Visual processing characteristics of children with Meares-Irlen syndrome

Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 35-46

  Kruk, Richard ^a   Sumbler, Karen ^b   Willows, Dale ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Attention; Dyslexia; Meares Irlen syndrome; Visual processing; Visual stress

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DYSLEXIA; HUMAN; MEARES IRLEN SYNDROME; PERCEPTION DISORDER; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHOOL CHILD; VISION; VISUAL DISCRIMINATION; VISUAL DISORDER; VISUAL MEMORY;

CHILD; DARK ADAPTATION; DYSLEXIA; EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS; HUMANS; PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS; PERCEPTUAL DISTORTION; READING; SYNDROME; VISION DISORDERS; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 38149101002     PISSN: 02755408     EISSN: 14751313     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2007.00532.x     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Beery, K. E. Buktenica, N. A. (1981) Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration. Modern Curriculum Press, Cleveland, OH.
2. Blaskey, P., Scheiman, M., Parisi, M., Ciner, E., Gallaway, M. Selznick, R. (1990) The effectiveness of Irlen filters for improving reading performance: a pilot study. J. Learn. Disabil. 23, 604 612.
3. Boder, E. (1971) Developmental dyslexia: prevailing diagnostic concepts and a new diagnostic approach. In : Progress in Learning Disabilities, Vol. 2 (eds H. R. Myklebust Grune & Stratton, New York, pp. 293 321.
4. Bouldoukian, J., Wilkins, A. J. Evans, B. J. W. (2002) Randomized controlled trial of the effect of coloured overlays on the rate of reading of people with specific learning difficulties. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 22, 55 60.
5. Bowers, P. G. Wolf, M. (1993) Theoretical links between naming speed, precise timing mechanisms and orthographic skill in dyslexia. Reading Writing Interdiscip. J. 5, 69 85.
6. Ciuffreda, K. J., Kenyon, R. V. Stark, L. (1983) Saccadic intrusions contributing to reading disability. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 62, 844 852.
7. Conlon, E. Hine, T. (2000) The influence of pattern interference on performance in migraine and visual discomfort groups. Cephalalgia 20, 708 713.
8. Conlon, E. Humphreys, L. (2001) Visual search in migraine and visual discomfort groups. Vision Res. 41, 3063 3068.
9. Conlon, E., Lovegrove, W., Hine, T., Chekaluk, E., Piatek, K. Hayes-Williams, K. (1998) The effects of visual discomfort and pattern structure on visual search. Perception 27, 21 33.
10. Conlon, E., Lovegrove, W. J., Chekaluk, E. Pattison, P. E. (1999) Measuring visual discomfort. Vis. Cogn. 6, 637 663.
11. Conlon, E., Lovegrove, W., Barker, S. Chekaluk, E. (2001) Visual discomfort: the influence of spatial frequency. Perception 30, 571 581.
12. Dunn, L. M. Dunn, L. M. (1981) Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - Revised. American Guidance Service, Circle Pines, MN.
13. Evans, B. J. W. (1997) Coloured filters and dyslexia: what's in a name? Dyslexia Rev. 9, 18 19.
14. Evans, B. J. W. Joseph, F. (2002) The effect of coloured filters on the rate of reading in an adult student population. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 22, 535 545.
15. Evans, B. J. W., Wilkins, A. J., Brown, J., Busby, A., Wingfield, A. E., Jeanes, R. Bald, J. (1996) A preliminary investigation into the aetiology of Meares-Irlen Syndrome. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 16, 286 296.
16. Facoetti, A., Zorzi, M., Cestnick, L., Lorusso, M. L., Molteni, M., Paganoni, P., Umilta, C. Mascetti, G. G. (2006) The relationship between visuo-spatial attention and nonword reading in developmental dyslexia. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 23, 841 855.
17. Feagans, L. V., Short, E. J. Meltzer, L. J. (1991) Subtypes of Learning Disabilities: Theoretical Perspectives and Research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, NJ.
18. Gardner, M. F. (1982) Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (Non-Motor). Special Child Publications, Seattle, WA.
19. Garzia, R. P. (1993) Optometric factors in reading disability. In : Visual Processes in Reading and Reading Disabilities (eds D. M. Willows, R. S. Kruk E. Corcos Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 419 434.
20. Hollis, J. Allen, P. M. (2006) Screening for Meares-Irlen senstitivity in adults: Can assessment methods predict changes in reading speed? Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 26, 566 571.
21. Hooper, S. Willis, W. (1989) Learning Disability Subtyping. Springer-Verlag, New York.
22. Irlen, H. (1983) Successful treatment of learning disabilities. Paper presented at The 91st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Annaheim, CA.
23. Irlen, H. (1990) Method and Apparatus of Treatment of Symptoms of the Irlen Syndrome. United States patent 4961640. Retrieved 20 June 2007, from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4961640.html
24. Irlen, H. (1991) Reading by the Colours: Overcoming Dyslexia and Other Reading Disabilities by the Irlen Method, Avery, Garden City Park, NY.
25. Irlen, H. (2003) Irlen Syndrome/Scotopic Sensitivity. Retrieved 28 August 2003, from http://www.irlen.com/index_SSS.html
26. Irlen, H. Lass, M. J. (1989) Improving reading problems due to symptoms of scotopic sensitivity syndrome using Irlen lenses and overlays. Education 109, 413 417.
27. Jastak, S. Wilkinson, G. S. (1984) Wide Range Achievement Test - Revised. Jastak Associates, Wilmington, DE.
28. Jeanes, R., Busby, A., Martin, J., Lewis, E., Stevenson, N., Pointon, D. Wilkins, A. (1997) Prolonged use of coloured overlays for classroom teaching. Br. J. Psychol. 88, 531 548.
29. Kriss, I. Evans, B. J. W. (2005) The relationship between dyslexia and Meares-Irlen Syndrome. J. Res. Reading 28, 350 364.
30. Lightstone, A., Lightstone, T. Wilkins, A. (1999) Both coloured overlays and coloured lenses can improve reading fluency, but their optimal chromaticities differ. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 19, 279 285.
31. Lopez, R., Yolton, R. L., Kohl, P., Smith, D. L. Saxerud, M. H. (1994) Comparison of Irlen Scotopic Sensitivity test results to academic and visual performance data. J. Am. Optom. Assoc. 65, 705 714.
32. MacGinitie, W. H. (1980) Gates-MacGinitie Reading Tests - Canadian Edition, Nelson, Toronto, ON.
33. Meares, O. (1980) Figure/ground, brightness contrast, and reading disabilities. Visible Lang. 14, 13 29.
34. O'Connor, P. D., Sofo, F., Kendall, L. Olsen, G. (1990) Reading disabilities and the effects of coloured filters. J. Learn. Disabil. 23, 597 603.
35. Parker, R. M. (1990) Power, control, and validity in research. J. Learn. Disabil. 23, 613 620.
36. Rayner, K. Pollatsek, A. (1989) The Psychology of Reading Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
37. Robinson, G. L. W. Conway, R. N. F. (1990) The effects of Irlen coloured lenses on students' specific reading skills and their perception of ability: a 12-month validity study. J. Learn. Disabil. 23, 589 596.
38. Robinson, G. L. Foreman, P. J. (1999) Scotopic sensitivity/Irlen Syndrome and the use of coloured filters: a long-term placebo-controlled and masked study of reading achievement and perception of ability. Percept. Mot. Skills 89, 83 113.
39. Simmers, A. J., Gray, L. S. Wilkins, A. J. (2001) The influence of tinted lenses upon ocular accommodation. Vision Res. 41, 1229 1238.
40. Singleton, C. Henderson, L. M. (2007) Computerized screening for visual stress in children with dyslexia. Dyslexia 13, 130 151.
41. Singleton, C. Trotter, S. (2005) Visual stress in adults with and without dyslexia. J. Res. Reading 28, 365 378.
42. Sireteanu, R., Goertz, R., Bachert, I. Wandert, T. (2005) Children with developmental dyslexia show a left visual "minineglect". Vision Res. 45, 3075 3082.
43. Solan, H. A. (1990) An appraisal of the Irlen technique of correcting reading disorders using tinted overlays and tinted lenses. J. Learn. Disabil. 23, 621 626.
44. Stanley, G. (1990) Rose-coloured spectacles: a cure for dyslexia? Aust. Psychol. 25, 65 76.
45. Stein, J. F. (1993) Visuospatial perception in disabled readers. In : Visual Processes in Reading and Reading Disabilities (eds D. M. Willows, R. S. Kruk E. Corcos Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 331 346.
46. Stein, J. F. (2001) The magnocellular theory of dyslexia. Dyslexia 7, 12 36.
47. Swanson, H. L., Howard, C. B. Saez, L. (2006) Do different components of working memory underlie different subgroups of reading disabilities? J. Learn. Disabil. 39, 252 269.
48. Valdois, S., Bosse, M. L. Tainturier, M. J. (2004) The cognitive deficits responsible for developmental dyslexia: Review of evidence for a selective visual attention disorder. Dyslexia 10, 339 363.
49. Vellutino, F. R. (1987) Dyslexia. Sci. Am. 256, 34 41.
50. Wagner, R. Torgesen, J. (1987) The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills. Psychol. Bull. 101, 192 212.
51. Waldie, M. Wilkins, A. (2004) How big does a coloured overlay have to be? Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 24, 57 60.
52. Watson, C. Willows, D. M. (1993) Evidence for a visual-processing-deficit subtype among disabled readers. In : Visual Processes in Reading and Reading Disabilities (eds D. M. Willows, R. S. Kruk E. Corcos Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 287 309.
53. Watson, C. Willows, D. M. (1995) Information-processing patterns in specific reading disability. J. Learn. Disabil. 28, 216 231.
54. Watson, B. U., Goldgar, D. E. Ryschon, K. L. (1983) Subtypes of reading disability. J. Clin. Neuropsychol. 5, 377 399.
55. Watson, C. S., Kidd, G. R., Horner, G., Connell, P. J., Lowther, A., Eddins, D. A., Krueger, G., Goss, D. A., Rainey, B. B., Gospel, M. D. Watson, B. U. (2003) Sensory, cognitive, and linguistic factors in early academic performance of elementary school children: The Benton-IU project. J. Learn. Disabil. 36, 165 197.
56. Wechsler, D. (1991) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd edn. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.
57. White, S., Milne, S., Rosen, S., Hansen, P., Swettenham, J., Frith, U. Ramus, F. (2006) The role of sensorimotor impairments in dyslexia: a multiple case study of dyslexic children. Dev. Sci. 9, 237 255.
58. Wilkins, A. (1993) Reading and visual discomfort. In : Visual Processes in Reading and Reading Disabilities (eds D. M. Willows, R. S. Kruk E. Corcos Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 435 456.
59. Wilkins, A. (1995) Visual Stress. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
60. Wilkins, A. (2003) Reading Through Colour: How Coloured Filters can Reduce Reading Difficulty, Eye Strain and Headaches. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
61. Wilkins, A. J., Evans, B. J. W., Brown, J., Busby, A., Wingfield, A. E., Jeanes, R. Bald, J. (1994) Double-masked placebo-controlled trial of precision spectral filters in children who use coloured overlays. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 14, 365 370.
62. Wilkins, A. J., Jeanes, R. J., Pumfreym, P. D. Laskier, M. (1996) Rate of Reading Test: Its reliability, and its validity in the assessment of the effects of coloured overlays. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 16, 491 497.
63. Wilkins, A. J., Lewis, E., Smith, F., Rowland, E. Tweedie, W. (2001) Coloured overlays and their benefit for reading. J. Res. Reading 24, 41 64.
64. Wilkins, A., Huang, J. Cao, Y. (2004) Visual stress theory and its application to reading and reading tests. J. Res. Reading 27, 152 162.
65. Wilkins, A. J., Sihra, N. Myers, A. (2005a) Increasing reading speed by using colours: issues concerning reliability and specificity, and their theoretical and practical implications. Perception 34, 109 120.
66. Wilkins, A., Sihra, N. Nimmo-Smith, I. (2005b) How precise do precision tints have to be and how many are necessary? Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 25, 269 276.
67. Willows, D. M., Corcos, E. Kershner, J. R. (1993) Perceptual and cognitive factors in disabled readers' perception and memory of unfamiliar visual symbols. In : Studies in Visual Information Processing (eds S. Wright R. Groner pp. 163 178. North-Holland Elsevier, Amsterdam.