Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of OC(D)

Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 248-258

  van Weeren, P René ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

etiology; horse; osteochondritis dissecans; osteochondrosis; pathogenesis

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; EQUIDAE; EQUUS CABALLUS;

EID: 37849188610     PISSN: 15347516     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.ctep.2006.08.002     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Butler J.A., Colles C.E., Dyson S.J., et al. Clinical radiology of the horse (1993), Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK
2. Nilsson F. Hästens goniter. Svensk Vetidn 52 (1947) 1-14
3. Birkeland R. Chip fractures of the first phalanx in the metatarsophalangeal joint of the horse. Acta Radiol 319 Suppl (1972) 73-77
4. De Moor A., Verschooten F., Desmet P., et al. Osteochondritis dissecans of the tibiotarsal joint of the horse. Equine Vet J 4 (1972) 139-143
5. Hoppe F., and Philipsson J. A genetic study of osteochondrosis dissecans in Swedish horses. Equine Practice 7 (1985) 7-15
6. O'Donohue D.D., Smith F.H., and Strickland K.L. The incidence of abnormal limb development in the Irish Thoroughbred from birth to 18 months. Equine Vet J 24 (1992) 305-309
7. Dik K.J., Enzerink E.E., and van Weeren P.R. Radiographic development of osteochondral abnormalities, in the hock and stifle of Dutch Warmblood foals, from age 1 to 11 months. Equine Vet J 31 Suppl (1999) 9-15
8. ième Journée d'étude des Haras Nationaux
9. Van Weeren P.R. Osteochondrosis. In: Auer J.A., and Stick J.A. (Eds). Equine Surgery. (ed 3) (2006), Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO 1166-1178
10. Van Weeren P.R., and Barneveld A. Study design to evaluate the influence of exercise on the development of the musculoskeletal system of foals up to age 11 months. Equine Vet J 31 Suppl (1999) 4-8
11. König F. Ueber freie Körper in den Gelenken. Dtsch Z Chirurg 27 (1887) 90-109
12. Carlson C.S., Cullins L.D., and Meuten J.D. Osteochondrosis of the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex in young horses: evidence for a defect in cartilage canal blood supply. Vet Pathol 32 (1995) 641-647
13. Fortier L.A., Kornatowski M.A., Mohammed H.O., et al. Age-related changes in serum insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-I binding protein-3 and articular cartilage structure in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 37 (2005) 37-42
14. Laverty S., Ionescu M., Marcoux M., et al. Alterations in cartilage type-II procollagen and aggrecan contents in synovial fluid in equine osteochondrosis. J Orthop Res 18 (2000) 399-405
15. Billinghurst R.C., Dahlberg L., Ionescu M., et al. Enhanced cleavage of type II collagen by collagenases in osteoarthritic articular cartilage. J Clin Invest 99 (1997) 1534-1545
16. Billinghurst R.C., Brama P.A., van Weeren P.R., et al. Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals. Am J Vet Res 65 (2004) 143-150
17. Al-Hizab F., Clegg P.D., Thompson C.C., et al. Microscopic localization of active gelatinases in equine osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) cartilage. Osteoarthr Cart 10 (2002) 653-661
18. Brama P.A.J., van den Boom R., and van Weeren P.R. Collagenase (MMP-1) activity in synovial fluid as a marker for joint pathology in the horse (2002), British Equine Veterinary Association, Glasgow, UK 192 Scientific Proceedings, 41st Congress of the British Equine Veterinary Association
19. Hernandez-Vidal G., Davies M.E., and Jeffcott L.B. Localization of cathepsins B and D in equine articular cartilage. Pferdeheilkunde 12 (1996) 371-373
20. Hernandez Vidal G., Jeffcott L.B., and Davies M.E. Cellular heterogeneity in Cathepsin D distribution in equine articular cartilage. Equine Vet J 29 (1997) 267-273
21. Hernandez-Vidal G., Jeffcott L.B., and Davies M.E. Immunolocalization of cathepsin B in equine dyschondroplastic cartilage. Vet J 156 (1998) 193-201
22. Gläser K.E., Davies M.E., and Jeffcott L.B. Differential distribution of cathepsins B and L in articular cartilage during skeletal development in the horse. Equine Vet J 35 (2003) 42-47
23. Van de Lest C.H.A., Brama P.A.J., et al. Extracellular matrix changes in early osteochondrotic defects: a key role for collagen?. van El. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 1690 (2004) 52-54
24. Van den Hoogen B.M., van de Lest C.H.A., van Weeren P.R., et al. Changes in proteoglycan metabolism in osteochondrotic articular cartilage of growing foals. Equine Vet J 31 Suppl (1999) 38-44
25. Carlsten J., Sandgren B., and Dalín G. Development of osteochondrosis in the tarsocrural joint and osteochondral fragments in the fetlock joints of Standardbred trotters.I. A radiological survey. Equine Vet J 16 Suppl (1993) 42-47
26. Bertone A.L., Bramlage L.R., McIlwraith C.W., et al. Comparison of proteoglycan and collagen in articular cartilage of horses with naturally developing osteochondrosis and healing osteochondral fragments of experimentally induced fractures. Am J Vet Res 66 (2005) 1881-1890
27. Rejnö S., and Strömberg B. Osteochondrosis in the horse II. Pathol Acta Radiol 358 Suppl (1978) 153-178
28. Sønnichsen H.V., Kristoffersen J., and Falk-Rønne J. Joint mice in the fetlock joint-osteochondritis dissecans. Nord Vet Med 34 (1982) 399-403
29. Dalin G., Sandgren B., and Carlsten J. Plantar osteochondral fragments in the metatarsophalangeal joints in Standardbred trotters; results of osteochondrosis or trauma?. Equine Vet J 16 Suppl (1993) 62-65
30. Nixon A.J., and Pool R.R. Histologic appearance of axial osteochondral fragments from the proximoplantar/proximopalmar aspect of the proximal phalanx in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207 (1995) 1076-1080
31. Bruin G., and Creemers J. Het voorkómen van osteochondrose, in Praktijkonderzoek Paardenhouderij (1994), Proefstation voor de Rundveehouderij, Schapenhouderij en Paardenhouderij (PR), Lelystad, NL 15-17
32. Van Weeren P.R., and Barneveld A. The effect of exercise on the distribution and manifestation of osteochondrotic lesions in the Warmblood foal. Equine Vet J 31 Suppl (1999) 16-25
33. Carlson C.S., Meuten D.J., and Richardson D.C. Ischemia of cartilage in spontaneous and experimental lesions of osteochondrosis. J Orthop Res 9 (1991) 317-329
34. Ekman S., and Carlson C.S. The pathophysiology of osteochondrosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 28 (1998) 17-32
35. Ytrehus B., Carlson C.S., Lundeheim N., et al. Vascularization and osteochondrosis of the epiphyseal growth cartilage of the distal femur in pigs-development with age, growth rate, weight, and joint shape. Bone 34 (2004) 454-465
36. Ytrehus B., Haga H.A., Mellum C.N., et al. Experimental ischemia of porcine growth cartilage produces lesions of osteochondrosis. J Orthop Res 22 (2004) 1201-1209
37. Shingleton W.D., Mackie E.J., Cawston T.E., et al. Cartilage canals in equine articular/epiphyseal growth cartilage and a possible association with dyschondroplasia. Equine Vet J 29 (1997) 360-364
38. Wheeler Haines R. Cartilage canals. J Anat 68 (1933) 45-64
39. Olsson S.E., and Reiland S. The nature of osteochondrosis in animals. Acta Radiol 358 Suppl (1978) 299-306
40. Stromberg B. A review of the salient features of osteochondrosis in the horse. Equine Vet J 11 (1979) 211-214
41. Hoppe F. Radiological investigations of osteochondrosis dissecans in Standardbred Trotters and Swedish Warmblood horses. Equine Vet J 16 (1984) 425-429
42. Glade M.J., and Belling T.H. A dietary etiology for osteochondrotic cartilage. J Equine Vet Sci 6 (1986) 151-155
43. Savage C.J., McCarthy R.N., and Jeffcott L.B. Effects of dietary energy and protein on induction of dyschondroplasia in foals. Equine Vet J 16 Suppl (1993) 74-79
44. Savage C.J., McCarthy R.N., and Jeffcott L.B. Effects of dietary phosphorus and calcium on induction of dyschondroplasia in foals. Equine Vet J 16 Suppl (1993) 80-83
45. Sandgren B., Dalin G., and Carlsten J. Osteochondrosis in the tarsocrural joint and osteochondral fragments in the fetlock joints in Standardbred trotters. I. Epidemiology. Equine Vet J 16 Suppl (1993) 31-37
46. Sandgren B., Dalin G., Carlsten J., et al. Development of osteochondrosis in the tarsocrural joint and osteochondral fragments in the fetlock joints of Standardbred trotters. II. Body measurements and clinical findings. Equine Vet J 16 Suppl (1993) 48-53
47. Van Weeren P.R., Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M.M., and Barneveld A. The influence of birth weight, rate of weight gain and final achieved height and sex on the development of osteochondrotic lesions in a population of genetically predisposed Warmblood foals. Equine Vet J 31 Suppl (1999) 26-30
48. Gee E.K., Firth E.C., Morel P.C.H., et al. Articular/epiphyseal osteochondrosis in Thoroughbred foals at 5 months of age: influences of growth of the foal and prenatal copper supplementation of the dam. N Z Vet J 53 (2005) 448-456
49. Donabédian M, Fleurance G, Perona G, et al: Effect of fast versus moderate growth rate related to nutrient intake on developmental orthopaedic disease in the horse. Anim Res, in press
50. Jeffcott L.B., and Henson F.M.D. Studies on growth cartilage in the horse and their application to aetiopathogenesis of dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis). Vet J 126 (1998) 177-192
51. Ralston S.L. Hyperglycaemia/hyperinsulinaemia after feeding a meal of grain to young horses with osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) lesions. Pferdeheilkunde 12 (1996) 320-322
52. Glade M.J., and Reimers T.J. Effects of dietary energy supply on serum thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine and insulin concentrations in young horses. J Endocrinol 104 (1985) 93-98
53. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M.M., Mol J.A., and Barneveld A. Hormones, growth factors and other plasma variables in relation to osteochondrosis. Equine Vet J 31 Suppl (1999) 45-54
54. Donabédian M. Les affections de type ostéochondrotique: effet d'une croissance rapide liée à des apports nutritionnels élevés, mécanisme endocrine, et outils de detection précoces chez le cheval (2006), University of Limoges Thesis
55. Gunson D.E., Kowalczyk D.F., Shoop C.R., et al. Environmental zinc and cadmium pollution associated with generalized osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and nephrocalcinosis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180 (1982) 295-299
56. Knight D.A., Gabel A.A., Reed S.M., et al. Correlation of dietary mineral to incidence and severity of metabolic bone disease in Ohio and Kentucky (1985), American Association of Equine Practitioners, Lexington, KY 445-460 Scientific Proceedings 31st Congress American Association of Equine Practitioners
57. Knight D.A., Weisbrode S.E., Schmall L.M., et al. The effects of copper supplementation on the prevalence of cartilage lesions in foals. Equine Vet J 22 (1990) 426-432
58. Hurtig M.B., Green S.L., Dobson H., et al. Defective bone and cartilage in foals fed a low-copper diet (1990), American Association of Equine Practitioners, Lexington, KY 637-643 Scientific Proceedings 36th Congress American Association of Equine Practitioners
59. Cymbaluk N.F., and Smart M.E. A review of possible metabolic relationships of copper to equine bone disease. Equine Vet J 16 Suppl (1993) 19-26
60. Hurtig M., Green S.L., Dobson H., et al. Correlative study of defective cartilage and bone growth in foals fed a low-copper diet. Equine Vet J 16 Suppl (1993) 66-73
61. Pearce S.G., Grace N.D., Wichtel J.J., et al. Effect of copper supplementation on copper status of pregnant mares and foals. Equine Vet J 30 (1998) 200-203
62. Pearce S.G., Grace N.D., Firth E.C., et al. Effect of copper supplementation on the copper status of pasture-fed young Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J 30 (1998) 204-210
63. Pearce S.G., Firth E.C., Grace N.D., et al. Effect of copper supplementation on the evidence of developmental orthopaedic disease in pasture-fed New Zealand Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J 30 (1998) 211-218
64. Van Weeren P.R., Knaap J., and Firth E.C. Influence of liver copper status of mare and newborn foal on the development of osteochondrotic lesions. Equine Vet J 35 (2003) 67-71
65. Voute L.C., Henson F.M.D., Platt D., et al. Lesions of the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur in ponies with histological features of equine dyschondroplasia (1997), British Equine Veterinary Association, Harrogate, UK 153-154 Scientific Proceedings, 36th Congress of the British Equine Veterinary Association
66. Valentino L.W., Lillich J.D., Gaughan E.M., Biller D.R., and Raub R.H. Radiographic prevalence of osteochondrosis in yearling feral horses. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12 (1999) 151-155
67. Brendov E. Osteochondrosis in Standardbred trotters-heritability and effects on racing performance (1997), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala Thesis
68. Schougaard H., Falk Rønne J., and Philipsson J. A radiographic survey of tibiotarsal osteochondrosis in a selected population of trotting horses in Denmark and its possible genetic significance. Equine Vet J 22 (1990) 288-289
69. Grøndahl A.M., and Dolvik N.I. Heritability estimation of osteochondrosis in the tibiotarsal joint and of bony fragments in the palmar/plantar portion of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203 (1993) 101-104
70. Löhring K, Distl O: Entwicklung eines genomweiten Markersets für die Aufdeckung von QTL beim Pferd, in Bruns E (ed): Scientific Proceedings Göttinger Pferdetage '04 Zucht und Haltung von Sportpferden. Warendorf, D, FN-Verlag, 2004, pp 163-172
71. Stock K.F. Radiographic findings in the limbs of Hanoverian Warmblood horses: genetic analyses and relationships with performance in sports (2004), Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hanover Thesis
72. Grøndahl A.M., and Engeland A. Influence of radiographically detectable orthopedic changes on racing performance in Standardbred trotters. J Am Vet Med Assoc 206 (1995) 1013-1017
73. Storgaard-Jørgensen H., Proschowsky H., Falk-Rønne J., et al. The significance of routine radiographic findings with respect to subsequent racing performance and longevity in Standardbred Trotters. Equine Vet J 29 (1974) 55-59
74. Brehm W., and Staecker W. Osteochondrosis (OCD) in the tarsocrural joint of Standardbred Trotters-correlation between radiographic findings and racing performance (1999), American Association of Equine Practitioners, Lexington, KY 164-166 Scientific Proceedings 45th Congress American Association of Equine Practitioners
75. Kane A.J., McIlwraith C.W., Park R.D., et al. Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 2: Associations with racing performance. Equine Vet J 35 (2003) 366-374
76. Langlois B, Blouin C, Perrocheau M, et al: Influence of radiographic osteochondrosis status at 16-18 months, on racing performance in French trotters. Pferdeheilkunde 22, in press
77. Laverty S., O'Kouneff S., Ionescu M., et al. Excessive degradation of type II collagen in articular cartilage in equine osteochondrosis. J Orthop Res 20 (2002) 1282-1289
78. De Grauw J.C., Brama P.A., Wiemer P., et al. Cartilage-derived biomarkers and lipid mediators of inflammation in horses with osteochondritis dissecans of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia. Am J Vet Res 67 (2006) 1156-1162
79. Peremans K., and Verschooten F. Results of conservative treatment of osteochondrosis of the tibiotarsal joint in the horse. J Equine Vet Sci 17 (1997) 322-326
80. McIlwraith C.W. What is developmental orthopedic disease, osteochondrosis, osteochondritis, metabolic bone disease? (1993), American Association of Equine Practitioners, Lexington, KY 35-44 In Scientific Proceedings 39th Congress American Association of Equine Practitioners
81. McIlwraith C.W. Osteochondritis dissecans of the tibiotarsal (tarsocrural) joint (1993), American Association of Equine Practitioners, Lexington, KY 69-72 Scientific Proceedings 39th Congress American Association of Equine Practitioners
82. Van Weeren P.R., and Brama P.A.J. Equine joint disease in the light of new developments in articular cartilage research. Pferdeheilkunde 19 (2003) 336-344
83. McIlwraith C.W., Nixon A.J., Wright I.M., et al. Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy in the Horse. (ed 3) (2005), Mosby, Edinburgh, UK
84. Vatistas N.J., Wright I.M., and Dyson S.J. Comparison of arthroscopy and arthrotomy for the treatment of osteochondrotic lesions in the femoropatellar joint of horses. Vet Rec 137 (1995) 629-632
85. McIlwraith C.W., Foerner J.J., and Davis D.M. Osteochondritis dissecans of the tarsocrural joint: results of treatment with arthroscopic surgery. Equine Vet J 23 (1991) 151-152
86. Richardson D.W. Diagnosis and management of osteochondrosis and osseous cyst-like lesions. In: Ross M.W., and Dyson S.J. (Eds). Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse (2003), Saunders, Philadelphia, PA
87. McIlwraith C.W. Clinical aspects of osteochondrosis dissecans. In: McIlwraith C.W., and Trotter G.W. (Eds). Joint Disease in the Horse (1996), Saunders, Philadelphia, PA 362-383
88. Watkins J.P. Osteochondrosis. In: Auer J.A. (Ed). Equine Surgery (1992), Saunders, Philadelphia, PA 971-984