A preliminary investigation into the aetiology of Meares-Irlen syndrome

Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 286-296

  Evans, B J W ^a   Wilkins, A J ^b   Brown, J ^c   Busby, A ^d   Wingfield, A ^e   Jeanes, R ^b   Bald, J ^f  

^a Institute of Optometry   (United Kingdom)

^b MRC COGNITION AND BRAIN SCIENCES UNIT   (United Kingdom)

^c Dollond and Aitchison   (United Kingdom)

^d Upbury Manor School   (United Kingdom)

^e Dyslexia Institute   (United Kingdom)

^f NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCOMMODATION; ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; BINOCULAR CONVERGENCE; COLOR; COLORIMETRY; CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FILTER; GLARE; HEADACHE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OPTOMETRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFRACTION ERROR; SCHOOL CHILD; SYMPTOM; VISUAL DISORDER; VISUAL STIMULATION;

EID: 0030003277     PISSN: 02755408     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0275-5408(95)00119-0     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Bailey, I. L. and Lovie, J. E. (1976). New design principles for visual acuity letter charts. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 53, 740-745.
2. Black, J. L., Collins, D. W., de Roach, J. N. and Zubrick, S. (1984). Smooth pursuit eye movements in normal and dyslexic children. Percept. Mot. Skills 59, 91-100.
3. Blaskey, P., Scheiman, M., Parisi, M., Ciner, E. B., Gallaway, M. and Selznick, R. (1990). The effectiveness of Irlen filters for improving reading performance: a pilot study. J. Learn. Disab. 23, 604-612.
4. Borish, I. M. (1975). Clinical Refraction, 3rd edn, Professional Press, Chicago, IL, USA, p. 13.
5. Bradley, A., Hook, J. and Haeseker, J. (1991). A comparison of clinical acuity and contrast sensitivity charts: the effect of uncorrected myopia. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 11, 218-226.
6. Carr, M. (1993). Reading by colours. Kent Messenger 7th October, 7.
7. Conlon, E. A model of visual discomfort and its implications for efficient reading performance. PhD Thesis, University of Wollongong, Australia.
8. Eames, T. H. (1934). Low fusion convergence as a factor in reading disability. Am. J. Ophthal. 17, 709-710.
9. Eden, G. F., Stein, J. F., Wood, H. M. and Wood F. B. (1994). Differences in eye movements and reading problems in dyslexic and normal children. Vision Res. 34, 1345-1358.
10. Evans, B. J. W. and Drasdo, N. (1991). Tinted lenses and related therapies for learning disabilities: a review. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 11, 206-217.
11. Evans, B. J. W., Drasdo, N. and Richards, I. L. (1992). An investigation of the optometric correlates of reading disability. Clin. Exp. Optom. 75, 5, 15-23.
12. Evans, B. J. W., Drasdo, N. and Richards I. L. (1994a). Investigation of accommodative and binocular function in dyslexia. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 14, 5-19.
13. Evans, B. J. W., Drasdo, N. and Richards, I. L. (1994b). Refractive and sensory visual correlates of dyslexia. Vision Res. 34, 1913-1926.
14. Evans, B. J. W., Cook, A., Drasdo, N. and Richards, I. L. (1994c). The effect of pattern glare and coloured overlays on a simulated-reading task in dyslexies and normal readers. Optom. Vision Sci. 71, 619-628.
15. Evans, B. J. W., Busby, A., Jeanes, R. and Wilkins, A. J. (1995). Optometric correlates of Meares-Irlen syndrome: a matched group study. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 15, 481-487.
16. Evans, B. J. W., Drasdo, N. and Richards, I. L. (1996). Dyslexia: the link with visual deficits. Ophthal. Physiol. Optics. 16, 3-10..
17. Galaburda, A. M. and Kemper, T. L. (1979). Cytoarchitectonic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia: a case study. Ann. Neurol. 6, 94-100.
18. Green, M. (1981). Psychophysical relationships among mechanisms sensitive to pattern, motion and flicker. Vision Res. 21, 971-983.
19. Heilman, K. M., Voeller, K. K. S. and Nadeau, S. E. (1991). A possible pathophysiologic substrate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Child Neurol. 6, Suppl., S74-S79.
20. Irlen, H. (1983). Successful treatment of learning difficulties. Presented at: The Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, California, USA.
21. Irlen, H. L. (1990). Method and apparatus of treatment of symptoms of the Irlen syndrom (sic). The United States Patent Office, US Patent No. 4961640.
22. Irlen, H. L. (1991). Reading by the Colours, Avery, New York, USA, pp. 29-58, 155-165.
23. Irlen, H. L. (1994). Scotopic sensitivity/Irlen syndrome: hypothesis and explanation of the syndrome. J. Behav. Optom. 5, 62, 65-66.
24. Jenkins, T. C. A., Pickwell, L. D. and Yekta, A. A. (1989). Criteria for decompensation in binocular vision. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 9, 121-125.
25. Kulikowski, J. J. and Tolhurst, D. J. (1973). Psychophysical evidence for sustained and transient detectors in human vision. J. Physiol. (Lond) 232, 149-162.
26. Livingstone, M. S., Rosen, G. D., Drislane, F. W. and Galaburda, A. M. (1991). Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 88, 7943-7947.
27. Lovegrove, W., Martin, F., Bowling, A., Blackwood, M., Badcock, D. and Paxton, S. (1982). Contrast sensitivity functions and specific reading disability. Neuropsychologia 20, 309-315.
28. Lovegrove, W., Martin, F. and Slaghuis, W. (1986). A theoretical and experimental case for a visual deficit in specific reading disability. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 3, 225-267.
29. Lyle, T. K. and Wybar, K. C. (1967). Lyle and Jackson's Practical Orthoptics in the Treatment of Squint (and Other Anomalies of Binocular Vision), Lewis, London, UK.
30. Mallett, R. F. J. (1966). The investigation of oculo-motor balance. Ophthal. Opt. 25 June, 654-657.
31. Mallett, R. F. J. (1988). Techniques of investigation of binocular anomalies. In: Optometry (eds K. H. Edwards and R. D. Llewellyn), Butterworths. London, UK, p. 262.
32. Martin, F. and Lovegrove, W. (1984). Note: the effects of field size and luminance on contrast sensitivity differences between specifically reading disabled and normal children. Neuropsychologia 22, 73-77.
33. Meares, O. (1980). Figure/ground, brightness contrast, and reading disabilities. Visible Language 14, 13-29.
34. O'Leary, D. (1988). Subjective refraction. In. Optometry (eds K. H. Edwards and R. D. Llewellyn). Butterworths. London, UK, pp. 111-139.
35. Pickwell, L. D. (1989). Binocular Vision Anomalies: Investigation and Treatment, Butterworths, London, UK, pp. 29-43, 52, 53.
36. Pickwell, L. D. and Stephens, L. C. (1975). Inadequate convergence, Br. J. Physiol. Opt. 30, 34-37.
37. Ray, W. A. and O'Day, D. M. (1985). Statistical analysis of multi-eye data in ophthalmic research. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 26, 1186-1188.
38. Reading, R. (1988). Near point testing. In: Optometry (eds K. H. Edwards and R. D. Llewellyn). Butterworths, London, UK, pp. 150-160.
39. Richards, I. (1994). ADHD, ADD and dyslexia. Therap. Care Ed. 3, 145-158.
40. Rosenfield, M. and Ciuffreda, K. J. (1991). Does the gradient AC/A ratio vary with target distance? Optom. Vision Sci. 68, Suppl., 151.
41. Scheiman, M. (1994). Scotopic sensitivity syndrome, reading disability and vision disorders. J. Behav. Optom. 5, 63-65.
42. Scheiman, M., Blaskey, P., Ciner, E. B., Gallaway, M., Parisi, M., Pollack, K. and Selznick, R. (1990). Vision characteristics of individuals identified as Irlen filter candidates. J. Am. Optom. Assoc. 61, 600-605.
43. Shapira, Y. A., Jones, M. H. and Sherman, S. P. (1980). Abnormal eye movements in hyperkinetic children with learning disability. Neuropadiatrie 11, 36-44.
44. Sheard, C. (1930). Zones of ocular comfort. Am. J. Optom. 7, 9-25.
45. Sheedy, J. E. and Saladin, J. J. (1978). Association of symptoms with measures of oculomotor deficiencies. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 55, 670-676.
46. Sheedy, J. E. and Saladin, J. J. (1983). Phoria, vergence, and fixation disparity in oculomotor problems. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 60, 933-943.
47. Sherman, G. F., Rosen, G. D. and Galaburda, A. M. (1989). Neuroanatomical findings in developmental dyslexia. In: Brain and Reading (eds C. Von Euler, I. Lundberg and G. Lennerstrand), Stockton, New York, USA, pp. 3-15.
48. Simons, K. (1981). Stereoacuity norms in young children. Arch. Ophthalmol. 99, 439-445.
49. Solman, R. T., Cho, H. and Dain, S. J. (1991). Colour-mediated grouping effects in good and disabled readers, Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 11, 320-327.
50. Solman, R. T., Dain, S. J., Lim, H. and May, J. G. (1995). Reading-related wavelength and spatial frequency effects in visual spatial location. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 15, 125-132.
51. Stein, J. F., Riddell, P. M. and Fowler, S. (1988). Disordered vergence control in dyslexic children. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 72, 162-166.
52. Taylor, S. (1988). Retinoscopy. In: Optometry (eds K. H. Edwards and R. D. Llewellyn), Butterworths, London, UK, pp. 81-91.
53. Victor, J. D., Conte, M. M., Burton, L. and Nass, R. D. (1993). Visual evoked potentials in dyslexies and normals: failure to find a difference in transient or steady-state responses. Visual Neurosci. 10, 939-946.
54. Weinberg, W. A. and Mclean, A. (1986). A diagnostic approach to developmental specific learning disorders. J. Child Neural 1, 158-172.
55. Wilkins, A. J. (1995). Visual Stress, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
56. Wilkins, A. J. and Neary, C. (1991). Some visual, optometric and perceptual effects of coloured glasses. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 11, 163-171.
57. Wilkins, A. J. and Nimmo-Smith, I. (1984). On the reduction of eye-strain when reading. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 4, 53-59.
58. Wilkins, A. J. and Nimmo-Smith, M. I. (1987). The clarity and comfort of printed text. Ergonomics 30, 1705-1720.
59. Wilkins, A. J., Nimmo-Smith, I., Tait, A., McManus, C., Della Sala, S., Tilley, A., Arnold, K., Barrie, M. and Scott, S. (1984). A neurobiological basis for visual discomfort. Brain 107, 989-1017.
60. Wilkins, A. J., Milroy, R., Nimmo-Smith, I., Wright, S., Tyrrell, R., Holland, K., Martin, J., Bald, J., Yale, S., Miles, T. and Noakes, T. (1992a). Preliminary observations concerning treatment of visual discomfort and associated perceptual distortion. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 12, 257-263.
61. Wilkins, A. J., Nimmo-Smith, I. and Jansons, J. E. (1992b). Colorimeter for the intuitive manipulation of hue and saturation and its role in the study of perceptual distortion. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 12, 381-385.
62. Wilkins, A. J., Evans, B. J. W., Brown, J., Busby, A., Wingfield, A. E., Jeanes, R. and Bald, J. (1994). Double-masked placebo-controlled trial of precision spectral filters in children who use coloured overlays. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 14, 365-370.
63. Williams, M. C., Lecluyse, K. and Rock-Faucheux, A. (1992). Effective interventions for reading disability. J. Am. Optom. Assoc. 63, 411-417.
64. Yekta, A. A., Pickwell, L. D. and Jenkins, T. C. A. (1989). Binocular vision, age and symptoms. Ophthal. Physiol Opt. 9, 115-120.