Marginal donor grafts in heart transplantation: Lessons learned from 25 years of experience

Transplant International

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 113-125

  Wittwer, Thorsten ^a   Wahlers, Thorsten ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cardiac allograft acceptance; Donor criteria; Donor procurement organ utilisation; Heart transplantation; Marginal donors

Indexed keywords

AGE; BRAIN CANCER; BRAIN DEATH; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CARBON MONOXIDE INTOXICATION; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG INTOXICATION; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; GRAFT RECIPIENT; HEAD INJURY; HEART BEAT; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEART GRAFT; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART SIZE; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; METABOLIC DISORDER; ORGAN DONOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SODIUM BLOOD LEVEL; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE;

HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HUMANS; TISSUE AND ORGAN PROCUREMENT; TISSUE DONORS;

EID: 38049141172     PISSN: 09340874     EISSN: 14322277     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2007.00603.x     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Rao V. Age before beauty: is a young marginal heart better than an older acceptable donor? J Card Surg 2006 21 : 130.
2. Copeland JG. Only optimal donors should be accepted for heart transplantation: protagonists. J Heart Lung Transplant 1995 14 : 1038.
3. Jeevanandam V, Furukawa S, Prendergast TW, Todd BA, Eisen HJ, McClurken JB. Standard criteria for an acceptable donor heart are restricting heart transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1996 62 : 1268.
4. Nagele H, Rodiger W. Sudden death and tailored medical therapy in elective candidates for heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999 18 : 869.
5. Gridelli B, Remuzzi G. Strategies for making more organs available for transplantation. N Eng J Med 2000 343 : 404.
6. Costanzo MR, Augustine S, Bourge R, et al. Selection and treatment of candidates for heart transplantation: a statement for health professionals from the Committee on Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 1995 92 : 3593.
7. Zaroff JG, Rosengard BR, Armstrong WF, et al. Consensus conference report: Maximising use of organs recovered from the cadaver donor: cardiac recommendations. Circulation 2002 106 : 836.
8. Hornby K, Ross H, Keshavjee S, Rao V, Shemie SD. Non-utilization of hearts and lungs after consent for donation: a Canadian multicentre study. Can J Anesth 2006 53 : 831.
9. Badovinac K, Greig PD, Ross H, Doig CJ, Shemie SD. Organ utilization among deceased donors in Canada, 1993-2002. Can J Anesth 2006 53 : 838.
10. Dahlenburg GW, Herbertt KL. Organ donation: how can we improve the rates. Med J Aust 1997 167 : 283.
11. Cooper DK, Keogh AM, Brink J, et al. Report of the Xenotransplantation Advisory Committee of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: the present status of xenotransplantation and its potential role in the treatment of end-stage cardiac and pulmonary disease. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000 19 : 1125.
12. Hunt SA, Baldwin J, Baumgartner W, et al. Cardiovascular management of a potential heart donor: a statement from the Transplantation Committee of the American College of Cardiology. Crit Care Med 1996 24 : 1599.
13. Khasati NH, Machaal A, Barnard J, Yonan N. Donor heart selection: the outcome of "unacceptable" donors. J Cardiothorac Surg 2007 2 : 13.
14. Khasati N, Barnard J, Bittar MN, Machaal A, Waterworth P, Yonan N. Donor heart selection: Wythenshaw experience. Transplant Proc 2005 37 : 1332.
15. Ott GY, Herschberger RE, Ratkovec RR, Norman D, Hosenpud JD, Cobanoglu A. Cardiac allografts from high-risk donors: excellent clinical results. Ann Thorac Surg 1994 57 : 76.
16. Brock MV, Salazar JD, Cameron DE, Baumgartner WA, Conte JV. The changing profile of the cardiac donor. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001 20 : 1005.
17. El Oakley RM, Yonan NA, Simpson BM, Deiraniya AK. Extended criteria for cardiac allograft donors: a consensus study. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996 15 : 255.
18. Young JB. Age before beauty: the use of "older" donor hearts for cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplantation 1999 18 : 488.
19. Drinkwater DC, Laks H, Blitz A, et al. Outcomes of patients undergoing transplantation with older donor hearts. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996 15 : 684.
20. Mulvagh SL, Thornton B, Frazier OH, et al. The older cardiac transplant donor. Relation to graft function and recipient survival longer than 6 years. Circulation 1989 89 (Suppl. III 126.
21. Pflugfelder PW, Singh NR, McKenzie FN, et al. Extending cardiac allograft ischemic time and donor age: effect on survival and long-term cardiac function. J Heart Lung Transplant 1991 10 : 394.
22. Menkis AH, Novick RJ, Kostuk WJ, et al. Successful use of the "unacceptable" heart donor. J Heart Lung Transplant 1991 10 : 28.
23. Zuckermann A, Kocher P, Simon P, et al. Expanding the donor pool in cardiac transplantation by accepting donor hearts >40 years. Transplant Proc 1996 28 : 179.
24. Mercer P, Sharples L, Edmunds J, et al. Evaluating the donor pool: impact of using hearts from donors over the age of 49 years. Transplant Proc 1997 29 : 3293.
25. Loebe M, Potapov EV, Hummel M, et al. Medium-term results of heart transplantation using older donor organs. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000 19 : 957.
26. Blanche C, Kamlot A, Blanche DA, et al. Heart transplantation with donors fifty years of age and older. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002 123 : 810.
27. Potapov EV, Loebe M, Hubler M, et al. Medium-term results of heart transplantation using donors over 63 years of age. Transplantation 1999 8 : 1834.
28. Gupta D, Piacentino V, Macha M, et al. Effect of older donor age on risk for mortality after heart transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2004 78 : 890.
29. Bourge RC, Naftel DC, Costanzo-Nortdin MR, et al. Pretransplantation risk factors for death after heart transplantation: a multiinstitutional study. The Transplant Cardiologists Research Database Group. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993 12 : 549.
30. Young JB, Naftel DC, Bourge RC, et al. Matching the heart donor and heart transplant recipient. Clues for successful expansion of the donor pool: a multivariable, multiinstitutional report. The Cardiac Transplant Research Database Group. J Heart Lung Transplant 1994 13 : 353.
31. Taylor DO, Edwards LB, Mohacsi PJ, et al. The registry of the international society for heart and lung transplant: twentieth official adult heart transplant report - 2003. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003 22 : 616.
32. Lietz K, John R, Mancini DM, et al. Outcomes in cardiac transplant recipients using allografts from older donors versus mortality on the transplant waiting list; implications for donor selection criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 43 : 1553.
33. Bennett LE, Edwards EB, Hosenpud JD, et al. Transplantation with older donor hearts for presumed "stable" recipients: an analysis of the joint international society for heart and lung transplantation/united network for organ sharing thoracic registry. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998 17 : 901.
34. Livi U, Caforio AL, Tursi V, et al. Donor age greater than 50 years does not influence midterm-results of heart transplantation. Transplant Proc 1996 28 : 91.
35. Omoto T, Minami K, Bothig D, et al. Risk factor analysis of orthotopic heart transplantation. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2003 11 : 33.
36. Topkara VK, Cheema FH, Kesavaramanujam S, et al. Effect of donor age on long-term survival following cardiac transplantation. J Card Surg 2006 21 : 125.
37. McCarthy JF, McCarthy PM, Massad MG, et al. Risk factors for death after heart transplantation: does a single center experience correlate with multicenter registries? Ann Thorac Surg 1998 65 : 1564.
38. Hoecher K, Young JB, McCarthy PM, et al. Long term mortality and morbidity with use of older donors in cardiac transplantation: a single center experience. Transplantation 1998 65 : S104.
39. Eisen HJ. Adverse outcomes from the use of older donor hearts in cardiac transplant recipients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 43 : 1562.
40. Del Rizzo DF, Menkis AH, Pflugfelder PW, et al. The role of donor age and ischemic time on survival following orthotopic heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999 18 : 310.
41. Fernandez Lucas M, Miranda B, Matesanz R., et al. Donor characteristics and hospital survival in cardiac transplantation. The Spanish Groups of Heart Transplantation. Transplant Proc 1997 29 : 3384.
42. Boehmer JP. Expanding the donor pool: how far is too far? J Heart Lung Transplant 1993 12 : 816.
43. Fernandez J, Aranda J, Mabbot S, et al. Overseas procurement of donor hearts: ischemic time effect on postoperative outcomes. Transplant Proc 2001 33 : 3803.
44. Briganti EM, Bergin PJ, Rosenfeldt FL, et al. Successful long-term outcome with prolonged ischemic time cardiac allografts. J Heart Lung Transplant 1995 14 : 840.
45. Laks H, Scholl FG, Drinkwater DC, et al. The alternate recipient list for heart transplantation. Does it work? J Heart Lung Transplant 1997 16 : 735.
46. Laks H, Marelli D, Fonarow GC, et al. Use of two recipient lists for adults requiring heart transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003 125 : 49.
47. Patel J, Kobashigawa JA. Cardiac transplantation: the alternate list and expansion of the donor pool. Curr Opin Cardiol 2004 19 : 162.
48. Lima B, Rajagopal K, Petersen RP, et al. Marginal cardiac allografts do not have increased primary graft dysfunction in alternate list transplantation. Circulation 2006 114 (Suppl. I 27.
49. Chen JM, Russo MJ, Hammond KM, et al. Alternate waiting list strategies for heart transplantation maximize donor organ utilization. Ann Thorac Surg 2005 80 : 224.
50. Felker GM, Milano CA, Yager JEE, et al. Outcomes with an alternate list strategy for heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005 24 : 1781.
51. Edwards NM, Prager KM. Nothing is fair or good alone. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003 125 : 23.
52. Fritsche L, Hörstrup J, Budde K, et al. Old-for-old kidney allocation allows successful expansion of the donor and recipient pool. Am J Transplant 2003 3 : 1434.
53. Arns W, Citterio F, Campistol JM. "Old-for-old"- new strategies for renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007 22 : 336.
54. Gillmore JD, Goodman HJ, Lachmann HJ, et al. Sequential cardiac and autologous stem cell transplantation for systemic AL amyloidosis. Blood 2006 107 : 1227.
55. Maurer MS, Raina A, Heddorffer C, et al. Cardiac transplantation using extended-donor criteria organs for systemic amyloidosis complicated by heart failure. Transplantation 2007 83 : 539.
56. Maathuis MHJ, Leuvenink HGD, Ploeg RJ. Perspectives in organ preservation. Transplantation 2007 83 : 1289.
57. Mather P, Jeevanandam V, Eisen HJ, et al. Functional and morphologic adaptation of undersized donors following cardiac transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995 26 : 737.
58. Grady KL, Costanzo MR, Fisher S., et al. Preoperative obesity is associated with decreased survival after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996 15 : 863.
59. Arcaro G, Zamboni M, Rossi L, et al. Body fat distribution predicts the degree of endothelial dysfunction in uncomplicated obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999 23 : 936.
60. Pereira BJ, Milford EL, Kirkman RL, et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus by organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 1991 325 : 454.
61. Shea KJ, Sopko NA, Ludrosky K, et al. The effect of a donor's history of active substance on outcomes following orthotopic heart transplantation. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg 2007 31 : 452.
62. Pereira BJ, Milford EL, Kirkman RL, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in organ donors positive for hepatitis C antibody and in recipients of their organs. N Engl J Med 1992 327 : 910.
63. Haji SA, Starling RC, Avery RK, et al. Donor hepatitis-C seropositivity is an independent risk factor for the development of accelerated coronary vasculopathy and predicts outcome after cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004 23 : 277.
64. Haji SA, Avery RK, Yamani MH, et al. Donor or recipient hepatitis B seropositivity is associated with allograft vasculopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006 25 : 294.
65. Marelli D, Laks H, Fazio D, et al. Is the use of donor hearts with left ventricular hypertrophy acceptable? J Heart Lung Transplant 2000 19 : 496.
66. Massad M, Smedira NG, Hobbs R, et al. Bench repair of donor mitral valve before heart transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1996 61 : 1833.
67. Coskun KO, Coskun ST, El Arousy M, et al. Cardiac surgery after heart transplantation: coronary artery bypass grafting and heart valve replacement. Heart Surgery Forum 2007 10 : E110.
68. Fonarow GC. How old is too old for heart transplantation? Curr Opin Cardiol 2000 15 : 97.
69. Costanzo MR, Naftel DC, Pritzker MR, et al. Heart transplant coronary artery disease detected by coronary angiography. A multiinstitutional study of preoperative donor and recipient risk factors. Cardiac Transplant Research Database. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998 17 : 744.
70. Crespo-Leiro MG, Rodriguez JA, Portela F, et al. Coronary artery disease transmitted by donors older than 40 years: prevalence and prognosis. Transplant Proc 1999 31 : 2542.
71. Grauhan O, Patzurek J, Hummel M, et al. Donor-transmitted coronary atherosclerosis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003 22 : 568.
72. Sandler D, McKenzie FN, Menkis AH, et al. Early death after cardiac transplantation - the role of unsuspected donor coronary artery disease. J Heart Lung Transplant 1991 10 : 172.
73. Gao SZ, Hunt SA, Alderman El, et al. Relation of donor age and preexisting coronary artery disease on angiography and intracoronary ultrasound to later development of accelerated allograft coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997 29 : 623.
74. Wong CK, Yeung AC. The topography of intimal thickening and associated remodelling pattern of early transplant coronary disease: influence of pre-existent donor atherosclerosis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001 20 : 858.
75. Uretsky BF, Murali S, Reddy P, et al. Development of coronary artery disease in cardiac transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine and prednisolone. Circulation 1987 76 : 827.
76. Uretzky BF, Kormos RL, Zerbe TR, et al. Cardiac events after heart transplantation: incidence and predictive value of coronary arteriography. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992 11 : S45.
77. Pethig K, Heublein B, Kutschka I, et al. Systemic inflammatory response in cardiac allograft vasculopathy: high-sensitive C-reactive protein is associated with progressive luminal obstruction. Circulation 2000 102 : III203.
78. Pethig K, Klauss V, Heublein B, et al. Progression of cardiac allograft vascular disease is assessed by serial intravascular ultrasound: a correlation to immunological and non-immunological risk factors. Heart 2000 84 : 494.
79. Pethig K, Heublein B, Hoffmann A. ACE-gene polymorphism is associated with the development of allograft vascular disease in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000 19 : 1175.
80. Wittwer T, Pethig K, Heublein B, et al. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy in heart transplant recipients: a bacteriosclerosis by Chlamydia pneumonia? J Heart Lung Transplant 2001 20 : 196.
81. Li H, Tanaka K, Anzai H., et al. Influence of pre-existing donor atherosclerosis on the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy and outcomes in heart transplant recipients. J Am Coll Cardiolog 2006 47 : 2470.
82. Musci M, Loebe M, Wellnhofer E, et al. Coronary angioplasty, bypass surgery, and retransplantation in cardiac transplant patients with graft coronary disease. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998 46 : 268.
83. Marelli D, Laks H, Bresson S, et al. Results after transplantation using donor hearts with preexisting coronary artery disease. J Thorac Cardiovas Surg 2003 126 : 821.
84. Tenderich G, Koerner MM, Stuetgen B, et al. Extended donor criteria: hemodynamic follow-up of heart transplant recipients receiving a cardiac allograft from donors ≥60 years of age. Transplantation 1998 66 : 1109.
85. Mehra MR. Contemporary concepts in prevention and treatment of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Am J Transplant 2006 6 : 1248.
86. Kobashigawa JA, Katznelson S, Laks H, et al. Effect of pravastatin on outcomes after cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 1995 333 : 621.
87. Laks H, Gates RN, Ardehali A, et al. Orthotopic heart transplantation and concurrent coronary bypass. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993 12 : 810.
88. Szabo G, Hackert T, Sebening C, et al. Role of neural and humoral factors in hyperdynamic reaction and cardiac dysfunction following brain death. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000 19 : 683.
89. Tsai FC, Marelli D, Bresson J, et al. Use of hearts transplanted from donors with atraumatic intracranial bleeds. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002 21 : 623.
90. Nivitzky D, Wicomb WN, Cooper DKC, et al. Electrocardiographic, hemodynamic and endocrine changes occurring during experimental brain death in the Chacma baboon. Heart Transplant 1984 4 : 63.
91. Darracott-Cankovic S, Stovin PGI, Wheeldon D, et al. Effect of donor heart damage on survival after transplantation. Eur J Cardio-thoracic Surg 1989 3 : 525.
92. Baroldi G, Pasquale GD, Silver MD, et al. Type and extend of myocardial injury related to brain damage and its significance in heart transplantation: a morphometric study. J Heart Lung Transplant 1997 16 : 994.
93. Takada M, Nadeau K, Hancock W, et al. Effects of explosive brain death on cytokine activation of peripheral organs in the rat. Transplantation 1998 65 : 1533.
94. Shivalkar B, Loon J, Wieland W, et al. Variable effects of explosive or gradual increase of intracranial pressure on myocardial structure and function. Circulation 1993 87 : 230.
95. Wahlers T, Cremer J, Fieguth HG, et al. Donor heart-related variables and early mortality after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1991 10 : 22.
96. Waller D, Thompson A, Whrightson N, et al. Does the mode of donor death influence the early outcome of lung transplantation? A review of lung transplantation from donors involved in major trauma J Heart Lung Transplant 1995 14 : 318.
97. Karamlou T, Shen I, Slater M, Crispell K, Chan B, Ravichandran P. Decreased recipient survival following orthotopic heart transplantation with use of hearts from donors with projectile brain injury. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005 24 : 29.
98. Hornik L, Tenderich G, Wlost S, Zittermann A, Minami K, Koerfer R. Organs from donors with primary brain malignancy: the fate of cardiac allograft recipients. Transplant Proc 2004 36 : 3133.
99. Freimark D, Aleksic I, Trento A, et al. Hearts from donors with chronic alcohol use: a possible risk factor for death after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996 15 : 150.
100. Houyel L, Petit J, Nottin R, Duffet JP, Mace L, Neveux JY. Adult heart transplantation: adverse role of chronic alcoholism in donors on early graft function. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992 11 : 1184.
101. Houser SL, MacGillivra T, Aretz HT. The impact of cocaine on the donor heart: a case report. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000 19 : 609.
102. Freimark D, Czer LS, Admon D, et al. Donors with a history of cocaine use: effects on survival and rejection frequency after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1994 13 : 1138.
103. Suzuki T. Effects of carbon monoxide inhalation on the fine structure of the rat heart muscle. Tohoku J Exp Med 1969 97 : 197.
104. Kjedlsen K, Thompson HK, Astrup P. The effects of carbon monoxide on myocardium: ultrastructural changes in rabbits after a moderate chronic exposure. Circ Res 1974 34 : 339.
105. Tsui SSL, Feccia P, Ongcharit P, et al. Heart and lung transplantation from poisoned brain-dead donors: a 10 year United Kingdom experience. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999 18 : 78.
106. Karwande SV, Hopfenbeck JA, Renlund DG, et al. An avoidable pitfall in donor selection for heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1989 8 : 422.
107. Smith JA, Bergin PJ, Williams TJ, et al. Successful heart transplantation with cardiac allografts exposed to carbon monoxide poisoning. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992 11 : 698.
108. Iberer F, Konigsrainer A, Wasler A, et al. Cardiac allograft harvesting after carbon monoxide poisoning. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993 12 : 499.
109. Koerner MM, Tenderich G, Minami K, et al. Extended donor criteria: use of cardiac allografts after carbon monoxide poisoning. Transplantation 1997 63 : 1358.
110. Bentley MJ, Mullen JC, Lopushinsky SR, Modry DL. Successful cardiac transplantation with methanol or carbon monoxide-poisoned donors. Ann Thorac Surg 2001 71 : 1194.
111. Dolan MC. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Can Med Assoc J 1985 133 : 392.
112. Luckraz H, Tsui SS, Parameshwar J, Wallwork J, Large SR. Improved outcome with organs from carbon monoxide poisoned donors for intrathoracic transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2001 72 : 709.
113. Krenzelok EP, Leikin JB. Approach to the poisoned patient. Dis Mon 1996 42 : 509.
114. Cassem N. Cardiovascular effects of antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 1982 43 : 22.
115. Nicotra MB, Rivera M, Pool JL, et al. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: clinical and pharmacological observations. Clin Toxicol 1981 18 : 599.
116. Ogawa Y, Tenderich G, Minami K, et al. Successful use of a cardiac allograft from tricyclic antidepressant intoxication. Transplantation 2003 76 : 1239.
117. Tenderich G, Dagge A, Schulz U, et al. Successful use of cardiac allograft from serotonin antagonist intoxication. Transplantation 2001 72 : 529.
118. Hantson PH, Vekemanns MC, Squifflet JP, Mahieu P. Outcome following organ removal from poisoned donors: experience with 12 cases and a review of the literature. Transplant Int 1985 8 : 185.
119. Leikin B, Heyn-Lamb R, Aks S, et al. The toxic patient as a potential organ donor: one year follow-up. Vet Hum Toxicol 1993 35 : 318.
120. Novitsky D, Cooper DKC, Reichart B. Hemodynamic and metabolic responses to hormonal therapy in brain dead potential organ donors. Transplantation 1987 43 : 852.
121. Van Bakel AB. The cardiac transplant donor: identification, assessment, and management. Am J Med Sci 1997 314 : 153.
122. Yokoyama Y, Cooper DK, Sasaki H., et al. Donor-heart evaluation by monitoring the left ventricular pressure-volume relationship: clinical observations. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992 11 : 685.
123. Powner DJ, Darby JM. Management of variations in blood pressure during care of organ donors. Prog Transplant 2000 10 : 25.
124. Powner DJ, Kellum JA. Maintaining acid-base balance in organ donors. Prof Transplant 2000 10 : 98.
125. Wheeldon DR, Potter CD, Oduro A, Wallwork J, Large SR. Transforming the "unacceptable" donor: outcomes from the adoption of a standardized donor management technique. J Heart Lung Transplant 1995 14 : 734.
126. Jeevanandam V. Triiodothyronine: spectrum of use in heart transplantation. Thyroid 1997 7 : 139.
127. Novitzky D, Cooper DK, Chaffin JS, et al. Improved cardiac allograft function following triiodothyronine therapy to both donor and recipient. Transplantation 1990 49 : 311.
128. Pennefather SH, Bullock RE, Mantle D, et al. Use of low-dose arginine vasopressin to support brain-dead organ donors. Transplantation 1995 59 : 58.
129. Katz K, Lawler J, Wax J, et al. Vasopressin pressor effects in critically ill children during evaluation for brain death and organ recovery. Resuscitation 2000 47 : 33.
130. Wheeldon DR, Potter CDO, Jonas M, Wallwork J, Large SR. Using "unsuitable" hearts for transplantation. Eur J Cardio-thorac Surg 1994 8 : 7.
131. Dominguez-Roldan JM, Jiminez-Gonzales PI, Garcia-Alfaro C, et al. Electrolytic disorders, hyperosmolar states, and lactic acidosis in brain-dead patients. Transplant Proc 2005 37 : 1987.
132. Smith M. Physiologic changes during brain stem death - lessons for management of the organ donor. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004 23 : S217.
133. Yellon DM, Baxter GF. Sodium hydrogen exchange in myocardial reperfusion injury. Lancet 2000 356 : 522.
134. Figueras J, Busquets J, Grande L, et al. The deleterious effect of donor high plasma sodium and extended preservation in liver transplantation. A multivariate analysis. Transplantation 1996 61 : 410.
135. Kaczmarek I, Groetzner J, Mueller M, et al. Impact of donor serum sodium levels on outcome after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005 24 : 928.
136. Kaczmarek I, Tenderich G, Groetzner J, et al. The controversy of donor serum sodium levels in heart transplantation - a multicenter experience. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006 54 : 313.
137. Chen JM, Sinha P, Rajasinghe HA, et al. Do donor chracteristics really matter? Short- and long-term impact of donor characteristics on recipient survival, 1995-1999 J Heart Lung Transplant 2002 21 : 608.
138. Hoefer D, Smits JMA, de Vries E, et al. Elevated donor sodium levels are a risk factor for increased 1-year mortality after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005 25 (Suppl. 1 S70.
139. Baldwin JC, Anderson JL, Boucek MM, et al. 24th Bethesda Conference: cardiac transplantation: Task Force 2: donor guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993 22 : 15.
140. Laks H, Marelli D. The alternate recipient list for heart transplantation: a model for expansion of the donor pool. Adv Card Surg 1999 11 : 233.
141. Rayburn BK, Burton TM, Wannenburg T, et al. Are efforts at expanding the donor pool misdirected? J Heart Lung Transplant 1998 17 : 998.
142. Kono T, Nishina T, Morita H., et al. Usefulness of low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography for evaluating reversibility of brain death-induced myocardial dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 1999 84 : 578.
143. Milano A, Livi U, Casula R, et al. Influence of marginal donors on early results after heart transplantation. Transplant Proc 1993 25 : 3158.
144. Stoica SC, Satchithananda DK, Charman S, et al. Swan-ganz catheter assessment of donor hearts: outcome of organs with borderline hemodynamics. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002 21 : 615.
145. McGinnis JM, Foege WH. Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA 1993 270 : 2207.
146. Boglione MM, Morandini MA, Barrenechea ME, Rubio RA, Aguilar D. Pre-arrest heparinization and ventilation during warm ischemia preserves lung function in non-heart-beating donors. J Pediatr Surg 1999 34 : 1805.
147. D'Alessandro AM, Hoffmann RM, Knechtle SJ, et al. Successful extrarenal transplantation from non-heart-beating donors. Transplantation 1995 59 : 977.
148. Kootstra G, Daemen JH, Oomen AP. Categories of non-heart-beating donors. Transplant Proc 1995 27 : 2893.
149. Moers C, Leuvenink HG, Ploeg RJ. Non-heart beating organ donation: overview and future perspectives. Transpl Int 2007 20 : 567.
150. Olson L, Cravero L, Kisthard J, Ward S, Marks W. Donation after cardiac death has a minimal impact on thoracic organ recovery. Prog Transplant 2006 16 : 141.
151. Love RB, Stringham J, Chomiak PN, Pellett JR, Mentzer RM. First successful lung transplantation using a non heart-beating donor. J Heart Lung Transplant 1995 14 : S88.
152. Steen S, Sjöberg T, Pierre L, Liao Q, Eriksson L, Algotsson L. Transplantation of lungs from a non-heart-beating donor. Lancet 2001 357 : 825.
153. Dureau G. Heart transplant from non-heart-beating donor. Past experience and report of one clinical case. In : Touraine JL, Traeger J, Betuel H, et al., eds. Organ Shortage: The Solutions. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995 : 61.
154. +-exchange inhibitor HOE 642. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1998 14 : 607.
155. Martin J, Sarai K., Yoshitake M, et al. Successful orthotopic pig heart transplantation from non-heart-beating donors. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999 18 : 597.
156. Martin J, Lutter G, Ihling C, et al. Myocardial viability twenty-four hours after orthotopic heart transplantation from non-heart-beating donors. J Thorac Cradiovasc Surg 2003 125 : 1217.
157. DePasquale NP, Burch GE. Editorial: how normal is the donor heart? Am Heart J 1969 77 : 719.
158. Kron IL, Tribble CG, Kern JA, et al. Successful transplantation of marginally acceptable thoracic organs. Ann Surg 1993 217 : 518.
159. Massad MG. Current trends in heart transplantation. Cardiology 2004 101 : 79.
160. Miniati DN, Robbins RC. Heart transplantation: a thirty-year perspective. Annu Rev Med 2002 53 : 189.