Twenty eight-day dietary toxicity study of Luo Han fruit concentrate in Hsd:SD® rats

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 910-919

  Marone, P A ^a   Borzelleca, J F ^b   Merkel, D ^a   Heimbach, J T ^c   Kennepohl, E ^d  

^a Eurofins Medinet Inc   (Germany)

^b VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c JHeimbach LLC   (United States)

^d Write Tox Consulting   (Canada)

Author keywords

Luo Han; Mogroside; PureLo ; Subchronic; Sweetener; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

BILIRUBIN; GLYCOSIDE; MONGROSIDE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD SAFETY; FRUIT; HISTOPATHOLOGY; LO HAN GUO FRUIT; MALE; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; RAT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SUGAR INTAKE; TOXICITY TESTING; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ANIMALS; BODY WEIGHT; DIET; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; GLYCOSIDES; MALE; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; TRITERPENES;

ANIMALIA; RATTUS; SIRAITIA GROSVENORII;

EID: 38649094588     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.013     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. ABIC International Consultants, 2005. Evaluation of the sweetness of PureLo™ brand of Lo Han Guo. Unpublished report, February.
2. Avena, N.M., Rada, P., Hoebel, B.G., 2007. Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., May 18 [Epub ahead of print].
3. Borzelleca J.F. Macronutrient substitutes: safety evaluation. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 16 (1992) 253-264
4. Chang Q. Isolation and determination of cucurbitane glycosides from fresh fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii. Acta Botan. Sin. 38 (1996) 489-494
5. Drewnowski A., and Bellisle F. Liquid calories, sugar, and body weight. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85 (2007) 651-661
6. Dunn O.J. Multiple contrasts using rank sums. Technometrics 6 (1964) 241-252
7. Dunnett C.W. New tables for multiple comparisons with a control. Biometrics 20 (1964) 482-491
8. Dunnett C.W. Pairwise multiple comparisons in the unequal variance case. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 75 (1980) 796-800
9. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2003. Toxicological principles for the safety assessment of food ingredients (Redbook 2000): IV.C.4.a. Subchronic toxicity studies with rodents. FDA website: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼redbook/redivc4a.html.
10. ® Luo Han Guo by human gut bacteria.
11. Hongbin, C., 1993. A corpus of the research, development and utilization of Chinese medicine: Lo Han Kuo. Beijing, China.
12. Hossen M.A., Shinmei Y., Jiang S., Takubo M., Tsumuro T., Murata Y., Sugiura M., and Kamei C. Effect of Lo Han Kuo (Siraitia grosvenori Swingle) on nasal rubbing and scratching behavior in ICR mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28 (2005) 238-241
13. Huffman, L., West, D.S., 2007. Readiness to change sugar sweetened beverage intake among college students. Eat. Behav. 8, 10-4. Epub. 2006, May 30.
14. Hussain R.A., Lin Y.M., Poveda L.J., Bordas E., Chung B.S., Pezzuto J.M., Soejarto D.D., and Kinghorn A.D. Plant-derived sweetening agents: Saccharide and polyol constituents of some sweet-tasting plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 28 (1990) 103-115
15. Jifu, Z. et al. 1993. A corpus of the research, development and the utilization of Chinese medicine: Lo Han Guo. Beijing, China.
16. Jin M., Muguruma M., Moto M., Okamura M., Kashida Y., and Mitsumori K. Thirteen-week repeated dose toxicity of Siraitia grosvenori extract in Wistar Hannover (GALAS) rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45 (2007) 1231-1237 Epub. 2007, January 12
17. Katiyar S.K., and Mukhtar H. Tea antioxidants in cancer chemoprevention. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 27 (1997) 59-67
18. Kinghorn A.D., Kaneda N., Baek N.I., Kennelly E.J., and Soejarto D.D. Noncariogenic intense natural sweeteners. Med. Res. Rev. 18 (1999) 347-360
19. Kinghorn A.D., and Soejarto D.D. Discovery of terpenoid and phenolic sweeteners from plants. Pure Appl. Chem. 74 (2002) 1169-1179
20. Konoshima T., and Takasaki M. Cancer-chemopreventive effects of natural sweeteners and related compounds. Pure Appl. Chem. 74 (2002) 1309-1316
21. Kruskal W.H., and Wallis W.A. Use of ranks in one-criterion analysis of variance. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 47 (1952) 583-621
22. Lee C.H. Intense sweetener from Lo Han Kuo. Experientia 31 (1975) 533-534
23. Levene H. Robust test for equality of variances. In: Olkin J. (Ed). Contributions to Probability and Statistics (1960), Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA 278-292
24. Makapugay H.C., Dhammika Nanayakkara N.P., Soejarto D.D., and Kinghorn A.D. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the major sweet principle of Lo Han Kuo fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 33 (1985) 348-350
25. Matsumoto K., Kasai R., Ohtani K., and Tanaka O. Minor cucurbitane glycosides from fruits of Momordica grosvenori (Cucurbitaceae). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38 (1990) 2030-2032
26. National Research Council, 1996. In: Grossblatt, N. (Ed.), Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
27. Qin X., Xiaojian S., Ronggan L., Yuxian W., Zhunian Z., Shouji G., and Heimbach J. Subchronic 90-day oral (gavage) toxicity study of a Luo Han Guo mogroside extract in dogs. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44 (2006) 2106-2109
28. RSSL LinTech, 2007. Unpublished Report to Biovittoria, Ltd. Dose-Response Sweetness Potency of Three PureLo Samples.
29. Shapiro S.S., and Wilk M.B. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52 (1965) 591-611
30. Shi H., Hiramatsu M., Komatsu M., and Kayama T. Antioxidant property of Fructus momordicae extract. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 40 (1996) 1111-1121
31. Skinner, M., Adaim, A., 2006. Unpublished Report to BioVittoria Ltd. Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity of a plant bioactive PureLo.
32. Snedecor, G.W., Cochran, W.G., 1967. Statistical methods, 6th ed., Iowa: The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
33. Song F., Chen W., Jia W., Yao P., Nussler A.K., Sun X., and Liu L. A natural sweetener, Momordica grosvenori, attenuates the imbalance of cellular immune functions in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Phytother. Res. 20 (2006) 552-560
34. Song F., Qi X., Chen W., Jia W., Yao P., Nussler A.K., Sun X., and Liu L. Effect of Momordica grosvenori on oxidative stress pathways in renal mitochondria of normal and alloxan-induced diabetic mice: involvement of heme oxygenase-1. Eur. J. Nutr. Epub. 2007 (2007) February 3
35. Suzuki Y.A., Murata Y., Inui H., Sugiura M., and Nakano Y. Triterpene glycosides of Siraitia grosvenori inhibit rat intestinal maltase and suppress the rise in blood glucose level after a single oral administration of maltose in rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (2005) 2941-2946
36. Suzuki Y., Tomoda A.M., Murata Y., Inui H., Sugiura M., and Nakano Y. Antidiabetic effect of long-term supplementation with Siraitia grosvenori on the spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rat. Br. J. Nutr. 97 (2007) 770-775
37. Takasaki M., Konoshima T., Murata Y., Suguira M., Nishino H., Tokuda H., Matsumoto K., Kasai R., and Yamasaki K. Anticarcinogenic activity of natural sweeteners, cucurbitane glycosides, from Momordica grosvenori. Cancer Lett. 198 (2003) 37-42
38. Takeo E., Yoshida H., Tada N., Shingu T., Matsuura H., Murata Y., Yoshikawa S., Ishikawa T., Nakamura H., Ohsuzu F., and Kohda H. Sweet elements of Siraitia grosvenori inhibit oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein. J. Atheroscler. Thromb. 9 (2002) 114-120
39. Takemoto T., Arihara S., Nakajima T., and Okuhira M. The constituents of Fructus momordicae 2. structure of sapogenin. Yakugaku Zasshi 103 (1983) 1151-1154 1155-1166, 1167-1173
40. Tamhane A.C. A comparison of procedures for multiple comparison of means with unequal variances. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 74 (1979) 471-480
41. Ukiya M., Akihisa T., Tokuda H., Toriumi M., Mukainaka T., Banno N., Kimura Y., Hasegawa J., and Nishino Y. Inhibitory effects of cucurbitane glycosides and other triterpenoids from the fruit of Momordica grosvenori on Epstein-barr virus early antigen induced by tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 (2002) 6710-6715
42. Xiangyang Q., Weijun C., Liegang L., Ping Y., and Bijun X. Effect of a Siraitia grosvenori extract containing mogrosides on the cellular immune system of type 1 diabetes mellitus mice. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 50 (2006) 732-738
43. ® Luo Han Guo mogroside on blood sugar level of human (2005), Guilin Medical College Pharmacological Lab, Guilin, Guangxi, China
44. ® Luo Han Guo mogroside on liver enzymes of human (2005), Guilin Medical College Pharmacological Lab, Guilin, Guiangxi, China
45. Yinfang D., and Chengjun L. Fruit as medicine (1986), The Ram's Skull Press, Kuranda, Australia
46. Yoshikawa S., Murata Y., Sugiura M., Kiso T., Shizuma M., Kitahata S., and Nakano H. Transglycosylation of mogroside V, a teriterpene glycoside in Siraitia grosvenori, by cyclodextrin glucoanotransferase and improvement of the qualities of sweetness. J. Appl. Glycosci. 52 (2005) 247-252
47. Yuan, L.G., Tao, W.Y., 1997. New product development in traditional Chinese medicine. People's Sanitation Press, 395.