depressive spectrum: Diagnostic classification and course. Journal of Affective Disorders, 45, 31-40.
7. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
8. Beauchaine, T. (2001). Vagal tone, development, and Gray's motivational theory: Toward an integrated model of autonomic nervous system-functioning in psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 183-214.
9. Brennan, P. A., Hammen, C., Andersen, M. J., Bor, W., Najman, J. M., & Williams, G. M. (2000). Chronicity, severity, and timing of maternal depressive symptoms: Relationships with child outcomes at age 5. Developmental Psychology, 36, 759-766.
10. Calkins, S. D., & Fox, N. A. (2002). Self-regulatory processes in early personality development: A multilevel approach to the study of childhood social withdrawal and aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 14 477-498.
11. Campbell, S. B., Cohn, J.,F., & Meyers, T. (1995). Depression in first-time mothers: Mother-infant interaction and depression chronicity. Developmental Psychology, 31, 349-357.
12. Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (1998). Maternal depressive disorder and contextual risk: Contributions to the development of attachment insecurity and behavior problems in toddlerbood. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 283-300.
13. Cowan, P. A., Cowan, C. P., Schulz, M. S., & Heming, G. (1994). Prebirth to preschool family factors in children's adaptation to kindergarten. In R. Parke & S. Kellam (Eds.), Faploring family relationships with other social contexts: Advances infamily research (Vol. 4). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Davidson, R. J. (2000). Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity. American Psychologist, 55, 1196-1214.
15. Davidson, R. J., & Fox, N. A. (1982). Asymmetrical brain activity discriminates between positive and negative affective stimuli in human infants. Science, 218, 1235-1237.
16. Dawson, G., Ashman, S. B., Hessl, D., Spieker, S., Frey, K., Panagiotides, H., et al. (2001). Autonomic and brain electrical activity in securely- and insecurely-attached infants of depressed mothers. Infant Behavior and Development, 24, 135-149.
17. Dawson, G., Ashman, S. B., Panagiotides, H., Hessi, D., Self, J., Yamada, E., et al. (2003). Preschool outcomes of children of depressed mothers: Role of maternal behavior, contextual risk and children's brain activity. Child Development, 74, 1158-1175.
18. Dawson, G., Frey, K., Panagiotides, H., Osterling, J., & Hessl, D. (1997). Infants of depressed mothers exhibit atypical frontal brain activity: A replication and extension of previous findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 38, 179-186.
19. Dawson, G., Frey, K., Panagiotides, H., Yamada, E., Hesst, D., & Osterling, J. (1999). Infants of depressed mothers exhibit atypical frontal electrical brain activity during interactions with mother and with a familiar, nondepressed adult. Child Development, 70, 1058-1066.
20. Dawson, G., Frey, K., Self, J., Panagiotides, H., Hessl, D., Yamada, E., et al. (1999). Frontal brain electrical activity in infants of depressed and nondepressed mothers: Relation to variations in infant behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 589-605.
21. Dawson, G., Grofer Klinger, L., Panagiotides, H., Hill, D., & Spieker, S. (1992). Frontal lobe activity and affective behavior of infants of mothers with depressive symptoms. Child Development, 63, 725-737.
22. Dawson, G., Panagiotides, H., Grofer Klinger, L., & Hill, D. (1992). The role of frontal lobe functioning in the development of self-regulatory behavior in infancy. Brain and Cognition, 20, 152-175.
23. Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50-76.
24. Duggal, S., Carlson, E. A., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (2001). Depressive symptormatology in childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 143-164.
25. DuPaul, G. J. (1991). Parent and teacher ratings of ADHD symptoms: Psychometric properties in a community-based sample. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 245-253.
26. Emery, R., Weintraub, S., & Neale, J. M. (1982). Effects of marital discord on the school behavior of children of schizophrenic, affectively disordered, and normal parents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 215-228.
27. Essex, M. J., Klein, M. H., Miech, R., & Smider, N. A. (2001). Timing of initial exposure to maternal major depression and children's mental health symptoms in kindergarten. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179 151-156.
28. Fendrich, M., Warner, V., & Weissman, M. M. (1990). Family risk factors, parental depression, and psychopathology in offspring. Developmental Psychology, 26, 40-50.
29. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood L. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (1995). Maternal depressive symptoms and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 36, 1161-1178.
30. Fergusson, D. M., & Lynskey, M. T. (1993).The effects of maternal depression on child conduct disorder and attention deficit behaviours. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 28, 116-123.
31. Field, T., Fox, N. A., Pickens, J., & Nawrocki, T. (1995). Relative right frontal EEG activation in 3- to 6-month-old infants of "depressed" mothers. Developmental Psychology, 31, 358-363.
32. Field, T., Healy, B., Goldstein, S., Perry, S., Bendell, D., Schanberg, S., et al. (1988). Infants of depressed mothers show "depressed" behavior even with nondepressed adults. Child Development, 59, 1569-1579.
33. Field, T., Lang, C., Martinez, A., Yando, R., Pickens, J., & Bendell, D. (1996). Preschool follow-up of infants of dysphoric mothers. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 272-279.
34. Field, T., Pickens, J., Fox, N. A., Nawrocki, T., & Gonzalez, J. (1995). Vagal tone in infants of depressed mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 227-231.
35. Fox, N. A. (1991). If it's not left, it's right: Electroencephalograph asymmetry and the development of emotion. American Psychologist, 46 863-872.
36. Goodman, S. H.; & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106, 458-490.
37. Graham, C. A., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (2000). School-aged children's vulnerability to depressive symptomatology: The role of attachment security, maternal depressive symptomatology, and economic risk. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 201-213.
38. Hammen, C. (1996). Stress, families, and the risk for depression. In C. Mundt & M. J. Goldstein (Eds.), Interpersonal factors in the origin and course of affective disorders (pp. 101-112), London: Gaskell/Royal College of Psychiatrists.
39. Hammen, C. (2002). Context of stress in families of children with depressed parents. In S. H. Goodman & I. H. Gotlib (Eds.), Children of depressed parents: Mechanisms of risk and implications for treatment (pp. 175-199). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
40. Hammen, C., Burge, D., & Adrian, C. (1991). Timing of mother and child depression in a longitudinal study of children at risk. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 341-345.
41. Hammen, C., Burge, D., Burney, E., & Adrian, C. (1990). Longitudinal study of diagnoses in children of women with unipolar Mid bipolar affective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 1112-1117.
42. Hay, D. F., Pawlby, S., Sharp, b., Asten, P., Mills, A., & Kumar, R. (2001). Intellectual problems shown by 11-year-old children whose mothers had postnatal depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42, 871-889.
43. Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four Factor Index of Social Status. New Haven; CT: Yale University.
44. Jones, N. A., Field, T., & Davalos, M. (2000). Right frontal EEG asymmetry and lack of empathy in preschool children of depressed mothers. Child. Psychiatry and Human Development, 30, 189-204.
45. Jones, N. A., Field, T., Pox, N. A., Davalos, M., Gomez, C. (2001). EEG during different emotions in 10-month-old, infants of depressed mothers. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 19, 295-312.
46. Jones, N. A., Field, T., Fox, N, A., Davalos, M., Lundy, B., & Hart, S. (1998). Newborns of mothers with depressive symptoms ate physiologically less developed. Infant Behavior and Development, 21, 537-541.
47. Jones, N. A., Field, T., Fox, N, A., Lundy, B., & Davalos, M. (1997). EEG activation in 1-month-old infants of depressed mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 491-505.
48. Judd, L. L. (1997). The clinical course of unipolar major depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 989-991.
49. Keller, M. B., Lavori, P., Freidman, B., Niesen, E., Endicott, J., McDonald-Scott, P., et al. (1987). The longitudinal interval follow-up evaluation: A comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective longitudinal studies. Arrhives of General Psychiatry, 44, 540-548.
50. Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Mueller, T. I., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Hirschfeld, R. M. A., et al. (1992). Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 809-816.
51. Keller, M. B., Shapiro, R. W., Lavori, P. W., & Wolfe, N. (1982). Recovery in major depressive disorder: Analysis with the life table and regression models. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 905-915.
52. Ladd, G. W., & Profilet, S. M. (1996). The Child Behavior Scale: A teacher-report measure of young children's aggressive, withdrawn, and prosocial behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 1008-1024.
53. Lee, C. M., & Gotlib, 1. H. (1991). Adjustment of children of depressed mothers: A 10-month follow-up. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100 473-477.
54. Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O'Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 561-592.
55. Luoma, I., Tamminen, T., Kaukonen, P., Laippala, P., Puura, K., Salmelin, R., et al. (2001). Longitudinal study of maternal depressive symptoms and child well-being. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1367-1374.
56. Marshall, P. J., & Fox, N. A. (2000). Emotion regulation, depression, and hemispheric asymmetry. In S. L. Johnson & A. M. Hayes (Eds.), Stress, coping, and depression (pp. 35-50). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
57. Moos, R. H. (1974). Combined preliminary manual for the Family, Work, and Group Environment Scales. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
58. Munson, J. A., McMahon, R. J., & Spieker, S. J. (2001). Structure and variability in the developmental trajectory of children's externalizing problems: Impact of infant attachment, maternal depressive symptomatology, and child sex. Development and Psychopathology, 13 277-296.
59. Muthen, B. O., Hendricks Brown, C., Masyn, K., Jo, B., Khoo, S.-T., Yang, C.-C., et al. (2002). General growth mixture modeling for randomized preventive interventions. Biostatistics, 3, 459-475.
60. NICHD Early ChIld Care Research Network. (1999). Chronicity of maternal depressive symptoms, maternal sensitivity, and child functioning at 36 months. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1297-1310.
61. Orvaschel, H., Walsh-Allis, P., & Ye, W. (1988). Psychopathology in children of parents with recurrent depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 17-28.
62. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The-CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
63. Sarason, I. G., Johnson, J. H., & Siegel, J. M. (1978). Assessing the impact of life changes: Development of the life experiences survey. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 932-946.
64. Sarason, I. G., Levine, H. M., Basham, R. B., & Sarason, B. R. (1983). Assessing social support: The social support questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 127-139.
65. Sadler, J., (1990). Assessment of children (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Jerome M. Sattler.
66. Seifer, R., Sameroff, A. J., Dickstein, S., Keitner, G., Miller, I., Rasmussen, S., et al. (1996). Parental psychopathology, multiple contextual risks, and one-year outcomes in children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 423-435.
67. Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, E. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab Stone, M.E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISCIV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28-38.
68. Shaffer, D., Schwab-Stone, M., Fisher, P., Davies, D., Piacantini, J., & Gioia, P. (1991). The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
69. Sinclair, D., & Murray, L. (1998). Effects of postnatal depression on children's adjustment in school. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172 58-63.
70. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence interval for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.) Sociological methodology (pp. 290-312). Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
71. Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment. New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15-28.
72. Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Gibbon, M., & First, M. (1989). Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (with psychotic screen . New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometric Research Department.
73. Steriade, M. (1981). EEG desynchronization is associated with cellular events that are prerequisites for active behavior states. Commentary on "Reticulo-cortical activity and behavior. A critique of the arousal theory and a new synthesis" by C. H: Vanderwolf & T. E. Robinson. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4, 489-492.
74. Weissman, M. M., Warner, V., Wirkramaratne, P., Moreau, D., & Olfson, M. (2007). Offspring of depressed parents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 932-940.
75. Zahn-Waxler, C., Iannotti, R. J., Cummings, E. M., & Denham, S. (1990). Antecedents of problem behaviors in children of deptessed mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 271-291.