메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 73-81

Managing antipsychotic-induced acute and chronic akathisia

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLONIDINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PIRACETAM; PROPRANOLOL; RITANSERIN; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VALPROIC ACID;

EID: 0033963172     PISSN: 01145916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00002018-200022010-00006     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (115)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 0020598386 scopus 로고
    • Clinical characteristics of akathisia: A systemic investigation of acute psychiatric inpatient admission
    • 1. Braude WM, Barnes TRE, Gore SM. Clinical characteristics of akathisia: a systemic investigation of acute psychiatric inpatient admission. Br J Psychiatry 1983; 143 139-50
    • (1983) Br J Psychiatry , vol.143 , pp. 139-150
    • Braude, W.M.1    Barnes, T.R.E.2    Gore, S.M.3
  • 2
    • 0025743978 scopus 로고
    • The Hillside Akathisia scale: A reliability comparison of the English and German versions
    • 2. Fleischhacker WW, Miller CH, Schett P, et al. The Hillside Akathisia Scale: a reliability comparison of the English and German versions. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991; 105: 141-4
    • (1991) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.105 , pp. 141-144
    • Fleischhacker, W.W.1    Miller, C.H.2    Schett, P.3
  • 3
    • 0022356785 scopus 로고
    • Akathisia variants and tardive dyskinesia
    • 3. Barnes TRE, Braude WM. Akathisia variants and tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 874-8
    • (1985) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.42 , pp. 874-878
    • Barnes, T.R.E.1    Braude, W.M.2
  • 4
    • 0029051755 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of drug induced akathisia: Part 1: Acute akathisia
    • 4. Sachdev P. The epidemiology of drug induced akathisia: part 1: acute akathisia. Schizophr Bull 1995; 21: 431-49
    • (1995) Schizophr Bull , vol.21 , pp. 431-449
    • Sachdev, P.1
  • 5
    • 0021047021 scopus 로고
    • Distinguishing akathisia and tardive dyskinesia
    • 5. Munetz MR, Cornes CL. Distinguishing akathisia and tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1983; 3: 343-50
    • (1983) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.3 , pp. 343-350
    • Munetz, M.R.1    Cornes, C.L.2
  • 6
    • 0022388404 scopus 로고
    • Akathisia and tardive dyskinesia: Changing concepts
    • 6. Stahl SM. Akathisia and tardive dyskinesia: changing concepts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 166-9
    • (1985) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.42 , pp. 166-169
    • Stahl, S.M.1
  • 7
    • 0008918467 scopus 로고
    • Melbourne: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge
    • 7. Sachdev P. Akathisia and restlessness. Melbourne: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1995
    • (1995) Akathisia and Restlessness
    • Sachdev, P.1
  • 8
    • 0028333945 scopus 로고
    • Research diagnostic criteria for drug induced akathisia: Conceptualization, rationale and proposal
    • 8. Sachdev P. Research diagnostic criteria for drug induced akathisia: conceptualization, rationale and proposal. Psychopharmacology 1994; 114: 181-6
    • (1994) Psychopharmacology , vol.114 , pp. 181-186
    • Sachdev, P.1
  • 9
    • 0000725811 scopus 로고
    • Phenothiazine treatment in acute schizophrenia
    • 9. National Institute of Mental Health, and Psychopharmacology survey center collaborative study group. Phenothiazine treatment in acute schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1964; 10: 161-246
    • (1964) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.10 , pp. 161-246
  • 10
    • 0021471648 scopus 로고
    • High potency neuroleptics and akathisia
    • 10. Ayd FJ. High potency neuroleptics and akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1984; 4: 227-30
    • (1984) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.4 , pp. 227-230
    • Ayd, F.J.1
  • 12
    • 0020598386 scopus 로고
    • Clinical characteristics of akathisia: A systematic investigation of acute psychiatric inpatient admission
    • 12. Braude WM, Barnes TRE, Gore SM. Clinical characteristics of akathisia: a systematic investigation of acute psychiatric inpatient admission. Br J Psychiatry 1993; 143: 139-50
    • (1993) Br J Psychiatry , vol.143 , pp. 139-150
    • Braude, W.M.1    Barnes, T.R.E.2    Gore, S.M.3
  • 13
    • 0028071850 scopus 로고
    • Clinical characteristics and predisposing factors in acute drug induced akathisia
    • 13. Sachdev P, Kruk J. Clinical characteristics and predisposing factors in acute drug induced akathisia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 963-74
    • (1994) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 963-974
    • Sachdev, P.1    Kruk, J.2
  • 14
    • 0030940990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose escalation influenced the risk of neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 14. Miller CH, Hummer M, Oberbauer H, et al. Dose escalation influenced the risk of neuroleptic induced akathisia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1997; 7: 51-7
    • (1997) Eur Neuropsychopharmacol , vol.7 , pp. 51-57
    • Miller, C.H.1    Hummer, M.2    Oberbauer, H.3
  • 16
    • 0031694874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long term pharmacokinetics of clozapine
    • 16. Kurz M, Hummer M, Kemmler G, et al. Long term pharmacokinetics of clozapine. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173: 341-4
    • (1998) Br J Psychiatry , vol.173 , pp. 341-344
    • Kurz, M.1    Hummer, M.2    Kemmler, G.3
  • 17
    • 0025740335 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and severity of akathisia in patients on clozapine
    • 17. Cohen BM, Keck PE, Satlin A. Prevalence and severity of akathisia in patients on clozapine. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 29: 1215-9
    • (1991) Br J Psychiatry , vol.29 , pp. 1215-1219
    • Cohen, B.M.1    Keck, P.E.2    Satlin, A.3
  • 18
    • 0031936086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of acute extrapyramidal sings and symptoms in patients treated with clozapine, risperidone and conventional antipsychotics
    • 18. Miller CH, Mohr F, Umbricht D, et al. The prevalence of acute extrapyramidal sings and symptoms in patients treated with clozapine, risperidone and conventional antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59: 2, 69-75
    • (1998) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.59 , Issue.2 , pp. 69-75
    • Miller, C.H.1    Mohr, F.2    Umbricht, D.3
  • 19
    • 0001057794 scopus 로고
    • A survey of drug induced extrapyramidal reactions
    • 19. Ayd FJ. A survey of drug induced extrapyramidal reactions. J Am Med Assoc 1961; 175: 1054-60
    • (1961) J Am Med Assoc , vol.175 , pp. 1054-1060
    • Ayd, F.J.1
  • 20
    • 0019252555 scopus 로고
    • The pathophysiology of extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptic drugs
    • 20. Marsden CD, Jenner P. The pathophysiology of extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptic drugs. Psychol Med 1980; 10: 55-72
    • (1980) Psychol Med , vol.10 , pp. 55-72
    • Marsden, C.D.1    Jenner, P.2
  • 21
    • 0008943470 scopus 로고
    • Ritanserin increases spontaneous activity of A9 and A10 dopamine neurons [abstract]
    • 21. Goldstein J, Litwin L, Malick J. Ritanserin increases spontaneous activity of A9 and A10 dopamine neurons [abstract]. Fed Proc 1987; 46: 966
    • (1987) Fed Proc , vol.46 , pp. 966
    • Goldstein, J.1    Litwin, L.2    Malick, J.3
  • 22
    • 0008940418 scopus 로고
    • Effects of high dose propranolol treatment on dopamine and norepinephrine metabolism in regions of rat brain
    • 22. Wiesel FA. Effects of high dose propranolol treatment on dopamine and norepinephrine metabolism in regions of rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1976; 2: 35-8
    • (1976) Neurosci Lett , vol.2 , pp. 35-38
    • Wiesel, F.A.1
  • 23
    • 0000294136 scopus 로고
    • Neuroleptic induced extrapyramidal side effects: Clinical perspectives with ritanserin, a new selective 5HT2 receptor blocking agent
    • 23. Bersani G, Grispini A, Marini S, et al. Neuroleptic induced extrapyramidal side effects: clinical perspectives with ritanserin, a new selective 5HT2 receptor blocking agent. Curr Ther Res 1986; 40: 492-9
    • (1986) Curr Ther Res , vol.40 , pp. 492-499
    • Bersani, G.1    Grispini, A.2    Marini, S.3
  • 24
    • 0025572228 scopus 로고
    • 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin in neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism: A double-blind comparison with orphenadrinc and placebo
    • 24. Bersani G, Grispini A, Marini S, et al. 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin in neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism: a double-blind comparison with orphenadrinc and placebo. Clin Neuropharmacol 1990; 13: 500-6
    • (1990) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.13 , pp. 500-506
    • Bersani, G.1    Grispini, A.2    Marini, S.3
  • 25
    • 0025001412 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia with the 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin
    • 25. Miller CH, Fleischhacker WW, Ehrmann H, et al. Treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia with the 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin. Psychopharmacol Bull 1990; 26: 373-6
    • (1990) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.26 , pp. 373-376
    • Miller, C.H.1    Fleischhacker, W.W.2    Ehrmann, H.3
  • 26
    • 0024455596 scopus 로고
    • Fluoxetine induced akathisia: Clinical and theoretical implications
    • 26. Lipinski Jr JF, Mallya G, Zimmermann P, et al. Fluoxetine induced akathisia: clinical and theoretical implications. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989; 50: 339-42
    • (1989) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.50 , pp. 339-342
    • Lipinski J.F., Jr.1    Mallya, G.2    Zimmermann, P.3
  • 27
    • 0029071070 scopus 로고
    • The Identification and management of drug induced akathisia
    • 27. Sachdev P. The Identification and management of drug induced akathisia. CNS Drugs 1995; 4: 28-46
    • (1995) CNS Drugs , vol.4 , pp. 28-46
    • Sachdev, P.1
  • 28
    • 0023873890 scopus 로고
    • Significance of neuroleptic dose and plasma level in the pharmacological treatment of psychosis
    • 28. Baldessarini RJ, Cohen BM, Teicher MH. Significance of neuroleptic dose and plasma level in the pharmacological treatment of psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 79-91
    • (1988) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.45 , pp. 79-91
    • Baldessarini, R.J.1    Cohen, B.M.2    Teicher, M.H.3
  • 29
    • 0020511733 scopus 로고
    • Propanolol in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 29. Lipinski Jr JF, Zubenko GS, Barreira PJ, et al. Propanolol in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia. Lancet 1983; I: 685-6
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 685-686
    • Lipinski J.F., Jr.1    Zubenko, G.S.2    Barreira, P.J.3
  • 30
    • 0021369412 scopus 로고
    • Propanolol in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 30. Lipinski Jr JF, Zubenko GS, Cohen BM, et al. Propanolol in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141: 412-5
    • (1984) Am J Psychiatry , vol.141 , pp. 412-415
    • Lipinski J.F., Jr.1    Zubenko, G.S.2    Cohen, B.M.3
  • 31
    • 0022547692 scopus 로고
    • A controlled assessment of propanolol in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 31. Adler LA, Angrist B, Peselow E, et al. A controlled assessment of propanolol in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 149: 42-5
    • (1986) Br J Psychiatry , vol.149 , pp. 42-45
    • Adler, L.A.1    Angrist, B.2    Peselow, E.3
  • 32
    • 0023124945 scopus 로고
    • Clonidine in neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 32. Adler LA, Angrist B, Peselow E, et al. Clonidine in neuroleptic induced akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 235-6
    • (1987) Am J Psychiatry , vol.144 , pp. 235-236
    • Adler, L.A.1    Angrist, B.2    Peselow, E.3
  • 33
    • 0021868571 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of propanolol in neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 33. Adler LA, Angrist B, Peselow E. Efficacy of propanolol in neuroleptic induced akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1985; 5: 164-6
    • (1985) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.5 , pp. 164-166
    • Adler, L.A.1    Angrist, B.2    Peselow, E.3
  • 35
    • 0021330366 scopus 로고
    • Which beta blocker for the restless legs?
    • 35. Deron C, Wlink W, Buylaet W, et al. Which beta blocker for the restless legs? Lancet 1984; I: 875
    • (1984) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 875
    • Deron, C.1    Wlink, W.2    Buylaet, W.3
  • 36
    • 0023301981 scopus 로고
    • Neuroleptic induced akathisia treated with pindolol
    • 36. Reiter S, Adler LA, Erle S, et al. Neuroleptic induced akathisia treated with pindolol. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1241-2
    • (1987) Am J Psychiatry , vol.144 , pp. 1241-1242
    • Reiter, S.1    Adler, L.A.2    Erle, S.3
  • 37
    • 0023407099 scopus 로고
    • Pindolol and propaolol in neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 37. Adler LA, Reiter S, Angrist B. Pindolol and propanolol in neuroleptic induced akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1241-2
    • (1987) Am J Psychiatry , vol.144 , pp. 1241-1242
    • Adler, L.A.1    Reiter, S.2    Angrist, B.3
  • 38
    • 0021722813 scopus 로고
    • Use of clonidine in treating neuroleptic-induced akathisia
    • 38. Zubenko GS, Cohen BM, Lipinski Jr JF, et al. Use of clonidine in treating neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Psychiatry Res 1984; 13: 253-9
    • (1984) Psychiatry Res , vol.13 , pp. 253-259
    • Zubenko, G.S.1    Cohen, B.M.2    Lipinski J.F., Jr.3
  • 39
    • 0026553214 scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double blind, crossover, placebo controlled comparison of propanolol and betaxolol in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 39. Dumon JP, Catteau J, Lavin F. Randomized, double blind, crossover, placebo controlled comparison of propanolol and betaxolol in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 647-50
    • (1992) Am J Psychiatry , vol.149 , pp. 647-650
    • Dumon, J.P.1    Catteau, J.2    Lavin, F.3
  • 40
    • 0023259610 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of propanolol, sotalol and betaxolol in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 40. Dupuis B, Catteau J, Dumon JP. Comparison of propanolol, sotalol and betaxolol in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 802-5
    • (1987) Am J Psychiatry , vol.144 , pp. 802-805
    • Dupuis, B.1    Catteau, J.2    Dumon, J.P.3
  • 41
    • 0025819976 scopus 로고
    • A placebo controlled trial of nandolol in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 41. Wells BG, Cold JA, Marken PA. A placebo controlled trial of nandolol in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52: 255-60
    • (1991) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.52 , pp. 255-260
    • Wells, B.G.1    Cold, J.A.2    Marken, P.A.3
  • 42
    • 0023185753 scopus 로고
    • Atenolol and propanolol in neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 42. Reiter S, Adler LA, Erle S. Atenolol and propanolol in neuroleptic induced akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987; 7: 279-80
    • (1987) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.7 , pp. 279-280
    • Reiter, S.1    Adler, L.A.2    Erle, S.3
  • 43
    • 0000308101 scopus 로고
    • Irritable legs
    • 43. Ekbom A. Irritable legs. Acta Med Stand 1944; 118: 197-8
    • (1944) Acta Med Stand , vol.118 , pp. 197-198
    • Ekbom, A.1
  • 44
    • 0014214859 scopus 로고
    • Restless limbs: A commonly overlooked symptom controlled by valium
    • 44. Morgan LK. Restless limbs: a commonly overlooked symptom controlled by valium. Med J Aust 1967; 589-94
    • (1967) Med J Aust , pp. 589-594
    • Morgan, L.K.1
  • 45
    • 0023145570 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of akathisia with lorazepam: An open trial
    • 45. Bartels M, Heide K, Mann K, Treatment of akathisia with lorazepam: an open trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 1987; 20: 51-3
    • (1987) Pharmacopsychiatry , vol.20 , pp. 51-53
    • Bartels, M.1    Heide, K.2    Mann, K.3
  • 46
    • 0024808968 scopus 로고
    • Successful clonazepam treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia in older adolescents and young adults: A double blind study
    • 46. Kutcher S, Williamson P, MacKenzie S, et al. Successful clonazepam treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia in older adolescents and young adults: a double blind study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989; 9: 403-6
    • (1989) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.9 , pp. 403-406
    • Kutcher, S.1    Williamson, P.2    MacKenzie, S.3
  • 47
    • 0023359424 scopus 로고
    • Clonazepam treatment of adolescents with neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 47. Kutcher S, MacKenzie S, Galarraga J, et al. Clonazepam treatment of adolescents with neuroleptic induced akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 823-4
    • (1987) Am J Psychiatry , vol.144 , pp. 823-824
    • Kutcher, S.1    MacKenzie, S.2    Galarraga, J.3
  • 48
    • 0015889082 scopus 로고
    • The therapeutic use of diazepam for akathisia
    • 48. Donlon PT. The therapeutic use of diazepam for akathisia. Psychosomatics 1973; 14: 222-5
    • (1973) Psychosomatics , vol.14 , pp. 222-225
    • Donlon, P.T.1
  • 49
    • 0018088876 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous diazepam in the treatment of neuroleptic induced dystonia or akathisia
    • 49. Gagrat D, Hamilton J, Belmaker R. Intravenous diazepam in the treatment of neuroleptic induced dystonia or akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 1978; 135: 1232-3
    • (1978) Am J Psychiatry , vol.135 , pp. 1232-1233
    • Gagrat, D.1    Hamilton, J.2    Belmaker, R.3
  • 51
    • 0020677778 scopus 로고
    • Sodium valproate and biperiden in neuroleptic induced akathisia, parkinsonism and hyperkinesia: A double blind cross over study with placebo
    • 51. Friis T, Christensen T, Gerlach J. Sodium valproate and biperiden in neuroleptic induced akathisia, parkinsonism and hyperkinesia: a double blind cross over study with placebo. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1982; 67: 178-87
    • (1982) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.67 , pp. 178-187
    • Friis, T.1    Christensen, T.2    Gerlach, J.3
  • 52
    • 0017117423 scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of amantadine in drug induced extrapyramidal disorders
    • 52. Di Mascio A, Bernardo DL, Greenblatt D, et al. A controlled trial of amantadine in drug induced extrapyramidal disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33: 599-602
    • (1976) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.33 , pp. 599-602
    • Di Mascio, A.1    Bernardo, D.L.2    Greenblatt, D.3
  • 53
    • 0027326996 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous benztropine and propanolol challenges in acute neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 53. Sachdev P, Loneragan C. Intravenous benztropine and propanolol challenges in acute neuroleptic induced akathisia. Clin Neuropharmacol 1993; 16: 324-31
    • (1993) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.16 , pp. 324-331
    • Sachdev, P.1    Loneragan, C.2
  • 54
    • 0027527605 scopus 로고
    • A controlled comparison of the effects of propranolol, benztropine, and placebo on akathisia: An interim analysis
    • 54. Adler LA, Peselow E, Rosenthal M, et al. A controlled comparison of the effects of propranolol, benztropine, and placebo on akathisia: an interim analysis. Psychopharmacol Bull 1993; 29: 283-6
    • (1993) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.29 , pp. 283-286
    • Adler, L.A.1    Peselow, E.2    Rosenthal, M.3
  • 55
    • 0019507138 scopus 로고
    • Acute extrapyramidal side effects: Serum levels of neuroleptics and anticholinergics
    • 55. Tune L, Cole JT. Acute extrapyramidal side effects: serum levels of neuroleptics and anticholinergics. Psychopharmacology 1981; 79: 9-15
    • (1981) Psychopharmacology , vol.79 , pp. 9-15
    • Tune, L.1    Cole, J.T.2
  • 56
    • 0017750402 scopus 로고
    • Presynaptic receptors and their role in the regulation of transmitter release
    • 56. Langer SZ. Presynaptic receptors and their role in the regulation of transmitter release. Br J Pharmacol 1977; 60: 481-97
    • (1977) Br J Pharmacol , vol.60 , pp. 481-497
    • Langer, S.Z.1
  • 57
    • 0023511539 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of propanolol and benztropine in patients with neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 57. Adler LA, Reiter S, Corwin J, et al. Differential effects of propanolol and benztropine in patients with neuroleptic induced akathisia. Psychopharmacol Bull 1987; 23: 519-21
    • (1987) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.23 , pp. 519-521
    • Adler, L.A.1    Reiter, S.2    Corwin, J.3
  • 58
    • 0008883330 scopus 로고
    • Amantadine in the treatment of benztropine refractory extrapyramidal disorders induced by antipsychotic drugs
    • 58. Gelenberg AJ. Amantadine in the treatment of benztropine refractory extrapyramidal disorders induced by antipsychotic drugs. Curr Ther Res 1978; 22, 375-80
    • (1978) Curr Ther Res , vol.22 , pp. 375-380
    • Gelenberg, A.J.1
  • 59
    • 0021195724 scopus 로고
    • Development of tolerance to the therapeutic effect of amantadine on akathisia
    • 59. Zubenko GS, Barreira PJ, Lipinski Jr JF, Development of tolerance to the therapeutic effect of amantadine on akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1984; 4: 218-20
    • (1984) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.4 , pp. 218-220
    • Zubenko, G.S.1    Barreira, P.J.2    Lipinski J.F., Jr.3
  • 60
    • 0024468328 scopus 로고
    • The Hillside Akathisia scale, a new rating instrument for neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 60. Fleischhacker WW, Bergman KJ, Pestreich LK, et al. The Hillside Akathisia Scale, a new rating instrument for neuroleptic induced akathisia. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989; 25: 222-6
    • (1989) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.25 , pp. 222-226
    • Fleischhacker, W.W.1    Bergman, K.J.2    Pestreich, L.K.3
  • 61
    • 0030278691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Piracetam induced changes in the functional activity of neurons as a possible mechanism for the effects of nootropic agents
    • 61. Verbnyi Y, Derzhiruk LP, Moglilevskii AY. Piracetam induced changes in the functional activity of neurons as a possible mechanism for the effects of nootropic agents. Neurosci Behav Physiol 1996; 26 (6): 507-15
    • (1996) Neurosci Behav Physiol , vol.26 , Issue.6 , pp. 507-515
    • Verbnyi, Y.1    Derzhiruk, L.P.2    Moglilevskii, A.Y.3
  • 62
    • 0019949908 scopus 로고
    • Effects of piracetam on extrapyramidal side effects induced by neuroleptic drugs
    • 62. Kabes J, Sikora J, Pisvejc J, et al. Effects of piracetam on extrapyramidal side effects induced by neuroleptic drugs. Int Pharmacopsychiatr 1982; 17: 185-92
    • (1982) Int Pharmacopsychiatr , vol.17 , pp. 185-192
    • Kabes, J.1    Sikora, J.2    Pisvejc, J.3
  • 63
    • 0023829229 scopus 로고
    • Amitriptyline in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia
    • 63. Danel T, Servant D, Goudemand M. Amitriptyline in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 23: 186-8
    • (1988) Biol Psychiatry , vol.23 , pp. 186-188
    • Danel, T.1    Servant, D.2    Goudemand, M.3
  • 64
    • 0024598720 scopus 로고
    • Tardive akathisia: An analysis of clinical features and response to open therapeutic trials
    • 64. Burke RE, Kang UJ, Jankovic J. Tardive akathisia: an analysis of clinical features and response to open therapeutic trials. Mov Disord 1989; 4: 157-75
    • (1989) Mov Disord , vol.4 , pp. 157-175
    • Burke, R.E.1    Kang, U.J.2    Jankovic, J.3
  • 65
    • 0026656528 scopus 로고
    • Should chronic treatment refractory akathisia be an indication for the use of clozapine in schizophrenic patients?
    • 65. Levin H, Chengappa KN, Kambhampti RK, et al. Should chronic treatment refractory akathisia be an indication for the use of clozapine in schizophrenic patients? J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53: 248-51
    • (1992) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 248-251
    • Levin, H.1    Chengappa, K.N.2    Kambhampti, R.K.3
  • 66
    • 0031005967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug treatment of schizophrenia in the 1990s: Achievements and future possibilities in optimising outcomes
    • 66. Fleischhacker WW, Hummer M. Drug treatment of schizophrenia in the 1990s: achievements and future possibilities in optimising outcomes. Drugs 1997; 53 (6): 915-29
    • (1997) Drugs , vol.53 , Issue.6 , pp. 915-929
    • Fleischhacker, W.W.1    Hummer, M.2
  • 67
    • 0023355241 scopus 로고
    • Tardive akathisia associated with low dose haloperidole use
    • 67. Stein MB, Pohlman ER. Tardive akathisia associated with low dose haloperidole use. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987; 7: 200-3
    • (1987) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.7 , pp. 200-203
    • Stein, M.B.1    Pohlman, E.R.2
  • 68
    • 0008926463 scopus 로고
    • Propanolol in the treatment of tardive akathisia: A report of two cases
    • 68. Yassa R, Iskandar H, Nastase C. Propanolol in the treatment of tardive akathisia: a report of two cases. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988; 43: 544-7
    • (1988) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.43 , pp. 544-547
    • Yassa, R.1    Iskandar, H.2    Nastase, C.3
  • 69
    • 0020626551 scopus 로고
    • Persistent akathisia following neuroleptic withdrawal
    • 69. Weiner WJ, Luby ED. Persistent akathisia following neuroleptic withdrawal. Ann Neurol 1983; 13: 466-7
    • (1983) Ann Neurol , vol.13 , pp. 466-467
    • Weiner, W.J.1    Luby, E.D.2
  • 70
    • 0025141564 scopus 로고
    • Lorazepam and anticholinergics in tardive akathisia
    • 70. Yassa R, Bloom D. Lorazepam and anticholinergics in tardive akathisia. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 27: 463-7
    • (1990) Biol Psychiatry , vol.27 , pp. 463-467
    • Yassa, R.1    Bloom, D.2
  • 71
    • 0025104445 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological characterization of tardive akathisia
    • 71. Sachdev P, Chee KY. Pharmacological characterization of tardive akathisia. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 28: 809-18
    • (1990) Biol Psychiatry , vol.28 , pp. 809-818
    • Sachdev, P.1    Chee, K.Y.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.