Coagulation abnormalities in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis

Clinical Laboratory

Volumn 53, Issue 11-12, 2007, Pages 583-589

  Amitrano, Lucio ^a,c   Guardascione, Maria Anna ^a   Ames, Paul R J ^b  

^a CARDARELLI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b INVERCLYDE ROYAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c NONE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cirrhosis; Coagulation; Haemostasis; Portal; Splanchnic; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBIN; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 5 LEIDEN; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 8; D DIMER; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY; PROTEIN C; PROTEIN S; PROTHROMBIN;

ABDOMINAL SURGERY; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ANTITHROMBIN DEFICIENCY; BLEEDING TENDENCY; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; ESOPHAGOSCOPY; GENE MUTATION; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERCOAGULABILITY; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FUNCTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PORTAL VEIN BLOOD FLOW; PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN C DEFICIENCY; PROTEIN S DEFICIENCY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION; THROMBOELASTOGRAPHY; VEIN OCCLUSION;

BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; HUMANS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; PORTAL VEIN; SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

EID: 38649088635     PISSN: 14336510     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Mannucci PM. Abnormal hemostasis tests and bleeding in chronic liver disease: are they related? No. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 721-723
2. Caldwell SH, Hoffman M, Lisman T, Macik BG, Northrup PG, Reddy KR, et al. Coagulation disorders and hemostasis in liver disease: pathophysiology and critical assessment of current management. Hepatology 2006; 44: 1039-1046
3. Tripodi A, Salerno F, Chantarangkul V, Clerici M, Cazzaniga M, Primignani M, et al. Evidence of normal thrombin generation in cirrhosis despite abnormal conventional coagulation tests. Hepatology 2005; 41: 553-558
4. Hemker HC, Giesen P, Al Dieri R, Regnault V, de Smedt MC, Wagenvoord R, et al. Calibrated automated thrombin generation measurement in clotting plasma. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb, 2003; 33: 4-15
5. Tripodi A, Primignani M, Chantatangkul V, Clerici M, Dell'Era A, Fabris F, et al. Thrombin generation in patients with cirrhosis: the role of platelets. Hepatology 2006; 44: 440-445
6. Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC, Williams R. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 1973; 60: 646-649
7. Wiesner R, Edwards E, Freeman R, Harper A, Kim R, Kamath P, et al. The model for end stage liver disease (MELD) and allocation of donor livers. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 91-96
8. Lisman T, LeebeeK WG, Mosnier LO, Bouma BN, Meijers JCM, Janssen HLA, et al. Thrombin-Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor deficiency in cirrhosis is not associated with increased plasma fibrinolysis. Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 131-139
9. Mancuso A, Fung K, Cox D, Mela M, Patch D, Burroughs AK. Assessment of blood coagulation in severe liver disease using thromboelastography: use of citrate storage versus native blood. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2003; 14: 211-216
10. Bosch J, Reverter JC. The coagulopathy of cirrhosis: Myth or reality? Hepatology 2005; 41: 434-435
11. Northup, PG, McMahon MM, Parker Ruhl A, Altschuler SE, Volk-Bednarz A, Caldwell SH, et al. Coagulopathy does not fully protect hospitalized cirrhosis patients from peripheral venous thromboembolism. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 1524-1528
12. Francoz C, Belghiti J, Vilgrain V, Sommacale D, Paradis V, Condat B, et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in candidates for liver transplantation: usefulness of screening and anticoagulation. Gut 2005; 54: 691-697
13. Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Brancaccio V, Margaglione M, Manguso F, Iannaccone L, et al. Risk factors and clinical presentation of portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2004; 40: 736-741
14. Manzanet G, Sanjuan F, Orbis P, Lopez R, Moya A, Juan M, et al. Liver transplantation in patients with portal vein thrombosis. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: 1225-1231
15. Charco R, Fuster J, Fondevila C, Ferrer J, Mans E, Garcia-Valdecasas JC. Portal vein thrombosis in liver transplantation. Transpl Proc 2005; 37: 3904-3905
16. Wanless IR, Wong F, Blendis LM, Greig P, Heathcote EJ, Levy G. Hepatic and portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: possible role in development of parenchymal extinction and portal hypertension. Hepatology 1995; 21: 1238-1247
17. Romero-Gomez M, Gutierrez-Tous R, Delgado-Mije D. Anticoagulant therapy for recent portal vein thrombosis in a patient with liver cirrhosis suffering from variceal rebleeding. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:2095
18. Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Braneaccio V, Iannaccone L, Ames PRJ, Balzano A. Portal and mesenteric venous thrombosis in cirrhotic patients. Gastroenterology 2002; 1409-1410
19. Sacerdoti D, Merkel C, Bolognesi M, Amodio P, Angeli P, Gatta A. Hepatic arterial resistance in cirrhosis with and without portal vein thrombosis: relationships with portal hemodynamics. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 1152-1158
20. Virchow RLK (translated by: Matzdorff, et al.). Thrombose und Embolic. Canton, MA: Science History Publications; 1998
21. Lopez JA, Kearon C, Lee AYY. Deep venous thrombosis. Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2004; 439-456.
22. Closse C, Seigneur M, Renard M, Pruvost A, Dumain P, Belloc F, et al. Influence of hypoxia and hypoxia-reoxygenation on endothelial P-selectin expression. Thromb Res 1997; 85: 159-164
23. Rosendaal FR. Venous thrombosis: a multicausal disease. Lancet 1999; 353: 1167-1173
24. Rosenberg RD, Aird W. Vascular bed-specific hemostasis and hypercoagulable states. NEJM 1999; 340: 1555-1564
25. Ben-Ari Z, Panagou M, Patch D, Bates S, Osman E, Pasi J, et al. Hypercoagulability in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis evaluated by thromboelastography. J Hepatol 1997; 26: 554-559
26. Pihusch R, Rank A, Gohring P, Pihusch M, Hiller E, Beuers U. Platelet function rather than plasmatic coagulation explains hypercoagulable state in cholestatic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2002 Nov; 37(5): 548-55.
27. De Stefano V, Rossi E, Paciaroni K, Leone G. Screening for inherited throbophilia: indications and therapeutic implications. Haematologica 2002; 87: 1095-1108
28. Primignani M, Barosi G, Bergamaschi G, Gianelli U, Fabris F, Reati R, et al. Role of JAK2 mutation in the diagnosis of chronic myeloproliferative disorders in splanchnic vein thrombosis. Hepatology 2006; 44: 1528-1534
29. Janseen HLA, Meinardi JR, Vleggaar FP, van Huum SHM, Haagsma EB, van der Meer FJM. Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation, and deficiencies in coagulation inhibitors associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: results of a case-control study. Blood 2000; 96: 2364-2368
30. Denninger MH, Chait Y, Casadevall N, Hillaire S, Guillin MC, Bezeaud A, et al. Cause of portal vein thrombosis in adults: the role of multiple concurrent factors. Hepatology 2000; 32: 587-591
31. Fischer NC, Wilde JT, Roper J, Elias. Deficiency of natural anticoagulant proteins C, S, and antithrombin in portal vein thrombosis: a secondary phenomenon? Gut 2000; 46: 534-539
32. Majluf-Cruz A, Hurtado Monroy R, Sansores Garcia L, Labardini-Mendez J. The incidence of protein C deficiency in thrombosis-related portal hypertension. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 976-980
33. Kyrle PA, Minar E, Hirschl M, Bialonczyk C, Sain M, Schneider B, et al. High pasma levels of factor VIII and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 457-462
34. Lisman T, Leebeek FWG, de Groot G. Haemostatic abnormalities in patients with liver disease. J Hepatol 2002; 37: 280-287
35. Branderburg VM, Frank RD, Wasmuth HE, Gartung C. Elevated levels of factor VIII: C as a possible risk factor for portal, splenic, and mesenteric vein thrombosis. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1563-1564
36. Sharma S, Kumar SI, Poddar U, Yachha SK, Aggarwal R. Factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene G20210A mutations are uncommon in portal vein thrombosis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2006; 25: 236-239
37. Julapalli VR, Bray PF, Duchini A. Elevated factor VIII and portal vein thrombosis. Dig Dis Sci 2003 Dec; 48: 2369-2371
38. Fimognari FL, De Santis A, Piccheri C, Moscatelli I, Gigliotti F, Vestri A, et al. Evaluation of D-Dimer and factor VIII in cirrhotic patients with asymptomatic portal venous thrombosis. J Lab Clin Med 2005; 146: 238-243
39. Amitrano L, Brancaccio V, Guardascione MA, Margaglione M, Iannacone L, D'Andrea G, et al. Inherited coagulation disorders in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis. Hepatology 2000; 31: 345-348
40. Martinelli I. Risk factors in venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86: 395-403
41. Chaumouard P, Pencreach E, Maloisel F, et al. Frequent factor II G20210A mutation in idiopathic portal vein thrombosis. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: 144-148
42. Mahmoud AE, Elias E, Beauchamp N, Wilde JT. Prevalence of the factor V Leiden mutation in hepatic and portal vein thrombosis. Gut 1997; 40: 798-800
43. Erkan O, Bozdayi AM, Disibeyaz S, Oguz D, Ozcan M, Bahar K, et al. Thrombophilic gene mutations in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17: 339-343
44. Poort SR, Rosendaal FR, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM. A common genetic variation in the 3′-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis. Blood 1996; 88: 3698-3703.
45. Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJM, Zivelin A, Arruda VR, Aiach M, Siscovich DS, et al. Geographic distribution of the 20210 G to A prothrombin variant. Thromb Haemost 1998; 79: 706-708
46. Kyrle PA, Mannhalter C, Beguin S, Stumpflen A, Hirschl M, Weltermann A, et al. Clinical studies and thrombin generation in patients homozygous or heterozygous for the G20210A mutation in the prothrombin gene. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 1287-1291
47. Colucci M, Binetti BM, Tripodi A, Chantarangkul V, Semeraro N. Hyperprothrombinemia associated with prothrombin G20210A mutation inhibits plasma fibrinolysis through a TAFI-mediated mechanism. Blood 2004; 103: 2157-2161
48. Madonna P, De Stefano V, Coppola A, Cerbone AM. G20210A prothrombin gene mutation and other thrombophilic polymorphisms in patients with portal or hepatic venous thrombosis. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1059-1060
49. Primignani M, Martinelli I, Bucciarelli P, Battaglioli T, Reati I, Fabris F, et al. Risk factors for thrombophilia in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Hepatology 2005; 41: 603-608
50. Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Ames PRJ, Margaglione M, Iannaccone L, Brancaccio V, et al. Increased plasma prothrombin concentration in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis and prothrombin G20210A mutation. Thromb Haemost 2006; 95; 221-223
51. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, Forgie M, Keaton C, Dreyer J, et al. Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1227-35
52. Palareti G, Cosmi B, Legnani C, Tosetto A, Brusi C, Iorio A, et al. D-Dimer testing to determine the duration of anticoagulation therapy. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1780-1789
53. Violi F, Ferro D, Basili F, Quintarelli C, Musca A, Cordova C, et al. Hyperfibrinolysis resulting from clotting activation in patients with different degrees of cirrhosis. Hepatology 1993; 17: 78-83
54. Leebeek FWG, Kluft EAR, de Maat MPM, Wilson JHP: A shift in balance between profibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic factors causes enhanced fibrinolysis in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 1382-1390
55. Cervera, R, Piette, JC, Font, J, Khamashta MA, Shoenfeld Y, Camps MT, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 1019-1027
56. Galli M, Luciani D, Bertolini G, Barbui T. Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Blood 2003; 101: 1827-1832
57. Munoz-Rodriguez FJ, Tassies D, Font J, Reverter JC, Cervera R, Sanchez-Tapias JM et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Hepatol. 1999 May; 30: 770-773
58. Liaskos C, Rigopoulou E, Zachou K, Geargiadou S, Gatselis N, Papamihali R, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of anti-cardiolipin antibodies in patients with type 1 autommune hepatitis. J Autoimmun 2005; 24: 251-260
59. Romero Gomez M, Suarez Garcia E, Lopez Lacomba D, Marchante I, Grande L, Castro Fernandez M. Antiphospholipid antibodies are related to portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000; 31: 237-240
60. Quintarelli C, Ferro D, Valesini G, Basili S, Tassone G, Violi F. Prevalence of lupus anticoagulant in patients with cirrhosis: relationship with beta-2-glycoprotein I plasma levels. J Hepatol 1994; 21: 1086-1091
61. Oksuzoglu G, Bayraktar Y, Arslan S, Celik I, Arslan M, Sivri B, et al. Portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotics: related to anticardiolipin antibodies? Hepatogastroenterology 2003; 50: 1527-30
62. Mangia A, Margaglione M, Cascavilla I, Gentile I, Cappucci G, Facciorusso D, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 2983-2987
63. Violi F, Ferro D, Basili S, D'Angelo A, Mazzola G, Quintarelli C, et al. Relation between lupus anticoagulant and splanchnic venous thrombosis in cirrhosis of liver. BMJ 1994; 309: 230-240
64. Den Heijer M, Rosendaal FR, Blom HJ, Gerrits WBJ, Bos GMJ. Hyperhomocysteinemia and venous thrombosis: a meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost 1998; 80: 874-877
65. Heller C, Schobess R, Kurnik K, Junker R, Gunther G, Kreuz W, et al. Abdominal verous thrombosis in neonates and infants: role of prothrombotic risk factors - a multicentre case-control study. For the Childhood Thrombophilia Study Group. Br J Haematol. 2000; 111: 534-539
66. Audemar F, Denis B, Blaison G, Mazurier I, Peter A, Serbout R. Left branch portal vein thrombosis associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1999; 23: 1388-1391.
67. Tan KJ, Chow PK, Tan YM, Thng CH. Portal vein thrombosis secondary to hyperhomocysteinemia: a case report. Dig Dis Sci 2006: 51: 1218-1220
68. Buchel O, Roskams T, Van Damme B, Nevens F, Pirenne J, Fvery J. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia, portal vein trombosis, and vascular hip necrosis due to hyperhomocysteinaemia. Gut 2005; 54: 1021-1023
69. Berk DR, Ahmed A. Portal, splenic, and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis in a patient with latent essential thrombocythemia and hyperhomocysteinemia. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006; 40: 227-228.
70. Famularo G, Minisota G, Nicotra GC, Simone CD. Mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis associated with hyperhomocysteinemia and heterozygosity for factor V Leiden mutation. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 28; 11: 7700-7701
71. Elhaj II, Salem ZM, Birjawi GA, Taber AT, Soweid AM. Heterozygous prothrombin 20210G/A mutation, associated with hyperhomocysteinemia, and homozygous methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C/T mutation, in a patient with portal and mesenteric venous thrombosis. Hematol J 2004; 5: 540-542
72. Silingardi M, Ghirarduzzi A, Galimberti D, Iorio A, Iori I. Mesenteric-portal vein thrombosis in a patient with hyperhomocysteinemia and heterozygous for 20210A prothrombin allele. Thromb Haemost. 2000; 84: 358-359
73. Bosy-Westphal A, Petersen S, Hinrichsen H, Czech N, J Muller M. Increased plasma homocysteine in liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 2001; 20: 28-38
74. Ben-Ari Z, Tur-Kaspa R, Schafer Z, Baruch Y, Sulkes J, Atzmon O, Greenberg A, Levi N, Fainaru M. Basal and post-methionine serum homocysteine and lipoprotein abnormalities in patients with chronic liver disease. J Invest Med 2001; 49: 325-329
75. Bosy-Westphal A, Ruschmeyer M, Czech N, Oehler G, Hinrichsen H, Plauth M, et. al. Determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with chronic liver disease and after orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77: 1269-1277
76. Mangia A, Villani MF, Cappucci G, Santoro R, Ricciardi R, Facciorusso D, et al. Causes of portal venous thrombosis in cirrhotic patients: the role of genetic and acquired factors. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17: 745-751
77. Kawasaki S, Henderson JM, Riepe SP, Brooks WS, Hertzler G. Endoscopic variceal sclerosis does not increase the risk of portal venous thrombosis. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 206-215
78. Annitrano L, Brancaccio V, Guardascione MA, Margaglione M, Sacco M, Martino R, et al. Portal vein thrombosis after variceal endoscopic sclerotherapy in cirrhotic patients: role of genetic thrombophilia. Endoscopy 2002; 34: 535.538
79. Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Scaglione M, Pezzullo L, Sangiutiano N, Armellino MF, et al. Prognostic factors in non-cirrhotic patients with splanchnic vein thromboses. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; in press