Adverse drug interactions in dentistry

Periodontology 2000

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 109-142

  Hersh, Elliot V ^a   Moore, Paul A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; DRUG; HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENT;

ABSORPTION; ARTICLE; DENTAL CARE; DRUG INTERACTION; DRUG THERAPY; HUMAN; METABOLISM;

ABSORPTION; ANALGESICS; ANESTHETICS, LOCAL; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DENTAL CARE; DRUG INTERACTIONS; DRUG THERAPY; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS;

EID: 38149057151     PISSN: 09066713     EISSN: 16000757     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00224.x     Document Type: Article

References (257)

1. Abate MA, Layne RD, Neely JL, D'Alessandri R. Effect of naproxen and sulindac on blood pressure response to atenolol. DICP 1990 : 24 : 810 813.
2. ADHD drug labeling at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/briefing/ 2006-4210b_17_01_CV%20labeling%20list.pdf, Accessed 1/29/07.
3. Aellig WH, O'Neil R, Laurence DR, Verrill PJ. Cardiac effects of adrenaline and felypressin as vasoconstrictors in local anaesthesia for oral surgery under diazepam sedation. Br J Anaesth 1970 : 42 : 174 176.
4. Anderson T, Andrew K, Cederberg C, Edvardsson G, Heggelund A, Lundborg P. The effect of omeprazole and cimetidine on plasma diazepine levels. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1990 : 39 : 51 54.
5. Bachmann K, Schwartz JI, Forney R Jr., Frogameni A, Jauregui LE. The effect of erythromycin on the disposition kinetics of warfarin. Pharmacology 1984 : 28 : 171 176.
6. Back DJ, Breckenridge AM, Crawford FE, Hall JM, MacIver M, Orme MLE, Rowe PH, Smith E, Watts MJ. The effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol in women. Contraception 1980 : 21 : 135 143.
7. Back DJ, Breckenridge AM, Cross KJ, Orme AL, Thomas E. An antibiotic interaction with ethinyl estradiol in the rat and rabbit. J Steroid Biochem 1982 : 16 : 407 413.
8. Back DJ, Breckenridge AM, MacIver M, Orme M, Rowe PH, Staiger CH, Thomas E, Tjia J. The effects of ampicillin on oral contraceptive steroids in women. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982 : 14 : 43 48.
9. Back DJ, Grimmer SF, Orme ML, Proudlove C, Mann RD, Breckenridge AM. Evaluation of Committee on Safety of Medicines yellow card reports on oral contraceptive-drug interactions with anticonvulsants and antibiotics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988 : 25 : 527 532.
10. Back DJ, Madden S, Orme MLE. Gastrointestinal metabolism of contraceptive steroids. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990 : 163 : 2138 2145.
11. Back DJ, Tjia J, Martin C, Millar E, Mani T, Morrison P, Orme M. The lack of interaction between temafloxacin and combined oral contraceptive steroids. Contraception 1991 : 43 : 317 323.
12. Back DJ, Tjia J, Martin C, Millar E, Salmon P. The interaction between clarithromycin and oral contraceptive steroids. J Pharm Med 1991 : 2 : 81 87.
13. Backman JT, Olkkola KT, Aranko K, Himberg J-J, Neuvonen PJ. Dose of midazolam should be reduced during diltiazem and verapamil treatments. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994 : 37 : 221 225.
14. Backman JT, Olkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Rifampin drastically reduces plasma concentrations and effects of oral midazolam. Clin Pharm Ther 1996 : 59 : 7 13.
15. Backman JT, Olkkola KT, Ojala M, Laaksovirta H, Neuvonen PJ. Concentrations and effects of oral midazolam are greatly reduced in patients treated with carbamazepine or phenytoin. Epilepsia 1996 : 37 : 253 257.
16. Bacon JF, Shenfiels GM. Pregnancy attributable to interaction between tetracyclines and oral contraceptives. Br Med J 1980 : 280 : 293.
17. Bader SR, Moore PA. Meperidine and normeperidine convulsions in mice: possible opiate and serotonergic mechanisms. Drug Dev Res 1983 : 3 : 379 383.
18. Bahls F, Ma KK, Bird TD. Theophylline-associated seizures with "therapeutic" or low toxic serum concentrations: risk factors for serious outcomes in adults. Neurology 1991 : 41 : 1309 1312.
19. Bailey DG, Arnold M, Spence D. Grapefruit juice-drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998 : 46 : 101 110.
20. Bainton R. Interaction between antibiotic therapy and contraceptive medication. Oral Surg 1986 : 61 : 453 455.
21. Bam TA, Lehmann HE, Roy P. Preliminary reports of the therapeutic effects of Flagyl in alcoholism. Union Med Can 1966 : 95 : 147 149.
22. Barditch-Crovo P, Trapnell CB, Ette E, Zacur HA, Coresh J, Rocco LE, Hendrix CW, Flexner C. The effects of rifampin and rifabutin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination oral contraceptive. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999 : 65 : 428 438.
23. Barnes PJ. Theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: new horizons. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2005 : 2 : 334 339.
24. Batty KT, Davis TM, Ilett KF, Dusci LJ, Langton SR. The effect of ciprofloxacin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995 : 39 : 305 311.
25. Bax ND, Tucker GT, Lennard MS, Woods HF. The impairment of lignocaine clearance by propranolol - major contribution from enzyme inhibition. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985 : 19 : 597 603.
26. Beaver WT. Mild analgesics: a review of their clinical pharmacology. Am J Med 1965 : 250 : 577 604.
27. Beaver WT. Aspirin and acetaminophen as constituents of analgesic combinations. Arch Intern Med 1981 : 141 : 293 300.
28. Becker DE. Drug interactions in dental practice: a summary of facts and controversies. Compendium 1994 : 15 : 1228 1244.
29. Bentue-Ferrer D, Tribut O, Polard E, Allain H. Clinically significant drug interactions with cholinesterase inhibitors: a guide for neurologists. CNS Drugs 2003 : 17 : 947 963.
30. Berrettinia WH. A case of erythromycin-induced carbamazepine toxicity. J Clin Psychiatry 1986 : 47 : 147.
31. Black DJ, Kunze KL, Wienkers LC, Gidal BE, Seaton TL, McDonnell ND, Evans JS, Bauwens JE, Trager WF. Warfarin-fluconazole. II. A metabolically based drug interaction: in vivo studies. Drug Metab Dispos 1996 : 24 : 422 428.
32. Blum RA, Wilton JH, Hilligoss DM, Gardner MJ, Henry EB, Harrison NJ, Schentag JJ. Effect of fluconazole on the disposition of phenytoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991 : 49 : 420 425.
33. Blyden GT, Scavone JM, Greenblatt DJ. Metronidazole impairs clearance of phenytoin but not of alprazolam or lorazepam. J Clin Pharmacol 1988 : 28 : 240 245.
34. Boakes AJ, Laurence DR, Lovel KW, O'Neil R, Verrill PJ. Adverse reactions to local anesthetic/vasoconstrictor preparations. A study of the cardiovascular responses to Xylestesin and Hostacain-with-Noradrenaline. Br Dent J 1972 : 133 : 137 140.
35. Boakes AJ, Laurence DR, Teoh PC, Barar FS, Benedikter LT, Prichard BN. Interactions between sympathomimetic amines and antidepressant agents in man. Br Med J 1973 : 1 : 311 315.
36. Brater CD, Harris C, Redfern JS, Gertz BJ. Renal effects of COX-2-selective inhibitors. Am J Nephrol 2001 : 21 : 1 15.
37. Brown RS, Lewis VH. More on the contraindications to vasoconstrictors in dentistry. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993 : 76 : 2 5.
38. Burney RG, DiFazio CA, Foster JA. Effects of pH on protein binding of lidocaine. Anesth Analg 1978 : 57 : 478 480.
39. Bussey HI, Knodel LC, Boyle DA. Warfarin-erythromycin interaction. Arch Intern Med 1985 : 145 : 1736 1737.
40. Campbell JH, Huizinga PJ, Das SK, Rodriguez JP, Gobetti JP. Incidence and significance of cardiac arrhythmia in geriatric oral surgery patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996 : 82 : 42 46.
41. Catella-Lawson F, Reilly MP, Kapoor SC, Cucchiara AJ, DeMarco S, Tournier B, Vyas SN, FitzGerald GA. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. N Engl J Med 2001 : 345 : 1809 1817.
42. Centeno RF, Yu YL. The propranolol-epinephrine interaction revisited: a serious and potentially catastrophic adverse drug interaction in facial plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003 : 111 : 944 945.
43. Chin TW, Loeb M, Fong IW. Effects of an acidic beverage (Coca-Cola) on absorption of ketoconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995 : 39 : 1671 1675.
44. Chiu YC, Brecht K, DasGupta DS, Mhoon E. Myocardial infarction with topical cocaine anesthesia for nasal surgery. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986 : 112 : 988 990.
45. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr., Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr., Roccella EJ Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003 : 42 : 1206 1252.
46. Christensen H, Baker M, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Prediction of plasma protein binding displacement and its implication for quantitative assessment of metabolic drug-drug interactions from in vitro data. J Pharm Sci 2006 : 95 : 2778 2787.
47. Ciancio SG, editor. ADA Guide to Dental Therapeutics, 3rd edn. Chicago : ADA Publishing Co., 2003.
48. Cohan RP, Jacobson PL, Blumenthal M, Bruce GJ. Alternative medicine in dentistry. In : Yagiela JA, Dowd FJ, Neidle EA editors. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry, 5th edn. Oxford : Elsevier Mosby, 2004 : 880 889.
49. Cohen AF, Hamilton MJ, Peck AW. The effect of acrivastine (BW825C), diphenhydramine and terfenadine in combination with alcohol on human CNS performance. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987 : 32 : 279 288.
50. Cole CJ, Karl HW, Notterman DA, Weingerg JA, McCloskey C. Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: analysis of medications used for sedation. Pediatrics 2000 : 106 : 633 644.
51. Cooper SA, Engel J, Ladov M, Precheur H, Rosenheck A, Rauch D. Analgesic efficacy of an ibuprofen-codeine combination. Pharmacotherapy 1982 : 2 : 162 167.
52. Cooper SA, Precheur H, Rauch D, Rosenheck A, Ladov M, Engel J. Evaluation of oxycodone and acetaminophen in treatment of postoperative dental pain. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1980 : 50 : 496 501.
53. 2 concentrations in aspirin-treated healthy adult volunteers. Clin Ther 2005 : 27 : 185 191.
54. Cucineli SA, Conney AH, Sansur M, Burns JJ. Drug interactions in man. I. Lowering effects of phenobarbital on plasma levels of bishydroxycoumarin and diphenylhydantoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1965 : 6 : 420 424.
55. Cupp MJ, Tracy TS. Cytochrome P450: new nomenclature and clinical implications. Am Fam Physician 1998 : 18 : 107 116.
56. Dalton SO, Johansen C, Mellemkjaer L, Norgard B, Sorensen HT, Olsen JH. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2003 : 163 : 59 64.
57. Daos FG, Lopez L, Virtue RW. Local anesthetic toxicity modified by oxygen and combination of agents. Anesthesiology 1962 : 23 : 755 759.
58. Dart RC, Kuffner EK, Rumack BH. Treatment of pain of fever with paracetamol (acetaminophen) in the alcoholic patient: a systemic review. Am J Ther 2000 : 7 : 123 134.
59. Datta P, Dasgupta A. A new turbidometric digoxin immunoassay on the ADVIA 1650 analyzer is free from interference by spironolactone, potassium canrenoate, and their common metabolite canrenone. Ther Drug Monit 2003 : 25 : 478 482.
60. Davis BK. Dental aesthetics and the aging patient. Facial Plast Surg 2006 : 22 : 154 160.
61. De Abajo FJ, Rodriguez LA, Montero D. Association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and upper gastrointestinal bleeding: population based case-control study. Br Med J 1999 : 319 : 1106 1109.
62. deGatta MRF, Gonzalez ACA, Sanchez MJG, Hurle ADG, Borbujo JS, Corral LM. Effect of sodium valproate on phenobarbital serum levels in children and adults. Therapeut Drug Monit 1985 : 8 : 416 420.
63. de Jong JC, van den Berg PB, Tobi H, de Jong-van den Berg LT. Combined use of SSRIs and NSAIDs increases the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003 : 55 : 591 595.
64. Denton PH, Borrelli VM, Edwards NV. Dangers of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Br Med J 1962 : 2 : 1752 1753.
65. DeRossi SS, Hersh EV. Antibiotics and oral contraceptives. Dent Clin N Am 2002 : 46 : 653 664.
66. DeSano EA, Hurley SC. Possible interactions of antihistamines and antibiotics with oral contraceptive effectiveness. Fertil Steril 1980 : 37 : 853 854.
67. Desjardins PJ, Hersh EV, Trummel CL, Cooper SA. Nonopioid analgesics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and antirheumatic and antigout drugs. In : Yagiela JA, Dowd FJ, Neidle EA editors. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry, 5th edn. Oxford : Elsevier Mosby, 2004 : 331 364.
68. Desmeules J, Gascon MP, Dayer P, Magistris M. Impact of environmental and genetic factors on codeine analgesia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991 : 41 : 23 26.
69. Desta Z, Kerbusch T, Flockhart DA. Effect of clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pimozide in healthy poor and extensive metabolizers of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999 : 65 : 10 20.
70. Dickinson BD, Altman RD, Nielsen NH, Sterling ML. Drug interactions between oral contraceptives and antibiotics. Obstet Gynecol 2001 : 98 : 853 860.
71. Dionne RA, Yagiela JA, Moore PA, Gonty A, Zuniga J, Beirne OR. Comparing efficacy and safety of four intravenous sedation regimens in dental outpatients. J Am Dent Assoc 2001 : 132 : 740 751.
72. Donley TG, Smith RF, Roy B. Reduced oral contraceptive effectiveness with concurrent antibiotic use: a protocol for prescribing antibiotics to women of childbearing age. Compendium 1990 : 9 : 392 396.
73. Dosseter J. Drug interaction with oral contraceptives. Br Med J 1975 : 4 : 467 468.
74. Dresser GK, Spence JD, Bailey DG. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic consequences and clinical relevance of cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000 : 38 : 41 57.
75. Duncker A, Greenberg S. A profile of older Americans: 2000. Washington DC : Administration on Aging, US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000.
76. Eckenhoff JE, Helrich M. Study of narcotics and sedatives for use in preanesthetic medication. JAMA 1957 : 167 : 415 422.
77. Enggaard TP, Poulsen L, Arendt-Nielsen L, Brosen K, Ossig J, Sindrup SH. The analgesic effect of tramadol after intravenous injection in healthy volunteers in relation to CYP2D6. Anesth Analg 2006 : 102 : 146 150.
78. FDA approved drug products. At http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchResults_Browse&StartRow= 101&StepSize=100, accessed 2/01/07.
79. Fee JPH, Collier PS, Howard PJ, Dundee JW. Cimetidine and ranitidine increases midazolam bioavailability. Clin Pharm Ther 1987 : 41 : 80.
80. Feldman M, Cryer B. Aspirin absorption rates and platelet inhibition times with 325-mg buffered aspirin tablets (chewed or swallowed intact) with buffered aspirin solution. Am J Cardiol 1999 : 84 : 404 409.
81. Finch CK, Green CA, Self TH. Fluconazole-carbamazepine interaction. South Med J 2002 : 95 : 1099 1100.
82. Flockhart DA. Cytochrome P450 drug interactions table. Indiana University, School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology. Available at: "medicine.iupui.edu/flockhart/table.htm". Accessed December 23, 2006.
83. Floren LC, Bekersky I, Benet LZ, Mekki Q, Dressler D, Lee JW, Roberts JP, Hebert MF. Tacrolimus oral bioavailability doubles with coadministration of ketoconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997 : 62 : 41 49.
84. Foster CA, Aston SJ. Propranolol-epinephrine interaction: a potential disaster. Plast Reconstr Surg 1983 : 72 : 74 78.
85. Freely J, Wilkson GR, McAllister CB, Wood AJ. Increased toxicity and reduced clearance of lidocaine by cimetidine. Ann Int Med 1982 : 96 : 592 594.
86. Frenia ML, Long KS. Methotrexate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug interactions. Ann Pharmacother 1992 : 26 : 234 237.
87. Garrido MJ, Sayar O, Segura C, Rapado J, Dios-Vieitez MC, Renedo MJ, Troconiz IF. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of the antinociceptive effects of (+)-tramadol in the rat: role of cytochrome P450 2D activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003 : 305 : 710 718.
88. Gaziano JM, Gibson CM. Potential for drug-drug interactions in patients taking analgesics for mild-moderate pain and low-dose aspirin for cardioprotection. Am J Cardiol 2006 : 97 (Suppl. 23E 29E.
89. Gebhart GF. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In : Yagiela JA, Dowd FJ, Neidle EA editors. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry, 5th edn. Oxford : Elsevier Mosby, 2004 : 315 330.
90. Gillman PK. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, opioid analgesics and serotonin toxicity. Br J Anaesth 2005 : 95 : 434 441.
91. Goldman V, Astrom A, Evers H. The effect of tricyclic antidepressant on the cardiovascular effects of local anaesthetic solutions containing different vasoconstrictors. Anaesthesia 1971 : 26 : 91.
92. Gomez DY, Wacher VJ, Tomlanovich SJ, Hebert MF, Benet LZ. The effects of ketoconazole on the intestinal metabolism and bioavailability of cyclosporine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995 : 58 : 15 19.
93. Goodson JM, Moore PA. Life-threatening reactions following pedodontic sedation: an assessment of narcotic, local anesthetic and antiemetic drug interactions. J Am Dent Assoc 1983 : 107 : 239 245.
94. Goulston K, Cooke AR. Alcohol, aspirin and gastrointestinal bleeding. Br Med J 1977 : 2 : 1532 1536.
95. Graham DY, Hoffman J, el-Zimaity HM, Graham DP, Osato M. Twice a day quadruple therapy (bismuth subsalicylate, tetracycline, metronidazole plus lansoprazole) for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997 : 11 : 935 938.
96. Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, Harmatz JS, Chen G, Weemhoff JL, Jen C, Kelley CJ, LeDuc BW, Zinny MA. Time course of recovery of cytochrome p450 3A function after single doses of grapefruit juice. Clin Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003 : 74 : 121 129.
97. Haas DA. Adverse drug interactions in dental practice: interactions associated with analgesics. J Am Dent Assoc 1999 : 130 : 397 407.
98. Harris S, Hilgoss DM, Colangelo PM, Eller M, Okerholm R. Azithromycin and terfenadine: lack of drug interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995 : 58 : 310 315.
99. Heft MW, Mariotti A. Geriatric pharmacology. In : Yagiela JA, Dowd FJ, Neidle EA editors. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry, 5th edn. Oxford : Elsevier Mosby, 2004 : 849 856.
100. Helms SE, Bredle DL, Zajic J, Jarjoura D, Brodell RT, Krishnarao I. Oral contraceptive failure rates and oral antibiotics. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997 : 36 : 705 710.
101. Hennessy M, Kelleher D, Spiers JP, Kavanagh P, Back D, Mulcahy F, Feely J. St John's wort increases expression of P-glycoprotein: implications for drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002 : 53 : 75 82.
102. Hersh EV. Adverse drug interactions in dental practice: interactions with antibiotics. J Am Dent Assoc 1999 : 130 : 236 251.
103. Hersh EV, Desjardins PJ, Simpser M., Dadzie C. Evaluation of meperidine-induced respiratory depression using a new non-invasive technique. Anesth Prog 1985 : 32 : 194 198.
104. Hersh EV, Giannakopoulos H, Levin LM, Secreto S, Moore PA, Peterson C, Hutcheson M; Bouhajib M, Mosenkis A, Townsend RR. Pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of high dose articaine with 1:100,000 and 1:200,000 epinephrine. J Am Dent Assoc 2006 : 137 : 1562 1571.
105. Hersh EV, Lally ET, Moore PA. Update of cyclooxygenase inhibitors: has a third COX isoform entered the fray? Curr Med Res Opin 2005 : 21 : 1217 1226.
106. Hersh EV, Moore PA. Drug interactions in dentistry: the importance of knowing your CYPs. J Am Dent Assoc 2004 : 135 : 298 311.
107. Hersh EV, Moore PA, Ross GL. Over-the-counter analgesics and antipyretics: a critical assessment. Clin Ther 2000 : 22 : 500 548.
108. Hersh EV, Stoopler E, Secreto SA, DeRossi SS. A study of benzocaine gel dosing for toothache. J Clin Dent 2005 : 16 : 103 108.
109. Heylen R, Miller R. Medications commonly used in the treatment of adult HIV positive patients: part 2. Genitourinary Med 1997 : 73 : 5 11.
110. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Logan R. Risk of adverse gastrointestinal outcomes in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based nested case-control analysis. Br Med J 2005 : 331 : 1310 1316.
111. Hjemdahl P, Akerstedt T, Pollare T, Gillberg M. Influence of beta-adrenoceptor blockade by metoprolol and propranolol on plasma concentrations and effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline during i.v. infusion. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1983 : 515 : 45 53.
112. Honig PK, Woosley RI, Zamani K, Conner DP, Cantilena LR. Changes in the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of terfenadine with concomitant administration of erythromycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993 : 53 : 231 238.
113. Honig PK, Wortham DC, Hull R, Zamani K, Smith JE, Cantilena LR. Itraconazole affects single-dose terfenadine pharmacokinetics and cardiac repolarization pharmacodynamics. J Clin Pharmacol 1993 : 33 : 1201 1206.
114. Honig PK, Wortham DC, Zamani K, Conner DP, Mullin JC, Cantilena LR. Terfenadine-ketoconazole interaction: pharmacokinetic and electrocardiographic consequences. JAMA 1993 : 269 : 1513 1518.
115. Houben H, Thien T, van't Laar A. Effect of low-dose epinephrine infusion on hemodynamics after selective and nonselective beta-blockade in hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982 : 31 : 685 690.
116. Houpt MI, Weiss NJ, Koenigsberg SR, Desjardins PJ. Comparison of chloral hydrate with and without promethazine in the sedation of young children. Pediatr Dent 1985 : 7 : 41 46.
117. Houston MC. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antihypertensives. Am J Med 1991 : 90 (Suppl. 5A 42 78.
118. Huang S-M, Lesko LJ. Drug-drug, drug-dietary supplement, and drug-citrus fruit and other food interactions: what have we learned? J Clin Pharmacol 2004 : 44 : 559 569.
119. Illi A, Sundberg S, Ojala-Karlsson P, Korhonen P, Scheinin M, Gordin A. The effect of entacapone on the disposition and hemodynamic effects of intravenous isoproterenol and epinephrine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995 : 58 : 221 227.
120. Jastak JT, Yagiela JA, Donaldson D. Local Anesthesia of the Oral Cavity. Philadelphia : Saunders, 1995.
121. Jensen CW, Flechner SM, Van Buren CT, Frazier OH, Cooley DA, Lorber MI, Kahan BD. Exacerbation of cyclosporine toxicity by concomitant administration of erythromycin. Transplantation 1987 : 43 : 263 270.
122. Joshi JV, Joshi UM, Sankholi GM, Krishna U, Mandlekar A, Chowdhury V, Hazari K, Gupta K, Sheth UK, Saxena BN. A study of interaction of low-dose combination oral contraceptive with ampicillin and metronidazole. Contraception 1980 : 22 : 643 652.
123. Kantola T, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ. Erythromycin and verapamil considerably increase serum simvastatin and simvastatin acid concentrations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998 : 64 : 177 182.
124. Kaukonen KM, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Fluconazole but not itraconazole decreases the metabolism of losartan to E-3174. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998 : 53 : 445 449.
125. Kazmier FJ. A significant interaction between metronidazole and warfarin. Mayo Clin Proc 1976 : 51 : 782 784.
126. Kellam SA, Smit JR, Scheffel SJ. Epinephrine absorption from commercial gingival retraction cords in clinical patients. J Prosthet Dent 1992 : 68 : 761 765.
127. Kishikawa K, Namiki A, Miyashita K, Saitoh K. Effects of famotidine and cimetidine on the plasma levels of epidurally administered lignocaine. Anaesthesia 1990 : 45 : 719 721.
128. Kharasch ED, Hoffer C, Aluntas TG, Whittington D. Quinidine as a probe for the role of P-glycoprotein in the intestinal absorption and clinical effects of fentanyl. J Clin Pharmacol 2004 : 44 : 224 233.
129. Kharasch ED, Walker A, Hoffer C, Sheffels P. Evaluation of first-pass cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) and P-glycoprotein activities using alfentanil and fexofendadine in combination. J Clin Pharmacol 2005 : 45 : 79 88.
130. Krvisto KT, Neuvonen PJ, Klotz U. Inhibition of terfenadine metabolism: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994 : 27 : 1 5.
131. Kyrmizakis DE, Chimona TS, Kanoupakis EM, Papadakis CE, Velegrakis GA, Helidonis ES. QT prolongation and torsades de pointes associated with concurrent use of cisapride and erythromycin. Am J Otolaryngol 2002 : 23 : 303 307.
132. Laisi U, Linnoila M, Seppala T, Himberg J-J, Mattila MJ. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of diazepam with different alcohol beverages. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1979 : 16 : 263 270.
133. 2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1961 : 131 : 381 393.
134. Lampen A, Christians U, Guengerich FP, Watkins PB, Kolars JC, Bader A, Gonschior AK, Dralle H, Hackbarth I, Sewing KF. Metabolism of the immunosupressant tacrolimus in the small intestine: cytochrome P450, drug interactions, and interindividual variability. Drug Metab Dispos 1995 : 23 : 1315 1324.
135. Landauer AA, Milnor G. Antihistamines alone and together with alcohol in relation to driving safety. J Forens Med 1971 : 18 : 127.
136. Langman MJ, Weil J, Wainwright P, Lawson DH, Rawlins MD, Logan RF, Murphy M, Vessey MP, Colin-Jones DG. Risks of bleeding peptic ulcer associated with individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 1994 : 343 : 1075 1078.
137. Lathers CM, Tyau LS, Spino MM, Agarwal I. Cocaine-induced seizures, arrhythmias and sudden death. J Clin Pharmacol 1988 : 28 : 584 593.
138. Lee CR, McTavish D, Sorkin EM. Tramadol: a preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in acute and chronic pain states. Drugs 1993 : 46 : 313 340.
139. Lees RS, Lees AM. Rhabdomyolysis from the coadministration of lovastatin and the antifungal agent itraconazole. N Engl J Med 1995 : 333 : 664 665.
140. Lefebvre RA, Van Peer A, Woestenboroughs R. Influence of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic effects of astemizole. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997 : 43 : 319 322.
141. Lepper MH, Dowing HF. Treatment of pneumococcic meningitis with penicillin compared with penicillin plus aureomycin. Arch Intern Med 1951 : 88 : 489 494.
142. Lesch KP, Wolozin BL, Murphy DL, Reiderer P. Primary structure of the human platelet serotonin uptake site: identity with the brain serotonin transporter. J Neurochem 1993 : 60 : 2319 2322.
143. Leyden JJ. Absorption of minocycline hydrochloride and tetracycline hydrochloride. Effect of food, milk, and iron. Am Acad Dermatol 1985 : 12 : 308 312.
144. Liedholm H, Nordan G. Erythromycin-felodipine interaction. DICP 1991 : 25 : 1007 1008.
145. Linnoila M, Mattila MJ. Drug interaction on psychomotor skills related to driving: diazepam and alcohol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1973 : 5 : 186 197.
146. Lloyd CJ. Clinically induced methemoglobinemia in a neonate. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992 : 30 : 63 65.
147. Loewe S. Antagonism and antagonists. Pharmacol Rev 1957 : 9 : 237 242.
148. London BM, Lookingbill DP. Frequency of pregnancy in acne patients taking oral antibiotics and oral contraceptives. Arch Dermatol 1994 : 130 : 392 393.
149. Lopez FA. ADHD: new pharmacological treatments on the horizon. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2006 : 27 : 410 416.
150. Marinella M, Gianni T, Garattini S. Clinical pharmacokinetics of diazepam. Clin Pharmacokinet 1978 : 3 : 72 91.
151. Mackie K, Lam A. Epinephrine-containing test dose during beta-blockade. J Clin Monit 1991 : 7 : 213 216.
152. Mattila MJ, Idanpaan-Heikila JJ, Tornwall M, Vanakowski J. Oral single doses of erythromycin and roxithromycin may increase effects of midazolam on human performance. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993 : 73 : 180 185.
153. Mattila MJ, Vanakokski J, Idänpään-Heikilä JJ. Azithromycin does not alter the effects of oral midazolam on human performance. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994 : 47 : 49 52.
154. Mazzu AL, Lasseter KC, Shamblen EC, Agarwal V, Lettieri J, Sundaresen P. Itraconazole alters the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin to a greater extent than either cerivastatin or pravastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000 : 68 : 391 400.
155. McCann W, Wilson S, Larsen P, Stehle B. The effect of nitrous oxide on behavior and physiological parameters during conscious sedation with a moderate dose of chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine. Pediatr Dent 1996 : 18 : 35 41.
156. Mcfarlane LI, Orak DJ, Simpson WM. NSAIDs, antihypertensive agent and loss of blood pressure control. Am Fam Phys 1995 : 51 : 849 856.
157. McQuay H, Edwards J. Meta-analysis of single dose oral tramadol plus acetaminophen in acute postoperative pain. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2003 : 20 (Suppl. 28 19 22.
158. Mertens-Talcott SU, Zadezensky I, De Castro WV, Derendorf H, Butterweck V. Grapefruit-drug interactions: can interactions with drugs be avoided? J Clin Pharmacol 2006 : 46 : 1390 1416.
159. Michalets EL. Update: clinically significant cytochrome P-450 drug interactions. Pharmacotherapy 1998 : 18 : 84 112.
160. Mito RS, Yagiela JA. Hypertensive response to levonordefrin in a patient receiving propranolol: report of case. J Am Dent Assoc 1988 : 116 : 55 57.
161. Moore PA. Clinical pharmacology of opioid analgesics. Dent Clin North Am 1984 : 28 : 389 400.
162. Moore PA. Prevention of local anesthesia toxicity. J Am Dent Assoc 1992 : 123 : 60 64.
163. Moore PA. Adverse drug interactions in dental practice: interactions associated with local anesthetics, sedatives and anxiolytics. J Am Dent Assoc 1999 : 130 : 541 554.
164. Moore PA. Sedative hypnotics, antianxiety drugs, and centrally acting muscle relaxants. In : Yagiela JA, Dowd FJ, Neidle EA editors. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry, 5th edn. Oxford : Elsevier Mosby, 2004 : 193 218.
165. Moore PA, Finder Rl, Jackson DL. Intravenous sedation in dentistry: dose determinants for midazolam titration. Oral Surg 1997 : 84 : 5 10.
166. Moore PA, Gage TW, Hersh EV, Yagiela JA, Haas DA. Adverse drug interactions in dental practice: professional and educational implications. J Am Dent Assoc 1999 : 130 : 47 54.
167. Moore PA, Goodson JM. Risk appraisal of narcotic sedation for children. Anesth Prog 1985 : 32 : 129 139.
168. Moore PA, Hersh EV. Common medications prescribed for adolescent dental patients. Dent Clin North Am 2006 : 50 : 139 149.
169. Moore PA, Mickey EA, Needleman HL, Hargreaves JA. Sedation in pediatric dentistry: a practical assessment procedure. J Am Dent Assoc 1984 : 109 : 564 569.
170. Moore PA, Nahouraii HS, Zovko JG, Wisniewski SR. Dental therapeutic practice patterns in the U.S. II. Analgesics, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. Gen Dent 2006 : 54 : 201 207.
171. Morton MR, Cooper SW. Erythromycin-induced digoxin toxicity. DICP Ann Pharmacother 1989 : 23 : 668 670.
172. Muelheims GH, Entrup RW, Paiewonsky D, Mierzwiak DS. Increased sensitivity of the heart to catecholamine-induced arrhythmias following guanethidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1965 : 6 : 757 762.
173. Murphy AA, Zacur HA, Charache P, Burkman RT. The effect of tetracycline on levels of oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991 : 164 : 28 33.
174. Naftalin LW, Yagiela JA. Vasoconstrictors: indications and precautions. Dent Clin North Am 2002 : 46 : 733 746.
175. Naguib M, Magboul MA, Samarkandi AH, Attia M. Adverse effects and drug interactions associated with local and regional anaesthesia. Drug Saf 1998 : 18 : 221 250.
176. Neely JL, Abate M, Swinker M, D'Angio R. The effect of doxycycline on serum levels of ethinyl estradiol, norethindrone, and endogenous progesterone. Obstet Gynecol 1991 : 77 : 416 420.
177. Nelson RM, Johannessen JN. Minutes of the Pediatric Advisory Committee, March 22, 2006. At http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/minutes/2006- 4210m_Minutes%20PAC%20March%2022%202006.pdf, Accessed 1/29/07.
178. Neuvonen PJ, Kantola T, Kivisto KT. Simvastatin but not pravastatin is very susceptible to interaction with the CYP3A4 inhibitor itraconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998 : 63 : 332 341.
179. Neuvonen PJ, Suhonen R. Itraconazole interacts with felodipine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995 : 33 : 134 135.
180. Nissen SE. ADHD drugs and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2006 : 354 : 1445 1458.
181. Nix DE, Watson WA, Lener ME, Frost RW, Krol G, Goldstein H, Lettieri J, Schentag JJ. Effects of aluminum and magnesium antacids and ranitidine on the absorption of ciprofloxacin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989 : 46 : 700 705.
182. Nolan L, O'Malley K. Prescribing for the elderly, Part II. Prescribing patterns: differences due to age. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988 : 36 : 245 254.
183. O'Connor NK, Fris J. Clarithromycin-carbamazepine interaction in a clinical setting. J Am Board Fam Pract 1994 : 7 : 489 492.
184. Olkkola KT, Aranko K, Luurila H, Hiller A, Saarnivaara L, Himberg JJ, Neuvonen PJ. A potentially hazardous interaction between erythromycin and midazolam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993 : 53 : 298 305.
185. Olson RA, Kirby JC, Romansky MJ. Pneumoccocal meningitis in the adult: clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic aspects in forty-three patients. Arch Intern Med 1961 : 55 : 554 559.
186. O'Reilly RA. The stereoselective interaction of warfarin and metronidazole in man. N Engl J Med 1976 : 295 : 354 357.
187. Orme ML, Back DJ. Interactions between oral contraceptive steroids and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Clin Exp Dermatol 1986 : 11 : 327 331.
188. Pallasch TJ, McCarthy FM, Jastak JT. Cocaine and sudden cardiac death. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989 : 47 : 1188 1191.
189. Paulsen O, Hoglund P, Nilsson LG, Bengtsson HI. The interaction of erythromycin with theophylline. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987 : 32 : 493 498.
190. Penick SB, Carrier RN, Sheldon JR. Metronidazole in the treatment of alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry 1969 : 125 : 1063 1066.
191. Perovic J, Terzic M, Todorovic L. Safety of local anaesthesia induced by prilocaine with felypressin in patients on tricyclic antidepressants. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 1979 : 22 : 57 62.
192. Perusse R, Goulet JP, Turcotte JY. Contraindications to vasoconstrictors in dentistry: Part 3. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992 : 74 : 692 697.
193. Piscitelli SC, Goss TF, Wilton JH, Andrea DT, Goldstein H, Schentag JJ. Effects of ranitidine and sucralfate on ketoconazole bioavailability. Antimicrob
194. Pope JE, Anderson JJ, Felson DT. A meta-analysis of the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 1993 : 153 : 477 484.
195. Raaska K, Neuvonen PJ. Ciprofloxacin increases serum clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine: a study in patients with schizophrenia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000 : 56 : 585 589.
196. Radack KL, Deck CC, Bloomfield SS. Ibuprofen interferes with the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs. Ann Intern Med 1987 : 107 : 628 635.
197. Raebel MA, Chester EA, Newsom EE, Lyons EE, Kelleher JA, Long C, Miller C, Magid DJ. Randomized trial to improve laboratory safety monitoring of ongoing drug therapy in ambulatory patients. Pharmacotherapy 2006 : 26 : 619 626.
198. Ragheb M. The clinical significance of lithium-non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug interactions. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990 : 10 : 350 354.
199. Recker MW, Kier KL. Potential interaction between clarithromycin and warfarin. Ann Pharmacother 1997 : 31 : 996 998.
200. Rehling M, Svendsen TL, Maltbaek N, Tango M, Trap-Jensen J. Haemodynamic effects of atenolol, pindolol and propranolol during adrenaline infusion in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1986 : 30 : 659 663.
201. Reilly IA, Fitzgerald GA. Inhibition of thromboxane formation in vivo and ex vivo: implications for therapy with platelet inhibitory drugs. Blood 1987 : 69 : 180 186.
202. Rengelshausen J, Goggelmann C, Burhenne J, Riedel KD, Ludwig J, Weiss J, Mikus G, Walter-Sack I, Haefeli WE. Contribution of increased oral bioavailability and reduced nonglomerular renal clearance of digoxin to the digoxin-clarithromycin interaction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003 : 56 : 32 38.
203. Robson RA, Wing LMH, Miners JO, Lillywhite KJ, Birkett DJ. The effect of ranitidine on the disposition of lignocaine. Br J Clin Pharm 1985 : 20 : 170 173.
204. Rosenberger M, Yagiela J. Drug interactions: COMT inhibitors. J Mass Dent Soc 2001 : 50 : 44 46.
205. Rumack BH. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: the first 35 years. Clin Toxicol 2002 : 40 : 3 20.
206. Sanders LD, Whitehead C, Gildersleve CD, Rosen M, Robinson JO. Interaction of H2-receptor antagonists and benzodiazepine sedation. Anaesthesia 1993 : 48 : 286 292.
207. Sansoy OM. Evaluation of metronidazole in the treatment of alcoholism: a comprehensive three-year study comparing 60 cases. Rocky Mt Med J 1970 : 67 : 43 47.
208. Sanz M, Herrera D. Individual drugs. In : Newman MG, van Winkelhoff AJ editors. Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Use in Dental Practice, 2nd edn. Chicago : Quintessence Publishing Co., 2001 : 33 52.
209. Scheen AJ. Drug interactions of clinical importance with antihyperglycemic agents. Drug Saf 2006 : 28 : 601 631.
210. Sellers EM, Lang M, Koch-Weser J, LeBlanc E, Kalant H. Interactions of chloral hydrate and ethanol in man. I. Metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1972 : 13 : 37 49.
211. Serebruany VL. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and increased bleeding risk: are we missing something? Am J Med 2006 : 119 : 113 116.
212. Shannon M. Life-threatening events after theophylline overdose: a 10-year prospective analysis. Arch Intern Med 1999 : 159 : 989 994.
213. Shaukat A, Benekli M, Vladutiu GD, Slack JL, Wetzler M, Baer MR. Simvastatin-fluconazole causing rhabdomyolysis. Ann Pharmacother 2003 : 37 : 1032 1035.
214. Shorr RI, Ray WA, Daugherty JR, Griffin MR. Concurrent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral anticoagulants places elderly persons at high risk for hemorrhagic peptic ulcer disease. Arch Intern Med 1993 : 153 : 1665 1670.
215. Sindrup SH, Arendt-Nielsen L, Brosen K, Bjerring P, Angelo HR, Eriksen B, Gram LF. The effect of quinidine on the analgesic effect of codeine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992 : 42 : 587 591.
216. Slattery JT, Nelson SD, Thummel KE. The complex interaction between ethanol and acetaminophen. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996 : 60 : 241 246.
217. Smith RB, Rossie GV, Orzechowski RF. Interactions of chlorpheniramine- ethanol combinations: acute toxicity and antihistamine activity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1974 : 28 : 240 248.
218. Spach DH, Bauwens JE, Clark CD, Burke WG. Rhabdomyolysis associated with lovastatin and erythromycin use. West J Med 1991 : 154 : 213 215.
219. Spicer ST, Liddle C, Chapman JR, Barclay P, Nankivell BJ, Thomas P, O'Connell PJ. The mechanism of cyclosporine toxicity induced by clarithromycin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997 : 43 : 194 196.
220. Spina E, Arena D, Scordo MG, Fazio A, Pisani F, Perucca E. Elevation of plasma carbamazepine concentrations by ketoconazole in patients with epilepsy. Ther Drug Monit 1997 : 19 : 535 538.
221. Stockley IH. Stockley's Drug Interactions, 6th edn. London : Pharmaceutical Press, 2002.
222. Stopperich DS, Moore PA, Finder RL, Weyant RJ. Oral triazolam pretreatment for intravenous sedation. Anesth Prog 1993 : 40 : 117 121.
223. Strom J. Penicillin and erythromycin singly and in combination in scarlatina therapy and the interference between them. Antibiot Chemother 1961 : 11 : 694 697.
224. Sugimura M, Hirota Y, Shibutani T, Niwa H, Hori T, Kim Y, Matsuura H. An echocardiographic study of interactions between pindolol and epinephrine contained in a local anesthetic solution. Anesth Prog 1995 : 42 : 29 35.
225. Susce MT, Murray-Carmichael E, de Leon J. Response to hydrocodone, codeine and oxycodone in a CYP2D6 poor metabolizer. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006 : 30 : 1356 1358.
226. Svedmyr N. The influence of a tricyclic antidepressive agent (protriptyline) on some of the circulatory effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline in man. Life Sci 1968 : 7 : 77 84.
227. Tenenbein M. Theophylline toxicity due to drug interaction. J Emerg Med 1989 : 7 : 249 251.
228. Ten Erick AP, Reed MD. Hidden dangers of coadministration and digoxin in children: focus on azithromycin. Curr Ther Res 2000 : 61 : 148 160.
229. The top 300 prescriptions for 2005 by number of US prescriptions dispensed, at http://www.rxlist.com/top300.htm, accessed 9/04/06.
230. Thyss A, Milano G, Kubar J, Namer N, Schneider N. Clinical and pharmacokinetic evidence of a life-threatening interaction between methotrexate and ketoprofen. Lancet 1986 : 1 : 256 258.
231. Tjia JF, Colbert J, Back DJ. Theophylline metabolism in human liver microsomes: inhibition studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996 : 276 : 912 917.
232. Turnheim K. Drug therapy in the elderly. Exp Gerontol 2004 : 39 : 1731 1738.
233. United States Food and Drug Administration Label and Approval History for Prozac, at http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm? fuseaction=Search.Label_ApprovalHistory#apphist, Accessed 12/03/06.
234. van der Bijl P, Victor AM. Adverse reactions associated with norepinephrine in dental local anesthesia. Anesth Prog 1992 : 39 : 87 89.
235. Van der Meer JWM, Keuning JJ, Scheigrond HW, Heykants J, Van Cutsem J, Brugmans J. The influence of gastric acidity on the bio-availability of ketoconazole. J Antimicrob Chemother 1980 : 6 : 552 554.
236. Van Dyke T, Litkowski LJ, Kiersch TA, Zarringhalam NM, Zheng H, Newman K. Combination oxycodone 5 mg/ibuprofen 400 mg for the treatment of postoperative pain: a double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled parallel-group study. Clin Ther 2004 : 26 : 2003 2014.
237. van Haarst AD, van't Klooster GA, van Gerven JM, Schoemaker RC, van Oene JC, Burggraaf J, Coene MC, Cohen AF. The influence of cisapride and clarithromycin on QT intervals in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998 : 64 : 542 546.
238. Varhe A, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Oral triazolam is potentially hazardous to patients receiving systemic antimycotics ketoconazole or itraconazole. Clin Pharm Ther 1994 : 56 : 601 607.
239. Varhe A, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Diltiazem enhances the effect of triazolam by inhibiting its metabolism. Clin Pharm Ther 1996 : 59 : 369 375.
240. Vasquez E, Pollak R, Benedetti E. Clotrimazole increases tacrolimus blood levels: a drug interaction in kidney transplant patients. Clin Transplant 2001 : 15 : 95 99.
241. Venkatakrishan K, van Molt LL, Greenblatt DJ. Effect of the antifungal agents on oxidative drug metabolism. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000 : 38 : 111 180.
242. Villikka K, Kivisto KT, Backman JT, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Triazolam is ineffective in patients taking rifampin. Clin Pharm Ther 1997 : 61 : 8 14.
243. Wakasugi H, Yano I, Ito T, Hashida T, Futami T, Nohara R, Sasayama S, Inui K. Effect of clarithromycin on renal excretion of digoxin: interaction with P-glycoprotein. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998 : 64 : 123 128.
244. Webb MD, Moore PA. Sedation for pediatric dental patients. Dent Clin N Am 2002 : 46 : 803 814.
245. Weiss B, Prozialeck W, Cimino M. Acute and chronic effects of psychoactive drugs on adrenergic receptors and calmodulin. Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res 1980 : 12 : 213 225.
246. Wells PS, Holbrook AM, Crowther NR, Hirsh J. Interactions of warfarin with drugs and food. Ann Intern Med 1994 : 121 : 676 683.
247. Wijnands WJA, Vree TB, Van Herwaarden CLA. The influence of quinolone derivatives on theophylline clearance. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986 : 22 : 677 683.
248. Wong YY, Luden TM, Bell RD. Effect of erythromycin on carbamazepine kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983 : 33 : 460 464.
249. Woods DD. The relation of p-aminobenzoic acid to the mechanism of action of sulfanilamide. Br J Exp Pathol 1940 : 21 : 74.
250. Yagiela JA. Death in a cardiac patient after local anesthesia with epinephrine. Orofac Pain Manage 1991 : 1 : 6.
251. Yagiela JA. Vasoconstrictor agents for local anesthesia. Anesth Prog 1995 : 42 : 116 120.
252. Yagiela JA. Adverse drug interactions in dental practice: interactions associated with vasoconstrictors. J Am Dent Assoc 1999 : 130 : 701 709.
253. Yagiela JA. Local anesthetics. In : Yagiela JA, Dowd FJ, Neidle EA editors. Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry, 5th edn. St Louis : Mosby-Year Book, 2004 : 251 270.
254. Yagiela JA, Duffin SR, Hunt LM. Drug interactions and vasoconstrictors used in local anesthetic solutions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1985 : 59 : 565 571.
255. Yagiela JA, Hein DW. Pharmacogenetics and general mechanisms of drug interactions. In : Yagiela JA, Dowd FJ, Neidle EA editors. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry, 5th edn. Oxford : Elsevier Mosby, 2004 : 70 82.
256. Yousfi MM, el-Zimaity HM, Genta RM, Graham DY. One-week triple therapy with omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996 : 10 : 617 621.
257. Zornberg GL, Bodkin JA, Cohen BM. Severe adverse interaction between pethidine and selegiline. Lancet 1991 : 337 : 246.