Assessment and treatment of suicide risk in schizophrenia

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 51-74

  Pompili, Maurizio ^a,b   Lester, David ^c   Innamorati, Marco ^d   Tatarelli, Roberto ^a   Girardi, Paolo ^a  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b MCLEAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c RICHARD STOCKTON COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY   (United States)

^d Italy   (Italy)

Author keywords

Risk factor; Schizophrenia; Suicide

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BUSPIRONE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLONIDINE; CLOZAPINE; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; LAMOTRIGINE; LITHIUM; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; MOOD STABILIZER; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PIRACETAM; PROPRANOLOL; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; RITANSERIN; SEROTONIN NORADRENALIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; THIOXANTHENE DERIVATIVE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID;

ADD ON THERAPY; ADDICTION; AKATHISIA; AKINESIA; ATTITUDE TO ILLNESS; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BIPOLAR DEPRESSION; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DEPRESSION; DETERIORATION; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG OVERDOSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSPHORIA; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; FAMILY FUNCTIONING; FAMILY STRESS; HOPELESSNESS; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MAJOR DEPRESSION; METABOLIC DISORDER; MONOTHERAPY; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; NEUROTOXICITY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PROLACTIN BLOOD LEVEL; PSYCHOEDUCATION; PSYCHOMETRY; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STIGMA; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SUICIDE; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; TARDIVE DYSKINESIA; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; WEIGHT GAIN;

AGE FACTORS; HUMANS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PSYCHOMETRICS; RISK; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SEX FACTORS; SUICIDE;

EID: 38349032801     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.1.51     Document Type: Review

References (208)

1. Miles CP. Conditions predisposing to suicide: a review. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 164(4), 231-246 (1977).
2. Caldwell CB, Gottesman II. Schizophrenia - a high-risk factor for suicide: clues to risk reduction. Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 22(4), 479-493 (1992).
3. Inskip HM, Harris EC, Barraclough B. Lifetime risk of suicide for affective disorder, alcoholism and schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 172, 35-37 (1998).
4. Palmer BA, Pankratz VS, Bostwick JM. The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a reexamination. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62(3), 247-253 (2005). •• Good evidence-based study reporting new statistical analysis for estimating suicide risk.
5. Meltzer HY. Suicidality in schizophrenia: pharmacologic treatment. Clin. Neuropsychiatry 2(1), 76-83 (2005).
6. Lester D. Sex differences in completed suicide by schizophrenic patients: a meta-analysis. Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 36(1), 50-56 (2006).
7. Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK (1919).
8. Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox or the Group Schizophrenias. International University Press, NY, USA (1950).
9. Lipschutz LS. Some administrative aspects of suicides in the mental hospital. Am. J. Psychiatry 99, 181-187 (1942).
10. Beisser AR, Blanchette JE. A study of suicides in a mental hospital. Dis. Nerv. Syst. 22, 365-369 (1961).
11. Pompili M, Amador XF, Girardi P et al. Suicide risk in schizophrenia: learning from the past to change the future. Ann. Gen. Psychiatry 6, 10 (2007).
12. Tatarelli R, Pompili M, Girardi P. Suicide in Schizophrenia. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., NY, USA (2007). •• First and comprehensive edited book entirely dedictaed to the topic.
13. Tsuang MT, Woolson RF. Excess mortality in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Do suicides and accidental deaths solely account for this excess? Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 35(10), 1181-1185 (1978).
14. Tsuang MT, Woolson RF, Fleming JA. Premature deaths in schizophrenia and affective disorders: an analysis of survival curves and variables affecting a shortened survival. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 37(9), 979-983 (1980).
15. Saha S, Chant D, McGrath J. A systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia: is the differential mortality gap worsening over time? Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64(10), 1123-1131 (2007).
16. Brown S, Inskip H, Barraclough B. Causes of the excess mortality of schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 177, 212-217 (2000).
17. Auquier P, Lancon C, Rouillon F, Lader M, Holmes C. Mortality in schizophrenia. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 15(12), 873-879 (2006).
18. Hennekens CH. Increasing global burden of cardiovascular disease in general populations and patients with schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 68(Suppl. 4), 4-7 (2007).
19. Drake RE, Gates C, Cotton PG, Whitaker A. Suicide among schizophrenics. Who is at risk? J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 172(10), 613-617 (1984).
20. Allebeck P, Varla A, Wistedt B. Suicide and violent death among patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 74(1), 43-49 (1986).
21. Steblaj A, Tavcar R, Dernovsek MZ. Predictors of suicide in psychiatric hospital. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 100(5), 383-388 (1999).
22. Heila H, Isometsa ET, Henriksson MM et al. Suicide and schizophrenia: a nationwide psychological autopsy study on age- and sex-specific clinical characteristics of 92 suicide victims with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 154(9), 1235-1242 (1997).
23. Nyman AK, Jonsson H. Patterns of self-destructive behaviour in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 73(3), 252-262 (1986).
24. Barak Y, Knobler CY, Aizenberg D. Suicide attempts amongst elderly schizophrenia patients: a 10-year case-control study. Schizophr. Res. 71(1), 77-81 (2004).
25. Heila H, Haukka J, Suvisaari J, Lonnqvist J. Mortality among patients with schizophrenia and reduced psychiatric hospital care. Psychol. Med. 35(5), 725-732 (2005).
26. Mortensen PB, Juel K. Mortality and causes of death in first admitted schizophrenic patients. Br. J. Psychiatry 163, 183-189 (1993).
27. Osby U, Correia N, Brandt L, Ekbom A, Sparen P. Mortality and causes of death in schizophrenia in Stockholm county, Sweden. Schizophr. Res. 45(1-2), 21-28 (2000).
28. Phillips MR, Yang G, Li S, Li Y. Suicide and the unique prevalence pattern of schizophrenia in mainland China: a retrospective observational study. Lancet 364(9439), 1062-1068 (2004).
29. Hunt IM, Kapur N, Windfuhr K et al. Suicide in schizophrenia: findings from a national clinical survey. J. Psychiatr. Pract. 12(3), 139-147 (2006).
30. Fenton WS, McGlashan TH, Victor BJ, Blyler CR. Symptoms, subtype, and suicidality in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 154(2), 199-204 (1997).
31. Fenton WS. Depression, suicide, and suicide prevention in schizophrenia. Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 30(1), 34-49 (2000).
32. Kuo CJ, Tsai SY, Lo CH, Wang YP, Chen CC. Risk factors for completed suicide in schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 66(5), 579-585 (2005).
33. Hawton K, Sutton L, Haw C, Sinclair J, Deeks JJ. Schizophrenia and suicide: systematic review of risk factors. Br. J. Psychiatry 187, 9-20 (2005). •• Good evidence-based study on risk factors for suicide in schizophrenia.
34. De Hert M, McKenzie K, Peuskens J. Risk factors for suicide in young people suffering from schizophrenia: a long-term follow-up study. Schizophr. Res. 47(2-3), 127-134 (2001).
35. Westermeyer JF, Harrow M, Marengo JT. Risk for suicide in schizophrenia and other psychotic and nonpsychotic disorders. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 179(5), 259-266 (1991).
36. Hu WH, Sun CM, Lee CT et al. A clinical study of schizophrenic suicides. 42 cases in Taiwan. Schizophr. Res. 5(1), 43-50 (1991).
37. Krupinski M, Fischer A, Grohmann R et al. [Schizophrenic psychoses and suicide in the clinic. Risk factors, psychopharmacologic treatment]. Nervenarzt 71(11), 906-911 (2000).
38. Saarinen PI, Lehtonen J, Lonnqvist J. Suicide risk in schizophrenia: an analysis of 17 consecutive suicides. Schizophr. Bull. 25(3), 533-542 (1999). •• Important study that highlights the role of staff in the prevention of suicide.
39. Roy A. Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 141, 171-177 (1982).
40. Zisook S, Byrd D, Kuck J, Jeste DV. Command hallucinations in outpatients with schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 56(10), 462-465 (1995).
41. Kelly DL, Shim JC, Feldman SM, Yu Y, Conley RR. Lifetime psychiatric symptoms in persons with schizophrenia who died by suicide compared to other means of death. J. Psychiatr. Res. 38(5), 531-536 (2004).
42. Kreyenbuhl JA, Kelly DL, Conley RR. Circumstances of suicide among individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 58(2-3), 253-261 (2002).
43. Heila H, Isometsa ET, Henriksson MM et al. Antecedents of suicide in people with schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 173, 330-333 (1998).
44. Funahashi T, Ibuki Y, Domon Y et al. A clinical study on suicide among schizophrenics. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 54(2), 173-179 (2000).
45. Lindenmayer JP. Assessment of suicidality in schizophrenia. In: Intervention Strategies for Suicidality. Meltzer HY, Conley RR, De Leo D et al. (Eds). J. Clin. Psychiatry Audiograph 6, 1-16 (2003).
46. Cheng KK, Leung CM, Lo WH, Lam TH. Risk factors of suicide among schizophrenics. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 81(3), 220-224 (1990).
47. Breier A, Astrachan BM. Characterization of schizophrenic patients who commit suicide. Am. J. Psychiatry 141(2), 206-209 (1984).
48. Shields LB, Hunsaker DM, Hunsaker JC III. Schizophrenia and suicide: a 10-year review of Kentucky medical examiner cases. J. Forensic Sci. 52(4), 930-937 (2007).
49. Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Ruberto A et al. Where schizophrenic patients commit suicide: a review of suicide among inpatients and former inpatients. Int. J. Psychiatry Med. 35(2), 171-190 (2005). • Comprehensive analysis on inpatient suicide and factors surrounding it.
50. Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB. Hospital admission and suicide in schizophrenia. In: Suicide in Schizophrenia. Tatarelli R, Pompili M, Girardi P (Eds). Nova Science Publishers, NY, USA 61-76 (2007).
51. Goldacre M, Seagroatt V, Hawton K. Suicide after discharge from psychiatric inpatient care. Lancet 342(8866), 283-286 (1993).
52. Appleby L, Shaw J, Amos T et al. Suicide within 12 months of contact with mental health services: national clinical survey. Br. Med. J. 318(7193), 1235-1239 (1999).
53. Rossau CD, Mortensen PB. Risk factors for suicide in patients with schizophrenia: nested case-control study. Br. J. Psychiatry 171, 355-359 (1997). • Excellent study underlying some underestimated risk factors.
54. Lawrence DM, Holman CD, Jablensky AV, Fuller SA. Suicide rates in psychiatric in-patients: an application of record linkage to mental health research. Aust. NZ J. Public Health 23(5), 468-470 (1999).
55. Sinclair JM, Mullee MA, King EA, Baldwin DS. Suicide in schizophrenia: a retrospective case-control study of 51 suicides. Schizophr. Bull. 30(4), 803-811 (2004).
56. Karvonen K, Sammela HL, Rahikkala H et al. Sex, timing, and depression among suicide victims with schizophrenia. Compr. Psychiatry 48(4), 319-322 (2007).
57. Kan CK, Ho TP, Dong JY, Dunn EL. Risk factors for suicide in the immediate post-discharge period. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 42(3), 208-214 (2007).
58. Nordentoft M, Jeppesen P, Abel M et al. OPUS study: suicidal behaviour, suicidal ideation and hopelessness among patients with first-episode psychosis. One-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry Suppl. 43, S98-S106 (2002).
59. Melle I, Johannesen JO, Friis S et al. Early detection of the first episode of schizophrenia and suicidal behavior. Am. J. Psychiatry 163(5), 800-804 (2006). • Indicates new directions for preventing suicide.
60. Harkavy-Friedman JM. Can early detection of psychosis prevent suicidal behavior? Am. J. Psychiatry 163(5), 768-770 (2006).
61. Power PJ, Bell RJ, Mills R et al. Suicide prevention in first episode psychosis: the development of a randomised controlled trial of cognitive therapy for acutely suicidal patients with early psychosis. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry 37(4), 414-420 (2003).
62. Pompili M, Ruberto A, Kotzalidis GD, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Suicide and awareness of illness in schizophrenia: an overview. Bull. Menninger Clin. 68(4), 297-318 (2004). • An analysis that highlights the many faces of insight and suicide risk.
63. Crumlish N, Whitty P, Kamali M et al. Early insight predicts depression and attempted suicide after 4 years in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 112(6), 449-455 (2005).
64. Krausz M, Muller-Thomsen T, Haasen C. Suicide among schizophrenic adolescents in the long-term course of illness. Psychopathology 28(2), 95-103 (1995).
65. Thorup A, Petersen L, Jeppesen P et al. Gender differences in young adults with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders at baseline in the Danish OPUS study. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 195(5), 396-405 (2007).
66. Radomsky ED, Haas GL, Mann JJ, Sweeney JA. Suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 156(10), 1590-1595 (1999).
67. Planansky K, Johnston R. The occurrence and characteristics of suicidal preoccupation and acts in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 47(4), 473-483 (1971).
68. Harkavy-Friedman JM, Restifo K, Malaspina D et al. Suicidal behavior in schizophrenia: characteristics of individuals who had and had not attempted suicide. Am. J. Psychiatry 156(8), 1276-1278 (1999).
69. Roy A, Mazonson A, Pickar D. Attempted suicide in chronic schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 144, 303-306 (1984).
70. Gupta S, Black DW, Arndt S, Hubbard WC, Andreasen NC. Factors associated with suicide attempts among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Serv. 49(10), 1353-1355 (1998).
71. Drake RE. Suicide attempts and completed suicides among achizophrenia patients. In: Suicide in Schizophrenia. Tatarelli R, Pompili M, Girardi P (Eds). Nova Science Publishers, NY, USA 77-81 (2007).
72. Drake RE, Gates C, Cotton PG. Suicide among schizophrenics: a comparison of attempters and completed suicides. Br. J. Psychiatry 149, 784-787 (1986).
73. Hansen L, Jones RM, Kingdon D. No association between akathisia or parkinsonism and suicidality in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. J. Psychopharmacol. 18(3), 384-387 (2004).
74. Muller DJ, Barkow K, Kovalenko S et al. Suicide attempts in schizophrenia and affective disorders with relation to some specific demographical and clinical characteristics. Eur. Psychiatry 20(1), 65-69 (2005).
75. Sevincok L, Akoglu A, Kokcu F. Suicidality in schizophrenic patients with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder. Schizophr. Res. 90(1-3), 198-202 (2007).
76. Sakinofsky I, Heila H, Krishnan R. Estimating suicidality as an outcome measure in clinical trials of suicide in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 30(3), 587-598 (2004).
77. Taiminen T, Huttunen J, Heila H et al. The Schizophrenia Suicide Risk Scale (SSRS): development and initial validation. Schizophr. Res. 47(2-3), 199-213 (2001).
78. Turner RM, Korslund KE, Barnett BE, Josiassen RC. Assessment of suicide in schizophrenia: development of the Interview for Suicide in Schizophrenia. Cogn. Behav. Pract. 5(2), 139-169 (1998).
79. Korslund KE. Psychometric evaluation of the Interview for Suicide in Schizophrenia-Third Revision. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 62(2-B) (2001).
80. Lindenmayer JP, Czobor P, Alphs L et al. The InterSePT scale for suicidal thinking reliability and validity. Schizophr. Res. 63(1-2), 161-170 (2003).
81. Beck AT, Kovacs M, Weissman A. Assessment of suicidal intention: the Scale for Suicide Ideation. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 47(2), 343-352 (1979).
82. Preston E, Hansen L. A systematic review of suicide rating scales in schizophrenia. Crisis 26(4), 170-180 (2005).
83. Huguelet P, Mohr S, Jung V et al. Effect of religion on suicide attempts in outpatients with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorders compared with inpatients with non-psychotic disorders. Eur. Psychiatry 22(3), 188-194 (2007).
84. Jarbin H, Von Knorring AL. Suicide and suicide attempts in adolescent-onset psychotic disorders. Nord. J. Psychiatry 58(2), 115-123 (2004).
85. Carpenter WT Jr, Heinrichs DW, Wagman AM. Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. Am. J. Psychiatry 145(5), 578-583 (1988).
86. Kaplan KJ, Harrow M. Psychosis and functioning as risk factors for later suicidal activity among schizophrenia and schizoaffective patients: a disease-based interactive model. Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 29(1), 10-24 (1999).
87. Kaplan KJ, Harrow M, Faull R. Early positive and negative symptoms and poor functioning and later suicidal activity among schizophrenia, schizoaffective and depressive patients. In: Suicide in Schizophrenia. Tatarelli R, Pompili M, Girardi P (Eds). Nova Science Publishers Inc, NY, USA 49-59 (2007)
88. Kaplan KJ, Harrow M. Positive and negative symptoms as risk factors for later suicidal activity in schizophrenics versus depressives. Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 26(2), 105-121 (1996).
89. American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia. American Psychiatric Association, TX, USA (2004).
90. Nasrallah HA, Newcomer JW. Atypical antipsychotics and metabolic dysregulation: evaluating the risk/benefit equation and improving the standard of care. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 24(5 Suppl. 1), S7-S14 (2004).
91. Nagamoto HT. Antipsychotic medications. In: Psychiatric Secrets. Jacobson, JL, Jacobson, AM (Eds). Hanley and Belfus Inc., PA, USA 253-259 (2001).
92. Kane JM. Schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 334(1), 34-41 (1996).
93. Cramer JA, Rosenheck R. Compliance with medication regimens for mental and physical disorders. Psychiatr. Serv. 49(2), 196-201 (1998).
94. Robinson D, Woerner MG, Alvir JM et al. Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56(3), 241-247 (1999).
95. Fenton WS, Blyler CR, Heinssen RK. Determinants of medication compliance in schizophrenia: empirical and clinical findings. Schizophr. Bull. 23(4), 637-651 (1997).
96. Davis JM, Chen N, Glick ID. A metaanalysis of the efficacy of second-generation antipsychotics. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60(6), 553-564 (2003).
97. Herings RM, Erkens JA. Increased suicide attempt rate among patients interrupting use of atypical antipsychotics. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 12(5), 423-424 (2003).
98. Ward A, Ishak K, Proskorovsky I, Caro J. Compliance with refilling prescriptions for atypical antipsychotic agents and its association with the risks for hospitalization, suicide, and death in patients with schizophrenia in Quebec and Saskatchewan: a retrospective database study. Clin. Ther. 28(11), 1912-1921 (2006).
99. Corrigan P. How stigma interferes with mental health care. Am. Psychol. 59(7), 614-625 (2004).
100. Carone BJ, Harrow M, Westermeyer JF. Posthospital course and outcome in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48(3), 247-253 (1991).
101. Montout C, Casadebaig F, Lagnaoui R et al. Neuroleptics and mortality in schizophrenia: prospective analysis of deaths in a French cohort of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Res. 57(2-3), 147-156 (2002).
102. Pompili M, Girardi P, Ruberto A, Tatarelli R. Toward a new prevention of suicide in schizophrenia. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 5(4), 201-210 (2004).
103. Keck PE Jr, Strakowski SM, McElroy SL. The efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of depressive symptoms, hostility, and suicidality in patients with schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 61(Suppl. 3), 4-9 (2000).
104. Meltzer HY. What's atypical about atypical antipsychotic drugs? Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 4(1), 53-57 (2004).
105. Siris SG. Depression in schizophrenia: perspective in the era of "atypical" antipsychotic agents. Am. J. Psychiatry 157(9), 1379-1389 (2000).
106. Hansen L. A critical review of akathisia, and its possible association with suicidal behaviour. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 16(7), 495-505 (2001).
107. Pompili M, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ. Suicidal risk emerging during antidepressant treatment: recognition and intervention. Clin. Neuropsychiatry 2, 66-72 (2005).
108. Siris SG. Suicide and schizophrenia. J. Psychopharmacol. 15(2), 127-135 (2001).
109. Van Putten T, May RP. "Akinetic depression" in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 35(9), 1101-1107 (1978).
110. Bermanzohn PC, Siris SG. Akinesia: a syndrome common to parkinsonism, retarded depression, and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Compr. Psychiatry 33(4), 221-232 (1992).
111. Fleischhacker WW, Roth SD, Kane JM. The pharmacologic treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 10(1), 12-21 (1990).
112. Meltzer HY. Suicide in schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 64(9), 1122-1125 (2003).
113. Nordentoft M, Laursen TM, Agerbo E et al. Change in suicide rates for patients with schizophrenia in Denmark, 1981-97: nested case-control study. Br. Med. J. 329(7460), 261 (2004).
114. Meltzer HY. Decreasing suicide in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Times 18, 1-5 (2001).
115. Meltzer HY, Fatemi H. Suicide in schizophrenia: the effect of clozapine. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 18, S18-S24 (1995).
116. Meltzer HY, Okayli G. Reduction of suicidality during clozapine treatment of neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenia: impact on risk-benefit assessment. Am. J. Psychiatry 152(2), 183-190 (1995).
117. Wagstaff A, Perry C. Clozapine: in prevention of suicide in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. CNS Drugs 17(4), 273-280; discussion 281-283 (2003).
118. Meltzer HY, Baldessarini RJ. Reducing the risk for suicide in schizophrenia and affective disorders. J. Clin. Psychiatry 64(9), 1122-1129 (2003).
119. Meltzer HY, Alphs L, Green AI et al. Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT). Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60(1), 82-91 (2003). •• Important clinical trial that allowed clozapine to be introduced by the US FDA as an antisuicidal agent for schizophrenia patients.
120. Modestin J, Dal Pian D, Agarwalla P. Clozapine diminishes suicidal behavior: a retrospective evaluation of clinical records. J. Clin. Psychiatry 66(4), 534-538 (2005).
121. Hennen J, Baldessarini RJ. Suicidal risk during treatment with clozapine: a metaanalysis. Schizophr. Res. 73(2-3), 139-145 (2005).
122. Walker AM, Lanza LL, Arellano F, Rothman KJ. Mortality in current and former users of clozapine. Epidemiology 8(6), 671-677 (1997).
123. Reid WH, Mason M, Hogan T. Suicide prevention effects associated with clozapine therapy in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatr. Serv. 49(8), 1029-1033 (1998).
124. Munro J, O'Sullivan D, Andrews C et al. Active monitoring of 12,760 clozapine recipients in the UK and Ireland. Beyond pharmacovigilance. Br. J. Psychiatry 175, 576-580 (1999).
125. Sernyak MJ, Desai R, Stolar M, Rosenheck R. Impact of clozapine on completed suicide. Am. J. Psychiatry 158(6), 931-937 (2001).
126. Baldessarini RJ, Guzzetta F, Hennen J et al. Effects of psychotropic drug treatments on suicide risk. Presented at: ACNP 2006 Annual Meeting. Hollywood, FL, USA, 3-7 December 2006.
127. Ertugrul A. Clozapine and suicide. Am. J. Psychiatry 159(2), 323; author reply 324 (2002).
128. Meltzer HY. Suicidality in schizophrenia: a review of the evidence for risk factors and treatment options. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 4(4), 279-283 (2002).
129. Meltzer HY. Suicide in schizophrenia, clozapine, and adoption of evidence-based medicine. J. Clin. Psychiatry 66(4), 530-533 (2005).
130. Pompili M, Lester D, Innamorati M et al. Quality of life and suicidal risk in patients with diabetes mellitus. Psychosomatics (In Press).
131. Turkington D, Kingdon D, Turner T. Effectiveness of a brief cognitive-behavioural therapy intervention in the treatment of schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 180, 523-527 (2002).
132. Meltzer HY, Conley RR, De Leo D et al. Intervention strategies for suicidality. J. Clin. Psychiatry 6, 1-16 (2003).
133. Miller CH, Fleischhacker WW. Managing antipsychotic-induced acute and chronic akathisia. Drug Saf. 22(1), 73-81 (2000).
134. Beasley CM, Sayler ME, Kiesler GM et al. The influence of pharmacotherapy on self-directed and externally-directed aggression in schizophrenia Schizophr. Res. 29, 28 (1998).
135. Barak Y, Mirecki I, Knobler HY, Natan Z, Aizenberg D. Suicidality and second generation antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients: a case-controlled retrospective study during a 5-year period. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 175(2), 215-219 (2004).
136. Tran PV, Hamilton SH, Kuntz AJ et al. Double-blind comparison of olanzapine versus risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 17(5), 407-418 (1997).
137. Buckley PF. Efficacy of quetiapine for the treatment of schizophrenia: a combined analysis of three placebo-controlled trials. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 20(9), 1357-1363 (2004).
138. Simpson GM, Glick ID, Weiden PJ, Romano SJ, Siu CO. Randomized, controlled, double-blind multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of ziprasidone and olanzapine in acutely ill inpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 161(10), 1837-1847 (2004).
139. Khouzam HR. Treatment of depressive mood in schizophrenia with the atypical antipsychotic quetiapine. Depress. Anxiety 11(2), 80-82 (2000).
140. Kasper S. Quetiapine is effective against anxiety and depressive symptoms in long-term treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Depress. Anxiety 20, 44-47 (2004).
141. Emsley RA, Buckley P, Jones AM, Greenwood MR. Differential effect of quetiapine on depressive symptoms in patients with partially responsive schizophrenia. J. Psychopharmacol. 17(2), 210-215 (2003).
142. Carson WH, Kitagawa H. Drug development for anxiety disorders: new roles for atypical antipsychotics. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 38(1), 38-45 (2004).
143. Gunasekara NS, Spencer CM, Keating GM. Ziprasidone: a review of its use in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Drugs 62(8), 1217-1251 (2002).
144. Harvey PD. Ziprasidone and cognition: the evolving story. J. Clin. Psychiatry 64(Suppl. 19), 33-39 (2003).
145. Kivircik Akdede BB, Alptekin K, Kitis A, Arkar H, Akvardar Y. Effects of quetiapine on cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 29(2), 233-238 (2005).
146. Awad AG, Voruganti LN. Impact of atypical antipsychotics on quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 18(13), 877-893 (2004).
147. Zhang PL, Santos JM, Newcomer J et al. Impact of atypical antipsychotics on quality of life, self-report of symptom severity, and demand of services in chronically psychotic patients. Schizophr. Res. 71(1), 137-144 (2004).
148. Loebel A, Siu C, Romano S. Improvement in prosocial functioning after a switch to ziprasidone treatment. CNS Spectr. 9(5), 357-364 (2004).
149. Fava M. Psychopharmacologic treatment of pathologic aggression. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 20(2), 427-451 (1997).
150. Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Davis P et al. Decreased risk of suicides and attempts during long-term lithium treatment: a meta-analytic review. Bipolar Disord. 8(5 Pt 2), 625-639 (2006). •• Excellent evidence-based study on the antisuicidal properties of lithium.
151. Guzzetta F, Tondo L, Centorrino F, Baldessarini RJ. Lithium treatment reduces suicide risk in recurrent major depressive disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 68(3), 380-383 (2007).
152. Leucht S, McGrath J, Kissling W. Lithium for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3, CD003834 (2003).
153. Meltzer HY, Bobo W. Pharmacological management of suicide risk in schizophrenia. In: Suicide in Schizophrenia. Tatarelli R, Pompili M, Girardi P (Eds). Nova Science Publishers Inc., NY, USA 275-302 (2007).
154. Baldessarini RJ, Pompili M, Tondo L. Suicidal risk in antidepressant drug trials. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63(3), 246-248 (2006).
155. Plasky P. Antidepressant usage in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 17(4), 649-657 (1991).
156. Siris SG, Bermanzohn PC, Mason SE, Shuwall MA. Maintenance imipramine therapy for secondary depression in schizophrenia. A controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51(2), 109-115 (1994).
157. Siris SG. Diagnosis of secondary depression in schizophrenia: implications for DSM-IV. Schizophr. Bull. 17(1), 75-98 (1991).
158. Siris SG, Morgan V, Fagerstrom R, Rifkin A, Cooper TB. Adjunctive imipramine in the treatment of postpsychotic depression. A controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44(6), 533-539 (1987).
159. Moller HJ. Non-neuroleptic approaches to treating negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 254(2), 108-116 (2004).
160. Rummel C, Kissling W, Leucht S. Antidepressants as add-on treatment to antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and pronounced negative symptoms: a systematic review of randomized trials. Schizophr. Res. 80(1), 85-97 (2005).
161. Reznik I, Sirota P. Obsessive and compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial with fluvoxamine and neuroleptics. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 20(4), 410-416 (2000).
162. Bodkin JA, Siris SG, Bermanzohn PC, Hennen J, Cole JO. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of selegiline augmentation of antipsychotic medication to treat negative symptoms in outpatients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 162(2), 388-390 (2005).
163. Fohey KD, Hieber R, Nelson LA. The role of selegiline in the treatment of negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Ann. Pharmacother. 41(5), 851-856 (2007).
164. Gillies D, Beck A, McCloud A, Rathbone J, Gillies D. Benzodiazepines alone or in combination with antipsychotic drugs for acute psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4, CD003079 (2005).
165. Meyer MC, Baldessarini RJ, Goff DC, Centorrino F. Clinically significant interactions of psychotropic agents with antipsychotic drugs. Drug Saf. 15(5), 333-346 (1996).
166. Goff DC, Midha KK, Brotman AW et al. An open trial of buspirone added to neuroleptics in schizophrenic patients. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 11(3), 193-197 (1991).
167. Heres S, Davis J, Maino K et al. Why olanzapine beats risperidone, risperidone beats quetiapine, and quetiapine beats olanzapine: an exploratory analysis of head-to-head comparison studies of second-generation antipsychotics. Am. J. Psychiatry 163(2), 185-194 (2006).
168. Montgomery JH, Byerly M, Carmody T et al. An analysis of the effect of funding source in randomized clinical trials of second generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Control Clin. Trials 25(6), 598-612 (2004).
169. Procyshyn RM, Chau A, Fortin P, Jenkins W. Prevalence and outcomes of pharmaceutical industry-sponsored clinical trials involving clozapine, risperidone, or olanzapine. Can. J. Psychiatry 49(9), 601-606 (2004).
170. Pagnin D, de Queiroz V, Pini S, Cassano GB. Efficacy of ECT in depression: a meta-analytic review. J. ECT 20(1), 13-20 (2004).
171. Braga RJ, Petrides G. The combined use of electroconvulsive therapy and antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia. J. ECT 21(2), 75-83 (2005).
172. Greenhalgh J, Knight C, Hind D, Beverley C, Walters S. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy for depressive illness, schizophrenia, catatonia and mania: systematic reviews and economic modelling studies. Health Technol. Assess. 9(9), 1-156, iii-iv (2005).
173. Maltsberger JT, Pompili M, Tatarelli R. Sandro Morselli: schizophrenic solitude, suicide, and psychotherapy. Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 36(5), 591-600 (2006). • Good opportunity to reflect on patient's suffering.
174. Hogarty GE, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald D et al. Personal therapy: a disorder-relevant psychotherapy for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 21(3), 379-393 (1995).
175. Hogarty GE, Greenwald D, Ulrich RF et al. Three-year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family, II: effects on adjustment of patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 154(11), 1514-1524 (1997).
176. Hogarty GE, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald D et al. Three-year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family, I: description of study and effects on relapse rates. Am. J. Psychiatry 154(11), 1504-1513 (1997).
177. De Leo D, Spathonis K. Do psychosocial and pharmacological interventions reduce suicide in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders? Arch. Suicide Res. 7(4), 353-374 (2003).
178. Motto JA, Bostrom AG. A randomized controlled trial of postcrisis suicide prevention. Psychiatr. Serv. 52(6), 828-833 (2001).
179. Tarrier N, Haddock G, Lewis S, Drake R, Gregg L. Suicide behaviour over 18 months in recent onset schizophrenic patients: the effects of CBT. Schizophr. Res. 83(1), 15-27 (2006).
180. Tarrier N, Gooding P, Gregg L, Johnson J, Drake R. Suicide schema in schizophrenia: the effect of emotional reactivity, negative symptoms and schema elaboration. Behav. Res. Ther. 2090-2097 (2007).
181. Bateman K, Hansen L, Turkington D, Kingdon D. Cognitive behavioral therapy reduces suicidal ideation in schizophrenia: results from a randomized controlled trial. Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 37(3), 284-290 (2007).
182. Tacchi MJ, Scott J. Improving Adherence in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders. Wiley, Chichester, UK (2005).
183. Davis JM, Kane JM, Marder SR et al. Dose response of prophylactic antipsychotics. J. Clin. Psychiatry 54(Suppl.), 24-30 (1993).
184. Valenstein M, Blow FC, Copeland LA et al. Poor antipsychotic adherence among patients with schizophrenia: medication and patient factors. Schizophr. Bull. 30(2), 255-264 (2004).
185. Menzin J, Boulanger L, Friedman M, Mackell J, Lloyd JR. Treatment adherence associated with conventional and atypical antipsychotics in a large state Medicaid program. Psychiatr. Serv. 54(5), 719-723 (2003).
186. Gilmer TP, Dolder CR, Lacro JP et al. Adherence to treatment with antipsychotic medication and health care costs among Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 161(4), 692-699 (2004).
187. Thomas P. The stable patient with schizophrenia - from antipsychotic effectiveness to adherence. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 17(Suppl. 2), S115-S122 (2007).
188. Casey DE. Effects of clozapine therapy in schizophrenic individuals at risk for tardive dyskinesia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 59(Suppl. 3), 31-37 (1998).
189. Sernyak MJ. Implementation of monitoring and management guidelines for second-generation antipsychotics. J. Clin. Psychiatry 68(Suppl. 4), 14-18 (2007).
190. Weiden PJ. Switching antipsychotics as a treatment strategy for antipsychotic-induced weight gain and dyslipidemia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 68(Suppl. 4), 34-39 (2007).
191. Ganguli R. Behavioral therapy for weight loss in patients with
192. Vreeland B. Bridging the gap between mental and physical health: a multidisciplinary approach. J. Clin. Psychiatry 68(Suppl. 4), 26-33 (2007).
193. Goff DC. Integrating general health care in private community psychiatry practice. J. Clin. Psychiatry 68(Suppl. 4), 49-54 (2007).
194. Parks JJ. Implementing practice guidelines: lessons from public mental health settings. J. Clin. Psychiatry 68(Suppl. 4), 45-48 (2007).
195. Druss BG. Improving medical care for persons with serious mental illness: challenges and solutions. J. Clin. Psychiatry 68(Suppl. 4), 40-44 (2007).
196. Hudson TJ, Owen RR, Thrush CR et al. A pilot study of barriers to medication adherence in schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65(2), 211-216 (2004).
197. Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Preventing suicide in schizophrenia inside the family environment. Crisis 24(4), 181-182 (2003).
198. Pompili M, Girardi P, Ruberto A, Kotzalidis GD, Tatarelli R. Emergency staff reactions to suicidal and self-harming patients. Eur. J. Emerg. Med. 12(4), 169-178 (2005).
199. Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Tatarelli R. Stigma as a cause of suicide. Br. J. Psychiatry 183, 173-174 (2003).
200. Pompili M, Tatarelli C, Kotzalidis GD, Tatarelli R. Suicide risk in substance abusers with schizophrenia. In: Suicide in Schizophrenia. Tatarelli R, Pompili M, Girardi P (Eds). Nova Publishers Inc., NY, USA 157-174 (2007).
201. Montross LP, Zissok S, Kasckow J. Command hallucinations and suicide risk. In: Suicide in Schizophrenia. Tatarelli R, Pompili M, Girardi P (Eds). Nova Science Publishers Inc., NY, USA 113-132 (2007).
202. Harkavy-Friedman JM, Kimhy D, Nelson EA et al. Suicide attempts in schizophrenia: the role of command auditory hallucinations for suicide. J. Clin. Psychiatry 64(8), 871-874 (2003).
203. Fawcett J. Treating impulsivity and anxiety in the suicidal patient. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 932, 94-102; discussion 102-105 (2001).
204. Baldessarini RJ, Pompili M, Tondo L. Bipolar disorder. In: American Psychiatric Textbook of Suicide Assessment and Management. Simon, RI, Hales, RE (Eds). American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC, USA 277-299 (2006).
205. Phelan JC, Bromet EJ, Link BG. Psychiatric illness and family stigma. Schizophr. Bull. 24(1), 115-126 (1998).
206. Corrigan PW, Phelan SM. Social support and recovery in people with serious mental illnesses. Community Ment. Health J. 40(6), 513-523 (2004).
207. Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Nursing schizophrenic patients who are at risk of suicide. J. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs. 10, 622-624 (2003).
208. Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Making sense of nurses' role in the prevention of suicide in schizophrenia. Issues Ment. Health Nurs. 25, 5-7 (2004).