Orbital Inflammatory Disease

Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 207-222

  Lutt, Joseph R ^a   Lim, Lyndell L ^b   Phal, Pramit M ^b   Rosenbaum, James T ^c  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c Uveitis Clinic   (United States)

Author keywords

Graves' disease; orbit; proptosis; pseudotumor; sarcoidosis; Wegener's granulomatosis

Indexed keywords

AZATHIOPRINE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; ETANERCEPT; GLUCOCORTICOID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INFLIXIMAB; METHOTREXATE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; RADIOACTIVE IODINE; RITUXIMAB; THIAMAZOLE;

ARTICLE; ASPERGILLOSIS; AUTOIMMUNITY; CHURG STRAUSS SYNDROME; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DACRYOADENITIS; DECOMPRESSION SURGERY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DIPLOPIA; ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY; EXOPHTHALMOS; EYELID RETRACTION; FACE SURGERY; GIANT CELL ARTERITIS; GRAVES DISEASE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; IDIOPATHIC DISEASE; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INFECTION RISK; LACRIMAL GLAND DISEASE; LAGOPHTHALMOS; LYMPHOMA; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; MEDICAL EXAMINATION; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MUCORMYCOSIS; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; MYOSITIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPHTHALMOLOGY; OPTIC NERVE; ORBIT CANCER; ORBIT CELLULITIS; ORBIT INFECTION; ORBIT INFLAMMATION; ORBIT LYMPHOMA; ORBIT METASTASIS; ORBIT MYOSITIS; ORBIT PSEUDOTUMOR; PLASMAPHERESIS; POLYARTERITIS NODOSA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PTOSIS; RADIODIAGNOSIS; RADIOLOGY; RHEUMATOLOGY; SARCOIDOSIS; SCLEROSIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; TOLOSA HUNT SYNDROME; VASCULITIS; VIRUS INFECTION; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS;

EXOPHTHALMOS; HUMANS; ORBITAL DISEASES; RHEUMATOLOGY;

EID: 38349088052     PISSN: 00490172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2007.06.003     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Char D.H. Thyroid eye disease. 3rd ed. (1997), Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston
2. Engel A.G. Thyroid function and myasthenia gravis. Arch Neurol 4 (1961) 663-674
3. Sahay B.M., Blendis L.M., and Greene R. Relation between myasthenia gravis and thyroid disease. BMJ 5437 (1965) 762-765
4. Gordon L.K. Diagnostic dilemmas in orbital inflammatory disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 11 (2003) 3-15
5. Dutton J.J. Orbit and lacrimal gland. In: Yanoff M., and Duker J.S. (Eds). Ophthalmology (2004), Mosby, Inc, St. Louis 729-743
6. Kapadia M.K., and Rubin P.A. The emerging use of TNF-alpha inhibitors in orbital inflammatory disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin 46 (2006) 165-181
7. Kendler D.L., Lippa J., and Rootman J. The initial clinical characteristics of Graves' orbitopathy vary with age and sex. Arch Ophthalmol 111 (1993) 197-201
8. Wiersinga W.M. Preventing Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 338 (1998) 121-122
9. Prabhakar B.S., Bahn R.S., and Smith T.J. Current perspective on the pathogenesis of Graves' disease and ophthalmopathy. Endocr Rev 24 (2003) 802-835
10. Marcocci C., Bartalena L., Bogazzi F., Panicucci M., and Pinchera A. Studies on the occurrence of ophthalmopathy in Graves' disease. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 120 (1989) 473-478
11. Prummel M.F., and Wiersinga W.M. Smoking and risk of Graves' disease. JAMA 269 (1993) 479-482
12. Bahn R.S., and Heufelder A.E. Pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 329 (1993) 1468-1475
13. Bartalena L., Pinchera A., and Marcocci C. Management of Graves' ophthalmopathy: reality and perspectives. Endocr Rev 21 (2000) 168-199
14. Bartalena L., Marcocci C., Bogazzi F., Panicucci M., Lepri A., and Pinchera A. Use of corticosteroids to prevent progression of Graves' ophthalmopathy after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 321 (1989) 1349-1352
15. Kung A.W., Yau C.C., and Cheng A. The incidence of ophthalmopathy after radioiodine therapy for Graves' disease: prognostic factors and the role of methimazole. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79 (1994) 542-546
16. Tallstedt L., Lundell G., Torring O., Wallin G., Ljunggren J.G., Blomgren H., et al. Occurrence of ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism. The Thyroid Study Group. N Engl J Med 326 (1992) 1733-1738
17. Bartalena L., Marcocci C., Bogazzi F., Manetti L., Tanda M.L., Dell'Unto E., et al. Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 338 (1998) 73-78
18. Cawood T., Moriarty P., and O'Shea D. Recent developments in thyroid eye disease. BMJ 329 (2004) 385-390
19. Prummel M.F., Mourits M.P., Blank L., Berghout A., Koornneef L., and Wiersinga W.M. Randomized double-blind trial of prednisone versus radiotherapy in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Lancet 342 (1993) 949-954
20. Bartalena L., Marcocci C., Chiovato L., Laddaga M., Lepri G., Andreani D., et al. Orbital cobalt irradiation combined with systemic corticosteroids for Graves' ophthalmopathy: comparison with systemic corticosteroids alone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56 (1983) 1139-1144
21. Marcocci C., Bartalena L., Bogazzi F., Bruno-Bossio G., Lepri A., and Pinchera A. Orbital radiotherapy combined with high dose systemic glucocorticoids for Graves' ophthalmopathy is more effective than radiotherapy alone: results of a prospective randomized study. J Endocrinol Invest 14 (1991) 853-860
22. Cockerham K.P., and Kennerdell J.S. Does radiotherapy have a role in the management of thyroid orbitopathy?. View 1. Br J Ophthalmol 86 (2002) 102-104
23. McNab A.A. Does radiotherapy have a role in the management of thyroid orbitopathy?. Comment. Br J Ophthalmol 86 (2002) 106-107
24. Mourits M.P. Does radiotherapy have a role in the management of thyroid orbitopathy?. View 2. Br J Ophthalmol 86 (2002) 104-106
25. Smith J.R., and Rosenbaum J.T. A role for methotrexate in the management of non-infectious orbital inflammatory disease. Br J Ophthalmol 85 (2001) 1220-1224
26. Gorman C.A., Garrity J.A., Fatourechi V., Bahn R.S., Petersen I.A., Stafford S.L., et al. The aftermath of orbital radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmology 109 (2002) 2100-2107
27. Paridaens D., van den Bosch W.A., van der Loos T.L., Krenning E.P., and van Hagen P.M. The effect of etanercept on Graves' ophthalmopathy: a pilot study. Eye 19 (2005) 1286-1289
28. Yuen S.J., and Rubin P.A. Idiopathic orbital inflammation: distribution, clinical features, and treatment outcome. Arch Ophthalmol 121 (2003) 491-499
29. Henderson J.W. Orbital tumors (1980), Thieme-Stratton, New York
30. Kennerdell J.S., and Dresner S.C. The nonspecific orbital inflammatory syndromes. Surv Ophthalmol 29 (1984) 93-103
31. Rootman J., and Nugent R. The classification and management of acute orbital pseudotumors. Ophthalmology 89 (1982) 1040-1048
32. Birch-Hirschfeld A. Zur diagnostic and pathologic der orbital tumoren. Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges 32 (1905) 127-135
33. Mombaerts I., and Koornneef L. Current status in the treatment of orbital myositis. Ophthalmology 104 (1997) 402-408
34. Casteels I., De Bleecker C., Demaerel P., Van Wilderode W., Missotten L., Wilms G., et al. Orbital myositis following an upper respiratory tract infection: contribution of high resolution CT and MRI. J Belge Radiol 74 (1991) 45-47
35. Purcell Jr. J.J., and Taulbee W.A. Orbital myositis after upper respiratory tract infection. Arch Ophthalmol 99 (1981) 437-438
36. Squires Jr. R.H., Zwiener R.J., and Kennedy R.H. Orbital myositis and Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 15 (1992) 448-451
37. Van de Mosselaer G., Van Deuren H., Dewolf-Peeters C., and Missotten L. Pseudotumor orbitae and myasthenia gravis. A case report. Arch Ophthalmol 98 (1980) 1621-1622
38. Mombaerts I., Schlingemann R.O., Goldschmeding R., and Koornneef L. Are systemic corticosteroids useful in the management of orbital pseudotumors?. Ophthalmology 103 (1996) 521-528
39. Garrity J.A., Coleman A.W., Matteson E.L., Eggenberger E.R., and Waitzman D.M. Treatment of recalcitrant idiopathic orbital inflammation (chronic orbital myositis) with infliximab. Am J Ophthalmol 138 (2004) 925-930
40. Hatton M.P., Rubin P.A., and Foster C.S. Successful treatment of idiopathic orbital inflammation with mycophenolate mofetil. Am J Ophthalmol 140 (2005) 916-918
41. Gordon L.K. Orbital inflammatory disease: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Eye 20 (2006) 1196-1206
42. Wasmeier C., Pfadenhauer K., and Rosler A. Idiopathic inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit and Tolosa-Hunt syndrome-are they the same disease?. J Neurol 249 (2002) 1237-1241
43. Weber A.L., Romo L.V., and Sabates N.R. Pseudotumor of the orbit. Clinical, pathologic, and radiologic evaluation. Radiol Clin North Am 37 (1999) 151-168 xi
44. Zborowska B., Ghabrial R., Selva D., and McCluskey P. Idiopathic orbital inflammation with extraorbital extension: case series and review. Eye 20 (2006) 107-113
45. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Cephalalgia 8 Suppl 7 (1988) 1-96
46. Forderreuther S., and Straube A. The criteria of the International Headache Society for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome need to be revised. J Neurol 246 (1999) 371-377
47. de Arcaya A.A., Cerezal L., Canga A., Polo J.M., Berciano J., and Pascual J. Neuroimaging diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: MRI contribution. Headache 39 (1999) 321-325
48. Kline L.B., and Hoyt W.F. The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71 (2001) 577-582
49. Thomas K.W., and Hunninghake G.W. Sarcoidosis. JAMA 289 (2003) 3300-3303
50. Newman L.S., Rose C.S., and Maier L.A. Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 336 (1997) 1224-1234
51. Obenauf C.D., Shaw H.E., Sydnor C.F., and Klintworth G.K. Sarcoidosis and its ophthalmic manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol 86 (1978) 648-655
52. Duffy M. Advances in diagnosis, treatment, and management of orbital and periocular Wegener's granulomatosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 10 (1999) 352-357
53. Simon E.M., Zoarski G.H., Rothman M.I., Numaguchi Y., Zagardo M.T., and Mathis J.M. Systemic sarcoidosis with bilateral orbital involvement: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19 (1998) 336-337
54. Carmody R.F., Mafee M.F., Goodwin J.A., Small K., and Haery C. Orbital and optic pathway sarcoidosis: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15 (1994) 775-783
55. Collison J.M., Miller N.R., and Green W.R. Involvement of orbital tissues by sarcoid. Am J Ophthalmol 102 (1986) 302-307
56. Hunninghake G.W., Costabel U., Ando M., Baughman R., Cordier J.F., du Bois R., et al. ATS/ERS/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 16 (1999) 149-173
57. Baughman R.P., Lower E.E., and du Bois R.M. Sarcoidosis. Lancet 361 (2003) 1111-1118
58. Turner-Warwick M., McAllister W., Lawrence R., Britten A., and Haslam P.L. Corticosteroid treatment in pulmonary sarcoidosis: do serial lavage lymphocyte counts, serum angiotensin converting enzyme measurements, and gallium-67 scans help management?. Thorax 41 (1986) 903-913
59. Lynch III J.P., Kazerooni E.A., and Gay S.E. Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 18 (1997) 755-785
60. Kaiser P.K., Lowder C.Y., Sullivan P., Sanislo S.R., Kosmorsky G.S., Meziane M.A., et al. Chest computerized tomography in the evaluation of uveitis in elderly women. Am J Ophthalmol 133 (2002) 499-505
61. Lower E.E., and Baughman R.P. Prolonged use of methotrexate for sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 155 (1995) 846-851
62. Muller-Quernheim J., Kienast K., Held M., Pfeifer S., and Costabel U. Treatment of chronic sarcoidosis with an azathioprine/prednisolone regimen. Eur Respir J 14 (1999) 1117-1122
63. Baughman R.P., and Lower E.E. Infliximab for refractory sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 18 (2001) 70-74
64. Yee A.M., and Pochapin M.B. Treatment of complicated sarcoidosis with infliximab anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. Ann Intern Med 135 (2001) 27-31
65. Heine A., Beck R., Stropahl G., Unger K., and Guthoff R. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the anterior orbit. A symptom in allergic granulomatous angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Ophthalmologe 92 (1995) 870-873
66. Takanashi T., Uchida S., Arita M., Okada M., and Kashii S. Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor and ischemic vasculitis in Churg-Strauss syndrome: report of two cases and review of the literature. Ophthalmology 108 (2001) 1129-1133
67. Koike R., Yamada M., Matsunaga T., Yoshida S., and Tsukagoshi H. Polyarteritis nodosa (PN) complicated with unilateral exophthalmos. Intern Med 32 (1993) 232-236
68. Vanwien S., and Merz E.H. Exophthalmos secondary to periarteritis nodosa. Am J Ophthalmol 56 (1963) 204-208
69. Clark A.E., and Victor W.H. An unusual presentation of temporal arteritis. Ann Ophthalmol 19 (1987) 343-346
70. Laidlaw D.A., Smith P.E., and Hudgson P. Orbital pseudotumour secondary to giant cell arteritis: an unreported condition. BMJ 300 (1990) 784
71. Nassani S., Cocito L., Arcuri T., and Favale E. Orbital pseudotumor as a presenting sign of temporal arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 13 (1995) 367-369
72. Duna G.F., Galperin C., and Hoffman G.S. Wegener's granulomatosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 21 (1995) 949-986
73. Bhatia A., Yadava U., Goyal J.L., and Chaturvedi K.U. Limited Wegener's granulomatosis of the orbit: a case study and review of literature. Eye 19 (2005) 102-104
74. Hoffman G.S., Kerr G.S., Leavitt R.Y., Hallahan C.W., Lebovics R.S., Travis W.D., et al. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med 116 (1992) 488-498
75. Devaney K.O., Travis W.D., Hoffman G., Leavitt R., Lebovics R., and Fauci A.S. Interpretation of head and neck biopsies in Wegener's granulomatosis. A pathologic study of 126 biopsies in 70 patients. Am J Surg Pathol 14 (1990) 555-564
76. Travis W.D., Hoffman G.S., Leavitt R.Y., Pass H.I., and Fauci A.S. Surgical pathology of the lung in Wegener's granulomatosis. Review of 87 open lung biopsies from 67 patients. Am J Surg Pathol 15 (1991) 315-333
77. Perry S.R., Rootman J., and White V.A. The clinical and pathologic constellation of Wegener granulomatosis of the orbit. Ophthalmology 104 (1997) 683-694
78. Kalina P.H., Lie J.T., Campbell R.J., and Garrity J.A. Diagnostic value and limitations of orbital biopsy in Wegener's granulomatosis. Ophthalmology 99 (1992) 120-124
79. Langford C.A. The diagnostic utility of c-ANCA in Wegener's granulomatosis. Cleve Clin J Med 65 (1998) 135-140
80. Hoffman G.S., and Specks U. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 41 (1998) 1521-1537
81. Stone J.H. Limited versus severe Wegener's granulomatosis: baseline data on patients in the Wegener's granulomatosis etanercept trial. Arthritis Rheum 48 (2003) 2299-2309
82. Walton E.W. Giant-cell granuloma of the respiratory tract (Wegener's granulomatosis). BMJ 34 (1958) 265-270
83. Fauci A.S., and Wolff S.M. Wegener's granulomatosis: studies in eighteen patients and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 52 (1973) 535-561
84. Keogh K.A., Wylam M.E., Stone J.H., and Specks U. Induction of remission by B lymphocyte depletion in eleven patients with refractory antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 52 (2005) 262-268
85. Omdal R., Wildhagen K., Hansen T., Gunnarsson R., and Kristoffersen G. Anti-CD20 therapy of treatment-resistant Wegener's granulomatosis: favourable but temporary response. Scand J Rheumatol 34 (2005) 229-232
86. Taban M., Piva A., See R.F., Sadun A.A., and Quiros P.A. Review: orbital amyloidosis. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 20 (2004) 162-165
87. Leibovitch I., Selva D., Goldberg R.A., Sullivan T.J., Saeed P., Davis G., et al. Periocular and orbital amyloidosis: clinical characteristics, management, and outcome. Ophthalmology 113 (2006) 1657-1664
88. Nabili S., McCarey D.W., Browne B., and Capell H.A. A case of orbital myositis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 61 (2002) 938-939
89. Panfilio C.B., Hernandez-Cossio O., and Hernandez-Fustes O.J. Orbital myositis and rheumatoid arthritis: case report. Ar Qneuropsiquiatr 58 (2000) 174-177
90. Stavrou P., Murray P.I., Batta K., and Gordon C. Acute ocular ischaemia and orbital inflammation associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Ophthalmol 86 (2002) 474-475
91. Siebert S., and Srinivasan U. Proptosis can be the presenting feature of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 63 (2004) 908-909
92. Serop S., Vianna R.N., Claeys M., and De Laey J.J. Orbital myositis secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 72 (1994) 520-523
93. Grimson B.S., and Simons K.B. Orbital inflammation, myositis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Ophthalmol 101 (1983) 736-738
94. Ajitsaria R., Dale R., Ferguson V., Mayou S., and Cavanagh N. Psoriasis, psoriatic arthropathy and relapsing orbital myositis. Clin Exp Dermatol 26 (2001) 274-275
95. Seidenberg K.B., and Leib M.L. Orbital myositis with Lyme disease. Am J Ophthalmol 109 (1990) 13-16
96. Durno C.A., Ehrlich R., Taylor R., Buncic J.R., Hughes P., and Griffiths A.M. Keeping an eye on Crohn's disease: orbital myositis as the presenting symptom. Can J Gastroenterol 11 (1997) 497-500
97. Weinstein J.M., Koch K., and Lane S. Orbital pseudotumor in Crohn's colitis. Ann Ophthalmol 16 (1984) 275-278
98. Hammami S., Yahia S.B., Mahjoub S., and Khairallah M. Orbital inflammation associated with Behcet's disease. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 34 (2006) 188-190
99. Cush J.J., Leibowitz I.H., and Friedman S.A. Adult-onset Still's disease and inflammatory orbital pseudotumor. NY State J Med 85 (1985) 110-111
100. Hayden A., Wilson D.J., and Rosenbaum J.T. Management of orbital xanthogranuloma with methotrexate. Br J Ophthalmol 91 (2007) 434-436
101. Killian P.J., McClain B., and Lawless O.J. Brown's syndrome: an unusual manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 20 (1977) 1080-1084
102. Cooper C., Kirwan J.R., McGill N.W., and Dieppe P.A. Brown's syndrome: an unusual ocular complication of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 49 (1990) 188-189
103. Lawson T.M., Siebert S., and Williams B.D. Clinical images: Brown's syndrome: an unusual cause of diplopia in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 44 (2001) 2460
104. Freeman C., Berg J.W., and Cutler S.J. Occurrence and prognosis of extranodal lymphomas. Cancer 29 (1972) 252-260
105. Burke J.S. Are there site-specific differences among the MALT lymphomas-morphologic, clinical?. Am J Clin Pathol 111 (1999) S133-S143
106. Minehan K.J., Martenson Jr. J.A., Garrity J.A., Kurtin P.J., Banks P.M., Chen M.G., et al. Local control and complications after radiation therapy for primary orbital lymphoma: a case for low-dose treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 20 (1991) 791-796
107. Shields J.A., Shields C.L., and Scartozzi R. Survey of 1264 patients with orbital tumors and simulating lesions: The 2002 Montgomery Lecture, part 1. Ophthalmology 111 (2004) 997-1008
108. Bhansali A., Bhadada S., Sharma A., Suresh V., Gupta A., Singh P., et al. Presentation and outcome of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in patients with diabetes. Postgrad Med J 80 (2004) 670-674
109. Sivak-Callcott J.A., Livesley N., Nugent R.A., Rasmussen S.L., Saeed P., and Rootman J. Localised invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis: characteristic features. Br J Ophthalmol 88 (2004) 681-687
110. Levin L.A., Avery R., Shore J.W., Woog J.J., and Baker A.S. The spectrum of orbital aspergillosis: a clinicopathological review. Surv Ophthalmol 41 (1996) 142-154
111. Lund V.J., Lloyd G., Savy L., and Howard D. Fungal rhinosinusitis. J Laryngol Otol 114 (2000) 76-80
112. Sutherland G.R. The contribution of echography in the diagnosis of proptosis. Br J Radiol 51 (1978) 116-121
113. Dallow R.L. Reliability of orbital diagnostic tests: ultrasonography, computerized tomography, and radiography. Ophthalmology 85 (1978) 1218-1228
114. Wan W.L., Cano M.R., and Green R.L. Orbital myositis involving the oblique muscles. An echographic study. Ophthalmology 95 (1988) 1522-1528
115. Alper M.G., Zimmerman L.E., and Sherman J.L. Clinicopathologic correlation of orbital magnetic resonance imaging. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 84 (1986) 192-220
116. Alp M.N., Ozgen A., Can I., Cakar P., and Gunalp I. Colour Doppler imaging of the orbital vasculature in Graves' disease with computed tomographic correlation. Br J Ophthalmol 84 (2000) 1027-1030
117. Harnsberger H.R., Wiggins R.H., Hudgins P.A., Michel M.A., Swartz J., Davidson H.C., et al. Diagnostic imaging: head and neck (2004), Amirsys, Salt Lake City, UT
118. Barrett L., Glatt H.J., Burde R.M., and Gado M.H. Optic nerve dysfunction in thyroid eye disease: CT. Radiology 167 (1988) 503-507
119. Rootman J. Diseases of the orbit. 2nd ed. (2003), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, London
120. Yokoyama N., Nagataki S., Uetani M., Ashizawa K., and Eguchi K. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of disease activity in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Thyroid 12 (2002) 223-227
121. Mayer E., Herdman G., Burnett C., Kabala J., Goddard P., and Potts M.J. Serial STIR magnetic resonance imaging correlates with clinical score of activity in thyroid disease. Eye 15 (2001) 313-318
122. Asao C., Korogi Y., Hotta A., Shimomura O., Kitajima M., Negi A., et al. Orbital pseudotumors: value of short inversion time inversion-recovery MR imaging. Radiology 202 (1997) 55-59
123. Frohman L.P., Kupersmith M.J., Lang J., Reede D., Bergeron R.T., Aleksic S., et al. Intracranial extension and bone destruction in orbital pseudotumor. Arch Ophthalmol 104 (1986) 380-384
124. Mafee M.F., Dorodi S., and Pai E. Sarcoidosis of the eye, orbit, and central nervous system. Role of MR imaging. Radiol Clin North Am 37 (1999) 73-87 x
125. Weber A.L., and Mikulis D.K. Inflammatory disorders of the paraorbital sinuses and their complications. Radiol Clin North Am 25 (1987) 615-630
126. Weber A.L., Jakobiec F.A., and Sabates N.R. Lymphoproliferative disease of the orbit. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 6 (1996) 93-111
127. Atlas S.W., Grossman R.I., Savino P.J., Sergott R.C., Schatz N.J., Bosley T.M., et al. Surface-coil MR of orbital pseudotumor. AJR Am J Roentgenol 148 (1987) 803-808
128. Yan J., Wu Z., and Li Y. The differentiation of idiopathic inflammatory pseudotumor from lymphoid tumors of orbit: analysis of 319 cases. Orbit 23 (2004) 245-254