메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 92, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 1212-1237

Fighting for Caucasian rights: Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and the transnational struggle for civil rights in World War II Texas

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 37849186903     PISSN: 00218723     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/4485889     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (80)

References (304)
  • 1
    • 0003578918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, Mass.
    • William P. Blocker to Secretary of State, June 17, 1943, enclosure 1, decimal file 811.4016, Records of the Department of State, RG 59 (National Archives, College Park, Md.). Matthew Frye Jacobson has argued that in the mid-twentieth century Caucasian meant "conclusively, certifiably, scientifically white"; see Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 95. It is therefore significant that activists and legislators in drawing up their bills and resolutions repeatedly used the term Caucasian and not white. And yet since the key actors in this story used the terms interchangeably, I have done so as well.
    • (1998) Whiteness of A Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race , pp. 95
    • Jacobson, M.F.1
  • 2
    • 85039254460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • A note on terms: a Mexican American is a U.S. citizen of Mexican descent; a Mexican is a citizen of Mexico. Since it is not always possible to determine activists' citizenship, I often refer to "Mexicans and Mexican Americans."
  • 3
    • 0035561436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whiteness and the historians' imagination
    • Fall
    • For a sample of this debate, see Eric Arnesen, "Whiteness and the Historians' Imagination," International Labor and Working-Class History, 60 (Fall 2001), 3-32;
    • (2001) International Labor and Working-class History , vol.60 , pp. 3-32
    • Arnesen, E.1
  • 4
    • 0002511339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inbetween peoples: Race, nationality, and the 'new immigrant" working class
    • Spring
    • James Barrett and David Roediger, "Inbetween Peoples: Race, Nationality, and the 'New Immigrant" Working Class," Journal of American Ethnic History, 16 (Spring 1997), 3-44;
    • (1997) Journal of American Ethnic History , vol.16 , pp. 3-44
    • Barrett, J.1    Roediger, D.2
  • 6
    • 0000012484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whiteness studies: The new history of race in America
    • June
    • Peter Kolchin, "Whiteness Studies: The New History of Race in America," Journal of American History, 81 (June 2002), 154-73;
    • (2002) Journal of American History , vol.81 , pp. 154-173
    • Kolchin, P.1
  • 21
    • 77954967523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez, ed., (Austin)
    • and Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez, ed., Mexican Americans and World War II (Austin, 2005).
    • (2005) Mexican Americans and World War II
  • 27
    • 1842429793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making democracy safe for the World: Race, propaganda, and the transformation of U.S. foreign policy during World War II
    • Feb.
    • Justin Hart, "Making Democracy Safe for the World: Race, Propaganda, and the Transformation of U.S. Foreign Policy during World War II," Pacific Historical Review, 73 (Feb. 2004), 49-84.
    • (2004) Pacific Historical Review , vol.73 , pp. 49-84
    • Hart, J.1
  • 29
    • 37949028611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mexico's wartime intervention on behalf of Mexicans in the United States
    • ed. Rivas-Rodriguez
    • and Emilio Zamora, "Mexico's Wartime Intervention on Behalf of Mexicans in the United States," in Mexican Americans and World War II, ed. Rivas-Rodriguez, 221-43.
    • Mexican Americans and World War II , pp. 221-243
    • Zamora, E.1
  • 33
    • 1642320349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No diplomatic immunity: African diplomats, the state department, and civil rights, 1961-1964
    • Sept.
    • and Renee Romano, "No Diplomatic Immunity: African Diplomats, the State Department, and Civil Rights, 1961-1964," Journal of American History, 87 (Sept. 2000), 546-79.
    • (2000) Journal of American History , vol.87 , pp. 546-579
    • Romano, R.1
  • 34
    • 4243281694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The experiences of certain Asian Americans also substantiate this article's "World War civil rights" argument. The wartime alliance of the United States with China, for example, helps explain the 1943 repeal of Chinese exclusion. See Takaki, Double Victory, 118-20;
    • Double Victory , pp. 118-120
    • Takaki1
  • 36
    • 85025157162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Straddling the color line: The legal construction of hispanic identity
    • ed. Nancy Foner and George M. Fredrickson (New York)
    • On Mexicans' and Mexican Americans' legal status, see Clarence A. Miller to Secretary of State, June 10, 1942, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Neil Foley, "Straddling the Color Line: The Legal Construction of Hispanic Identity," in Not Just Black and White: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States, ed. Nancy Foner and George M. Fredrickson (New York, 2004), 341-57;
    • (2004) Not Just Black and White: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States , pp. 341-357
    • Foley, N.1
  • 37
    • 1542423027 scopus 로고
    • Mexican Americans, racial discrimination, and the civil rights act of 1866
    • (Jan.) esp. 680-83
    • Gary A. Greenfield and Don B. Kates Jr., "Mexican Americans, Racial Discrimination, and the Civil Rights Act of 1866," California Law Review, 63 (Jan. 1975), esp. 680-83;
    • (1975) California Law Review , vol.63
    • Greenfield, G.A.1    Kates Jr., D.B.2
  • 38
    • 33645746891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The legal construction of race: Mexican-Americans and whiteness
    • Fall
    • and George A. Martinez, "The Legal Construction of Race: Mexican-Americans and Whiteness," Harvard Latino Law Review, 2 (Fall 1997), 321-47.
    • (1997) Harvard Latino Law Review , vol.2 , pp. 321-347
    • Martinez, G.A.1
  • 39
    • 85039250004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the census, see M. L. Austin to George Wythe, Aug. 29, 1939, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Miller to Secretary of State, June 10, 1942, George A. Martinez, Harvard Latino Law Review, ibid.;
    • Harvard Latino Law Review
    • Martinez, G.A.1
  • 40
    • 37949026523 scopus 로고
    • Dec.
    • LULAC News, 6 (Dec. 1939), 24;
    • (1939) LULAC News , vol.6 , pp. 24
  • 41
    • 37949045275 scopus 로고
    • Mexican Americans and the politics of citizenship: The case of El Paso, 1936
    • April
    • and Mario T. García, "Mexican Americans and the Politics of Citizenship: The Case of El Paso, 1936," New Mexico Historical Review, 59 (April 1984), 187-204.
    • (1984) New Mexico Historical Review , vol.59 , pp. 187-204
    • García, M.T.1
  • 42
    • 37949021630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albuquerque
    • On the white primary, see James V. Allred to Bryan Blalock, July 25, 1934, Opinions no. 65, p. 548 (Texas State Archives, Austin); "The White Man's Union Association of Wharton County, Texas," George I. Sánchez Papers (Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas, Austin). The Sánchez Papers were being reorganized when I viewed them, and so I have not provided box numbers below. Pauline R. Kibbe, Latin Americans in Texas (Albuquerque, 1946), 227;
    • (1946) Latin Americans in Texas , pp. 227
    • Kibbe, P.R.1
  • 43
    • 0039727313 scopus 로고
    • July 27
    • State Department, memo, Sept. 12, 1941, p. 30, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; and New York Times, July 27, 1934, p. 6.
    • (1934) New York Times , pp. 6
  • 46
    • 37949011511 scopus 로고
    • Pachucos in the making
    • Autumn
    • George I. Sánchez, "Pachucos in the Making," Common Ground, 3 (Autumn 1943), 13-20;
    • (1943) Common Ground , vol.3 , pp. 13-20
    • Sánchez, G.I.1
  • 48
    • 37949056040 scopus 로고
    • May
    • For a small sample of these views, see LULAC News, 9 (May 1942), 6; Alonso S. Perales to Sumner Welles, April 19, 1941, decimal file 811.504, State Department Records; S. S. Vela to Fred V. Klingemann, April 23, 1941, box 1, Seferino Vela Papers (Benson Latin American Collection); George I. Sánchez to R. E. Smith, May 14, 1943, Sánchez Papers; Sánchez to Coke R. Stevenson, Aug. 19, 1943, box 334, Coke R. Stevenson Papers (Texas State Archives); and "Program for Cooperation with Spanish Speaking Minorities in the United States," n.d., box 1717, entry no. 155, Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs Records, RG 229 (National Archives, College Park, Md.).
    • (1942) LULAC News , vol.9 , pp. 6
  • 50
    • 37949040168 scopus 로고
    • The United States, Mexico, and the wetbacks, 1942-1947
    • May
    • Otey M. Scruggs, "The United States, Mexico, and the Wetbacks, 1942-1947," Pacific Historical Review, 30 (May 1961), 149-64;
    • (1961) Pacific Historical Review , vol.30 , pp. 149-164
    • Scruggs, O.M.1
  • 51
    • 37949016349 scopus 로고
    • Texas and the Bracero Program, 1942-1947
    • Feb.
    • Otey M. Scruggs, "Texas and the Bracero Program, 1942-1947," Pacific Historical Review, ibid., 32 (Feb. 1963), 251-64;
    • (1963) Pacific Historical Review , vol.32 , pp. 251-264
    • Scruggs, O.M.1
  • 53
    • 0142191668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On Mexican American service, see "Spanish Speaking Americans in the War: The Southwest," n.d., box 1082, entry no. 222, Office of War Information Records, RG 208 (National Archives, College Park, Md.); Special Services Division, Office of War Information, "Spanish-Americans in the Southwest and the War Effort," report no. 24, Aug. 18, 1942, p. 3, box 409, entry no. 33, Committee on Fair Employment Practices Records, RG 228, Barbara A. Driscoll, The Tracks North: The Railroad Bracero Program of World War II, ibid.;
    • The Tracks North: the Railroad Bracero Program of World War II
    • Driscoll, B.A.1
  • 59
    • 85050836739 scopus 로고
    • The war on intolerance: The reformulation of American nationalism, 1939-1941
    • Fall
    • and Richard W. Steele, "The War on Intolerance: The Reformulation of American Nationalism, 1939-1941," Journal of American Ethnic History, 9 (Fall 1989), 9-35. For concern about Mexican American morale, see Office of War Information, "Illustration of Enemy Short-Wave Broadcasts on American Discriminations, Particularly Against Mexicans," memo, Nov. 21, 1942, box 1802, entry no. 222, Office of War Information Records; and "Resident Latin Americans," memo, March 7, 1942, box 1717, entry no. 155, Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs Records.
    • (1989) Journal of American Ethnic History , vol.9 , pp. 9-35
    • Steele, R.W.1
  • 62
    • 4043108581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State Department, memo, Sept. 12, 1941, p. 2, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; and Blocker to Secretary of State, Feb. 27, 1942, enclosure 1, Perales, Are We Good Neighbors?, ibid.
    • Are We Good Neighbors?
    • Perales1
  • 63
    • 85039248786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Fred Martinez Sr. to Stevenson, July 19, 1943, box 333, Stevenson Papers.
  • 65
    • 37949021630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a sample of protest letters to Stevenson, see George M. Villareal to Stevenson, Nov. 19, 1943, box 333, Stevenson Papers; Richard M. Garza to Stevenson, Aug. 29, 1943, Kibbe, Latin Americans in Texas, ibid.;
    • Latin Americans in Texas
    • Kibbe1
  • 71
    • 37949021630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leocadio Duran to Stevenson, Oct. 16, 1943, Sánchez Papers; Joe Mitchell to Stevenson, May 6, 1945, box 1989/59-19, Good Neighbor Commission Files (Texas State Archives); and Roddy Villecas to Stevenson, June 6, 1945, Kibbe, Latin Americans in Texas, ibid.
    • Latin Americans in Texas
    • Kibbe1
  • 73
    • 37949017915 scopus 로고
    • The law and race relations
    • March
    • See Franklin D. Roosevelt, Exec. Order No. 8,802, 6 Fed. Reg. 3109 (June 27, 1941). On the wartime passage of state antidiscrimination laws, Will Maslow, "The Law and Race Relations," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 244 (March 1946), 75-81;
    • (1946) Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , vol.244 , pp. 75-81
    • Maslow, W.1
  • 74
    • 37949027353 scopus 로고
    • Race discrimination and the law
    • Winter
    • Carey McWilliams, "Race Discrimination and the Law," Science and Society, 9 (Winter 1945), 1-22;
    • (1945) Science and Society , vol.9 , pp. 1-22
    • McWilliams, C.1
  • 75
    • 37949004461 scopus 로고
    • Race relations and antidiscriminatory legislation
    • March
    • John H. Burma, "Race Relations and Antidiscriminatory Legislation," American Journal of Sociology, 56 (March 1951), 416-23;
    • (1951) American Journal of Sociology , vol.56 , pp. 416-423
    • Burma, J.H.1
  • 76
    • 34547187884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Hitlerian rule of Quotas': Racial conservatism and the politics of fair employment legislation in New York State, 1941-1945
    • March
    • and Anthony S. Chen, "'The Hitlerian Rule of Quotas': Racial Conservatism and the Politics of Fair Employment Legislation in New York State, 1941-1945," Journal of American History, 92 (March 2006), 1238-64.
    • (2006) Journal of American History , vol.92 , pp. 1238-1264
    • Chen, A.S.1
  • 77
    • 37949052213 scopus 로고
    • April 15
    • See House Bill 909, Bill File (Texas State Archives). On the importance of M. C. Gonzales and Alonso S. Perales to the bill's introduction, see Fagan Dickson to Perales, April 16, 1941, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; and San Antonio Light, April 15, 1941.
    • (1941) San Antonio Light
  • 78
    • 84897273670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • transcription, attached to Blocker to Secretary of State, Feb. 27, 1942, San Antonio Light, ibid.
    • San Antonio Light
  • 79
    • 37949052213 scopus 로고
    • April 15
    • San Antonio Light, April 15, 1941, transcription, attached to Blocker to Secretary of State, Feb. 27, 1942, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records;
    • (1941) San Antonio Light
  • 80
    • 84897273670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vela to Klingeman, April 23, 1941, box 1, Vela Papers. See also Perales to Welles, April 19, 1941, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Perales to Welles, April 25, 1941, San Antonio Light, ibid.;
    • San Antonio Light
  • 81
    • 84897273670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perales to Richard M. Kleburg, Jan. 10, 1941, transcription, attached to Blocker to Secretary of State, Feb. 27, 1942, San Antonio Light, ibid.;
    • San Antonio Light
  • 82
    • 84897273670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adela S. Vento to Welles, April 29, 1941, San Antonio Light, ibid.;
    • San Antonio Light
  • 83
    • 84897273670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Vento to Homer Leonard, April 26, 1941, San Antonio Light, ibid.
    • San Antonio Light
  • 84
    • 84897273670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mexican Embassy memos and Mexican newspaper articles cited here and below are State Department translations and transcriptions. Embassy of Mexico, memo, May 6, 1941, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Re cords; Embassy of Mexico, memo, June 11, 1941, San Antonio Light, ibid.;
    • San Antonio Light
  • 85
    • 37949037876 scopus 로고
    • April
    • Novedades [April 1941].
    • (1941) Novedades
  • 86
    • 85039246278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • attached to Blocker to Secretary of State, Feb. 27, 1942, Novedades, ibid.;
    • Novedades
  • 87
    • 37949017708 scopus 로고
    • April 23, ibid
    • El Universal, April 23, 1941, ibid.
    • (1941) El Universal
  • 88
    • 84870111147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See House Bill 909, Bill File; and Blocker to Secretary of State, Feb. 27, 1942, incident 47, enclosure 1, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records. On the State Department, see Welles to Perales [April 1941], El Universal, ibid.;
    • El Universal
  • 89
    • 84870111147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allan Dawson to Vento, July 5, 1941, El Universal, ibid.;
    • El Universal
  • 90
    • 84870111147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbert S. Bursley, memo, May 16, 1941, El Universal, ibid.;
    • El Universal
  • 91
    • 84870111147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Allan Dawson, memo, June 11, 1941, El Universal, ibid.
    • El Universal
  • 95
    • 79952022592 scopus 로고
    • Mexican labor in the United States: Dimmit county, winter garden District, South Texas
    • Paul S. Taylor, "Mexican Labor in the United States: Dimmit County, Winter Garden District, South Texas," University of California Publications in Economics, 6 (no. 5, 1930), 398-410;
    • (1930) University of California Publications in Economics , vol.6 , Issue.5 , pp. 398-410
    • Taylor, P.S.1
  • 97
    • 84900092140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see Special Services Division, Office of War Information
    • For the population figure, see Special Services Division, Office of War Information, "Spanish-Americans in the Southwest and the War Effort," 1.
    • Spanish-Americans in the Southwest and the War Effort , pp. 1
  • 99
    • 85039252138 scopus 로고
    • see U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, 78 Cong., 1 sess.
    • For the Bracero Agreement of August 4, 1942, see U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Farm Labor Program, 1943: Hearings, 78 Cong., 1 sess., 1943, pp. 49-53.
    • (1943) Farm Labor Program, 1943: Hearings , pp. 49-53
  • 101
    • 85039249539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Sánchez to Smith, April 30, 1943, Sánchez Papers; Perales to Welles, Jan. 26, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Carlos E. Castañeda to Perales, April 30, 1943, box 38, Carlos Castañeda Papers (Benson Latin American Collection); Castañeda to M. C. Gonzales, April 30, 1943, Mexico's Wartime Intervention on Behalf of Mexicans in the United States, ibid.;
    • Mexico's Wartime Intervention on Behalf of Mexicans in the United States
  • 103
    • 85039249539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Victor Borella to Joseph E. Weckler, memo, March 30, 1943, box 1717, entry no. 155, Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs Records; Perales to Nelson A. Rockefeller, Jan. 26, 1943 (microfilm: reel 5), Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs Control Slips, Nelson A. Rockefeller Papers, RG 4 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, N.Y.); and Gonzales to Rockefeller, March 27, 1943, Mexico's Wartime Intervention on Behalf of Mexicans in the United States, ibid.
    • Mexico's Wartime Intervention on Behalf of Mexicans in the United States
  • 104
    • 85039250474 scopus 로고
    • April 15
    • See El Paso Herald-Post, April 15, 1943, clipping, attached to Blocker to Secretary of State, April 16, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records;
    • (1943) El Paso Herald-post
  • 105
    • 85039249272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter-American relations in Texas at the University of Texas: Report of activities, 1943-1945
    • n.d.
    • Sánchez to Elmore R. Torn, March 31, 1943, Sánchez Papers; "Inter-American Relations in Texas at the University of Texas: Report of Activities, 1943-1945," n.d., El Paso Herald-post, ibid.; Castaneda to Perales, April 30, 1943, box 38, Castañeda Papers; "Observations of Mr. Robert G. McGregor Jr., Secretary of Embassy," n.d., p. 5, decimal file 811.504, State Department Records; and Weckler to Borella, memo, March 30, 1943, box 1717, entry no. 155, Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs Records.
    • El Paso Herald-post
  • 107
    • 85039247345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blocker to Secretary of State, April 16, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; and Blocker to Secretary of State, June 17, 1943, enclosure 1, Equality of Opportunity for Latin-Americans in Texas, ibid.
    • Equality of Opportunity for Latin-Americans in Texas
  • 108
    • 37949039905 scopus 로고
    • April 4
    • Perales to Castañeda, May 17, 1943, box 38, Castañeda Papers; McAllen Evening Monitor, April 4, 1944, attached to Henry G. Krausse to Secretary of State, April 8, 1944, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records.
    • (1944) McAllen Evening Monitor
  • 109
    • 85039245262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Blocker to Secretary of State, June 17, 1943, McAllen Evening Monitor, ibid.; and J. A. Garcia to Stevenson, July 29, 1943, box 333, Stevenson Papers.
    • McAllen Evening Monitor
  • 110
    • 85039253707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Mexican Embassy to U.S. State Department, memo, July 23, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records.
  • 111
    • 85039254070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • George S. Messersmith, memo, June 17, 1943, attached to Robert G. McGregor Jr. to Secretary of State, June 21, 1943, decimal file 811.504, ibid
    • George S. Messersmith, memo, June 17, 1943, attached to Robert G. McGregor Jr. to Secretary of State, June 21, 1943, decimal file 811.504, ibid.;
  • 112
    • 85039252296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Messersmith to Joseph F. McGurk, July 23, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, ibid
    • Messersmith to Joseph F. McGurk, July 23, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, ibid.
  • 113
    • 85039242983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For more on the ban, see State Department, memo, June 30, 1943, decimal file 811.504, ibid
    • For more on the ban, see State Department, memo, June 30, 1943, decimal file 811.504, ibid.;
  • 117
    • 85039254966 scopus 로고
    • Sept. 17, clipping, ibid
    • Corpus Christi Caller, Sept. 17, 1943, clipping, ibid.; Bursley to Secretary of State, July 21, 1943, decimal file 811.504, State Department Records.
    • (1943) Corpus Christi Caller
  • 118
    • 85039243852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open letter to peace officers in Texas
    • n.d.
    • Blocker to Laurence Duggan, June 29, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Coke R. Stevenson, "Open Letter to Peace Officers in Texas," n.d., Corpus Christi Caller, ibid.;
    • Corpus Christi Caller
    • Stevenson, C.R.1
  • 119
    • 84860044578 scopus 로고
    • The good neighbor policy and Mexicans in Texas
    • ed. Carlos E. Cortés (New York)
    • Coke R. Stevenson and Ezequiel Padilla, "The Good Neighbor Policy and Mexicans in Texas," in The Mexican Americans and the Law, ed. Carlos E. Cortés (New York, 1974).
    • (1974) The Mexican Americans and the Law
    • Stevenson, C.R.1    Padilla, E.2
  • 120
    • 85039253248 scopus 로고
    • Aug. 10
    • n.p. The close involvement of the State Department and the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs in the vetting and publicizing of the Stevenson-Padilla exchange is clear from numerous documents in decimal files 811.504 and 811.4016, State Department Records. McAllen Evening Monitor, Aug. 10, 1943, clipping, attached to Krausse to Secretary of State, Aug. 17, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records;
    • (1943) McAllen Evening Monitor
  • 121
    • 37949029473 scopus 로고
    • The good neighbor commission and Texas Mexicans
    • ed. Jerrel H. Shofner and Linda V. Ellsworth (Pensacola)
    • Good Neighbor Commission of Texas, Statement of Policy, n.d., box 334, Stevenson Papers. On the Texas Good Neighbor Commission, see George N. Green, "The Good Neighbor Commission and Texas Mexicans," in Ethnic Minorities in Gulf Coast Society, ed. Jerrel H. Shofner and Linda V. Ellsworth (Pensacola, 1979), 111-28;
    • (1979) Ethnic Minorities in Gulf Coast Society , pp. 111-128
    • Green, G.N.1
  • 127
    • 37949003163 scopus 로고
    • Bad neighbors
    • Feb. 7
    • and "Bad Neighbors," Time, Feb. 7, 1944, p. 34.
    • (1944) Time , pp. 34
  • 128
    • 85039248096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, State Department, memo, July 26, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Messersmith to Blocker, June 20, 1944, decimal file 811.504, Time, ibid.;
    • Time
  • 129
    • 85039247067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blocker to Messersmith, June 17, 1944, Time, ibid.;
    • Time
  • 130
    • 85039245578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Messersmith to Secretary of State, March 15, 1944, Time, ibid.;
    • Time
  • 131
    • 85039249327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Messersmith to Secretary of State, Aug. 4, 1943, Time, ibid.
    • Time
  • 132
    • 85039252411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bursley to Secretary of State, Aug. 4, 1943, decimal file 811.504, State Department Records. On the political risks, see Messersmith, memo, June 17, 1943, Time, ibid.;
    • Time
  • 133
    • 85039246358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blocker to Secretary of State, Aug. 20, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, Time, ibid.;
    • Time
  • 138
    • 85039246649 scopus 로고
    • Court upholds pool in ban on latins
    • clipping, Feb. 2, box 1, M. C. Gonzales Collection, (Benson Latin American Collection)
    • "Court Upholds Pool in Ban on Latins," clipping, Feb. 2, 1944, box 1, M. C. Gonzales Collection, LULAC Records (Benson Latin American Collection);
    • (1944) LULAC Records
  • 139
    • 85039253687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrell Wells Swimming Pool v. Rodriguez, 182 S.W. 2d 824 (1944)
    • Terrell Wells Swimming Pool v. Rodriguez, 182 S.W. 2d 824 (1944).
  • 140
    • 37949052281 scopus 로고
    • Aug. 4
    • On the initial lower court ruling, see San Antonio Express, Aug. 4, 1943, transcription, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records.
    • (1943) San Antonio Express
  • 141
    • 84879167237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the State Supreme Court, see David Thomasson to Secretary of State, Oct. 9, 1944, San Antonio Express, ibid.;
    • San Antonio Express
  • 142
    • 37949055215 scopus 로고
    • Oct. 5, transcription ibid
    • and El Paso Times, Oct. 5, 1944, transcription, ibid.
    • (1944) El Paso Times
  • 143
    • 84903495627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gonzales to Louis Joughin, Jan. 19, 1944, Sánchez Papers. See also Sánchez to Roger Baldwin, Aug. 23, 1943, El Paso Times, ibid.
    • El Paso Times
  • 145
    • 85039248926 scopus 로고
    • Dec. 18
    • See also Austin Statesman, Dec. 18, 1943, p. 7;
    • (1943) Austin Statesman , pp. 7
  • 146
    • 37949022067 scopus 로고
    • On the home front
    • March
    • Helen Jean Nolan, "On the Home Front," Inter-American, 3 (March 1944), 39;
    • (1944) Inter-American , vol.3 , pp. 39
    • Nolan, H.J.1
  • 147
    • 85039249510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Blocker to Secretary of State, Aug. 23, 1944, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records. For further evidence of Mexican government lobbying, see Luis L. Duplan to Kleburg, July 16, 1943, Helen Jean Nolan, Inter-American, ibid.;
    • Inter-American
    • Nolan, H.J.1
  • 148
    • 85039249510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State Department, memo, July 26, 1943, Helen Jean Nolan, Inter-American, ibid.; and Carlos Palacios Roji to Stevenson, July 27, 1943, box 333, Stevenson Papers.
    • Inter-American
    • Nolan, H.J.1
  • 149
    • 85039249510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Victory War Mothers Club to Stevenson, Sept. 8, 1944, box 296, Stevenson Papers. For the resolution, see attachment to Albert U. Treviño to Stevenson, Nov. 10, 1944, Helen Jean Nolan, Inter-American, ibid.
    • Inter-American
    • Nolan, H.J.1
  • 150
    • 85039249510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On Perales, see Perales to Stevenson, Feb. 25, 1944, Helen Jean Nolan, Inter-American, ibid.;
    • Inter-American
    • Nolan, H.J.1
  • 151
    • 85039245773 scopus 로고
    • Nov. 27
    • Messersmith to Blocker, Aug. 11, 1944, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Novedades, Nov. 27, 1944.
    • (1944) Novedades
  • 152
    • 85039253653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • attached to Thomasson to Secretary of State, Nov. 29, 1944, decimal file 840.1 (microfilm), Novedades, ibid.;
    • Novedades
  • 153
    • 37949010144 scopus 로고
    • Sept. 1
    • Fraternidad, Sept. 1, 1944, pp. 4-5;
    • (1944) Fraternidad , pp. 4-5
  • 154
  • 155
    • 85039242661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perales to Roosevelt, March 17, 31, 1944, Perales, Are We Good Neighbors?, ibid., 281, 278-80.
    • Are We Good Neighbors? , vol.281 , pp. 278-280
    • Perales1
  • 156
    • 4043108581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, W. S. Gandy to Stevenson, n.d., box 333, Stevenson Papers; Will F. Evans to Stevenson, July 29, 1943, Perales, Are We Good Neighbors?, ibid.;
    • Are We Good Neighbors?
    • Perales1
  • 157
    • 85039246713 scopus 로고
    • Feb. 19, box 296, ibid
    • Chris P. Fox to Time, Feb. 19, 1944, box 296, ibid.;
    • (1944) Time
    • Fox, C.P.1
  • 158
    • 85039250505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "An American Texan" to Association of Commerce, El Paso, Texas, April 24, 1944, Time, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.;
    • Time
    • Fox, C.P.1
  • 159
    • 85039250505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and L. A. Wicks to Stevenson, March 24, 1943, box 333, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.
    • Time
    • Fox, C.P.1
  • 160
    • 85039250505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ernest J. Boyett (Stevenson's executive secretary) to Perales, Feb. 17, 1944, box 296, Stevenson Papers. See also Maurice E. Turner (secretary to the governor) to Joe Hopkins, Aug. 5, 1943, box 333, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.
    • Time
    • Fox, C.P.1
  • 161
    • 85039250505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Messersmith to Blocker, March 12, 1945, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records. For officials' views of activists, see Kibbe to Blocker, Sept. 28, 1943, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.;
    • Time
    • Fox, C.P.1
  • 162
    • 85039250505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Messersmith to Blocker, Aug. 11, 1944, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.;
    • Time
    • Fox, C.P.1
  • 163
    • 85039250505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blocker to Bursley, Jan. 23, 1942, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.;
    • Time
    • Fox, C.P.1
  • 164
    • 85039250505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Bursley to Duggan, March 4, 1942, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.
    • Time
    • Fox, C.P.1
  • 165
    • 85039250505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blocker to Secretary of State, Jan. 11, 1945, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.
    • Time
    • Fox, C.P.1
  • 166
    • 85039250505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Fourth Meeting of the Good Neighbor Commission of Texas, minutes, May 12, 1944, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.;
    • Time
    • Fox, C.P.1
  • 167
    • 85039250505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blocker to Secretary of State, Aug. 23, 1944, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.; Kibbe to Joseph Wearden, Nov. 10, 1944, box 1989/59-18, Good Neighbor Commission Files; and Sánchez to Baldwin, May 28, 1945, Sánchez Papers.
    • Time
    • Fox, C.P.1
  • 168
    • 37949028536 scopus 로고
    • May 29
    • See Senate Bill 1, Bill File; El Paso Herald-Post, May 29, 1945, p. 1;
    • (1945) El Paso Herald-post , pp. 1
  • 170
    • 37949046656 scopus 로고
    • Mexico and U.S. racism: How Mexicans view our treatment of minorities
    • June 22
    • Hensley C. Woodbridge, "Mexico and U.S. Racism: How Mexicans View Our Treatment of Minorities," Commonweal, June 22, 1945, p. 236.
    • (1945) Commonweal , pp. 236
    • Woodbridge, H.C.1
  • 171
    • 0345903879 scopus 로고
    • Jan. 11
    • On Mexican newspapers' support for the Spears bill, see Excelsior, Jan. 11, 1945, clipping, box 1989/59-26, Good Neighbor Commission Files;
    • (1945) Excelsior
  • 172
    • 85039252587 scopus 로고
    • Jan. 12
    • and Novedades, Jan. 12, 1945.
    • (1945) Novedades
  • 173
    • 4043108581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in Perales, Are We Good Neighbors?, 129-30. C. A. Calderon to Kibbe, Jan. 17, 1945, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records.
    • Are We Good Neighbors? , pp. 129-130
    • Perales1
  • 174
    • 37949028536 scopus 로고
    • March 9
    • On John Lee Smith and Antonio Villalobos, see El Paso Herald-Post, March 9, 1945.
    • (1945) El Paso Herald-post
  • 175
    • 84903672828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • transcription, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; and Messersmith to John Willard Carrigan, March 14, 1945, El Paso Herald-post, ibid.
    • El Paso Herald-post
  • 176
    • 84903672828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the controversy over the Lone Star Café in Pecos, see Messersmith to Secretary of State, March 24, 1945, El Paso Herald-post, ibid.;
    • El Paso Herald-post
  • 177
    • 84903672828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blocker to Secretary of State, April 2, 1945, El Paso Herald-post, ibid.;
    • El Paso Herald-post
  • 178
    • 84903672828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joseph C. Grew to Sen. Thomas Connally, n.d., El Paso Herald-post, ibid.;
    • El Paso Herald-post
  • 179
    • 85039252587 scopus 로고
    • March 26
    • Novedades, March 26, 1945.
    • (1945) Novedades
  • 180
    • 85039249331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • attached to Thomasson to Secretary of State, March 27, 1945, Novedades, ibid.;
    • Novedades
  • 181
    • 85039252587 scopus 로고
    • March 27, ibid
    • Novedades, March 27, 1945, ibid.;
    • (1945) Novedades
  • 182
    • 37949021209 scopus 로고
    • March 26, ibid
    • El Nacional, March 26, 1945, ibid.;
    • (1945) El Nacional
  • 183
    • 37949021209 scopus 로고
    • March 27, ibid
    • El Nacional, March 27, 1945, ibid.;
    • (1945) El Nacional
  • 184
    • 0346534885 scopus 로고
    • March 27, ibid
    • El Popular, March 27, 1945, ibid.;
    • (1945) El Popular
  • 185
    • 0345903879 scopus 로고
    • March 27, ibid
    • Excelsior, March 27, 1945, ibid. ;
    • (1945) Excelsior
  • 186
    • 33645493536 scopus 로고
    • March 26, ibid.; and box 1989/59-19, Good Neighbor Commission Files
    • El Universal, March 26, 1945, ibid.; and box 1989/59-19, Good Neighbor Commission Files.
    • (1945) El Universal
  • 190
  • 191
    • 37949021669 scopus 로고
    • March 6
    • Mitchell to Stevenson, May 6, 1945, box 1989/59-19, Good Neighbor Commission Files. See also Blocker to Secretary of State, March 6, 1945, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Austin American, March 6, 1945, p. 2;
    • (1945) Austin American , pp. 2
  • 192
    • 37949021669 scopus 로고
    • March 7
    • Austin American, ibid., March 7, 1945, p. 3; and Sánchez to Baldwin, March 8, 1945, Sánchez Papers.
    • (1945) Austin American , pp. 3
  • 193
    • 37949010369 scopus 로고
    • March 9
    • On the newspaper leak about the Good Neighbor Commission, see Kibbe to Blocker, Feb. 8, 1945, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; San Antonio Light, March 9, 1945.
    • (1945) San Antonio Light
  • 195
    • 37949032174 scopus 로고
    • March 12
    • San Antonio Express, March 12, 1945, p. 4.
    • (1945) San Antonio Express , pp. 4
  • 196
    • 37949021669 scopus 로고
    • May 2
    • Austin American, May 2, 1945, p. 9.
    • (1945) Austin American , pp. 9
  • 197
    • 37949010279 scopus 로고
    • July 1
    • On the legislative wrangling over the Spears bill, see, in addition to the articles already cited, Fraternidad, July 1, 1945, p. 10;
    • (1945) Fraternidad , pp. 10
  • 199
    • 85039246197 scopus 로고
    • May 12
    • Austin Statesman, May 12, 1945, p. 4;
    • (1945) Austin Statesman , pp. 4
  • 201
    • 84903672828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • transcription, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Robert C. Eckhardt to Blocker, May 26, 1945, El Paso Herald-post, ibid.;
    • El Paso Herald-post
  • 202
    • 84903672828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blocker to Secretary of State, Jan. 11, March 6, 7, 1945, El Paso Herald-post, ibid.;
    • El Paso Herald-post
  • 203
    • 84903672828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Messersmith to Blocker, Jan. 18, 27, Feb. 2, March 12, 1945, El Paso Herald-post, ibid.;
    • El Paso Herald-post
  • 205
    • 37949028536 scopus 로고
    • April 5, transcription, ibid
    • El Paso Herald-Post, April 5, 1945, transcription, ibid.;
    • (1945) El Paso Herald-post
  • 206
    • 37949024469 scopus 로고
    • On the home front
    • April
    • Helen Jean Nolan, "On the Home Front," Inter-American, 4 (April 1945), 38;
    • (1945) Inter-american , vol.4 , pp. 38
    • Nolan, H.J.1
  • 210
    • 84903672828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • transcription, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Carrigan to Dr. Munre, memo, June 21, 1945, El Paso Herald-post, ibid.
    • El Paso Herald-post
  • 218
    • 85039248063 scopus 로고
    • Ezequiel Padilla to Stevenson, July 20, ed. Cortés, n.p.
    • Ezequiel Padilla to Stevenson, July 20, 1943, in Mexican Americans and the Law, ed. Cortés, n.p.;
    • (1943) Mexican Americans and the Law
  • 230
    • 0009250691 scopus 로고
    • Race relations in the American West
    • For a seminal essay on the international nature of race in the West, see Richard White, "Race Relations in the American West," American Quarterly, 38 (no. 3, 1986), 396-416.
    • (1986) American Quarterly , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 396-416
    • White, R.1
  • 238
    • 37949009574 scopus 로고
    • July
    • Evidence for this point is too abundant to cite here. For a sample, see LULAC News, 12 (July 1945), 36;
    • (1945) LULAC News , vol.12 , pp. 36
  • 239
    • 37949016685 scopus 로고
    • June
    • LULAC News, ibid., 9 (June 1942), 2;
    • (1942) LULAC News , vol.9 , pp. 2
  • 240
    • 85039254086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perales to Welles, April 19, 1941, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; D. S. Hernandez to Welles, Aug. 20, 1943, LULAC News, ibid.;
    • LULAC News
  • 241
    • 85039250179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Villareal to Stevenson, Nov. 19, 1943, box 333, Stevenson Papers; Garza to Stevenson, Aug. 29, 1943, LULAC News, ibid.;
    • LULAC News
  • 242
    • 85039246106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L. Garcia to Stevenson, Aug. 4, 1943, LULAC News, ibid.;
    • LULAC News
  • 243
    • 85039249102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Gonzales to Stevenson, June 23, 1943, LULAC News, ibid.
    • LULAC News
  • 245
    • 37949033754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gonzales to Sánchez, May 13, 1943, Sánchez Papers. See also Sánchez to Charles A. Bunn, Sept. 15, 1942, Johnson, Revolution in Texas, ibid.;
    • Revolution in Texas
    • Johnson1
  • 246
    • 85039242499 scopus 로고
    • Conference on the scope and power of committee on fair employment practices
    • transcript, Feb. 19
    • "Conference on the Scope and Power of Committee on Fair Employment Practices," transcript, Feb. 19, 1943, Revolution in Texas, ibid.;
    • (1943) Revolution in Texas
  • 247
    • 85039245875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sánchez to Gonzales, Sept. 15, 1942, Revolution in Texas, ibid.;
    • Revolution in Texas
  • 249
    • 84860048470 scopus 로고
    • George I. Sánchez and the civil rights movement: 1940-1960
    • Fall
    • Ricardo Romo, "George I. Sánchez and the Civil Rights Movement: 1940-1960," La Raza Law Journal, 1 (Fall 1986), 347-48;
    • (1986) La Raza Law Journal , vol.1 , pp. 347-348
    • Romo, R.1
  • 250
    • 37949008418 scopus 로고
    • The failed promise of wartime opportunity for Mexicans in the texas oil industry
    • Jan.
    • and Emilio Zamora, "The Failed Promise of Wartime Opportunity for Mexicans in the Texas Oil Industry," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 95 (Jan. 1992), 323-50.
    • (1992) Southwestern Historical Quarterly , vol.95 , pp. 323-350
    • Zamora, E.1
  • 251
    • 37949010144 scopus 로고
    • June, cover
    • Eloísa Galán to Stevenson, Sept. 18, 1943, box 324, Stevenson Papers; Fraternidad, June 1944, cover;
    • (1944) Fraternidad
  • 252
    • 37949010144 scopus 로고
    • Sept. 1, cover
    • Fraternidad, ibid., Sept. 1, 1944, cover;
    • (1944) Fraternidad
  • 253
    • 37949010279 scopus 로고
    • July 1, cover
    • Fraternidad, ibid., July 1, 1945, cover.
    • (1945) Fraternidad
  • 254
    • 85039251886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blocker to Secretary of State, Dec. 23, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Fourth Good Neighbor Commission Meeting, minutes, May 12, 1944, Fraternidad, ibid.
    • Fraternidad
  • 255
    • 85039251886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Robert G. McGregor Jr., memo, Aug. 4, 1943, decimal file 811.504, Fraternidad, ibid.;
    • Fraternidad
  • 256
    • 85039251886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Messersmith to Blocker, Jan. 27, 1945, decimal file 811.4016, Fraternidad, ibid.;
    • Fraternidad
  • 257
    • 85039251886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Blocker to Messersmith, June 17, 1944, decimal file 811.504, Fraternidad, ibid.
    • Fraternidad
  • 258
    • 33744458518 scopus 로고
    • Westport
    • George Norris Green, The Establishment in Texas Politics: The Primitive Years, 1938-1957 (Westport, 1979), 81. For more on Stevenson's views on African Americans, see material in boxes 315, 324, 326, and 341, Stevenson Papers; and Blocker to Secretary of State, Dec. 23, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records.
    • (1979) The Establishment in Texas Politics: The Primitive Years, 1938-1957 , pp. 81
    • Green, G.N.1
  • 260
    • 0041461561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Becoming hispanic: Mexican Americans and the faustian pact with whiteness
    • ed. Neil Foley (Austin)
    • Neil Foley, "Becoming Hispanic: Mexican Americans and the Faustian Pact with Whiteness," in Reflexiones 1997: New Directions in Mexican American Studies, ed. Neil Foley (Austin, 1998), 53-70;
    • (1998) Reflexiones 1997: New Directions in Mexican American Studies , pp. 53-70
    • Foley, N.1
  • 261
    • 37949012385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partly colored or other white: Mexican Americans and their problem with the color line
    • ed. Stephanie Cole and Alison M. Parker (College Station)
    • Neil Foley, "Partly Colored or Other White: Mexican Americans and Their Problem with the Color Line," in Beyond Black and White: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the U.S. South and Southwest, ed. Stephanie Cole and Alison M. Parker (College Station, 2004);
    • (2004) Beyond Black and White: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the U.S. South and Southwest
    • Foley, N.1
  • 266
    • 0040711814 scopus 로고
    • Shifting self perceptions and ethnic consciousness among Mexicans in Houston, 1908-1946
    • F. Arturo Rosales, "Shifting Self Perceptions and Ethnic Consciousness among Mexicans in Houston, 1908-1946," Aztlán, 16 (nos. 1 and 2, 1987), 71-94;
    • (1987) Aztlán , vol.16 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 71-94
    • Arturo Rosales, F.1
  • 267
    • 33750845839 scopus 로고
    • Prensa y patria: The Spanish-Language press and the biculturation of the tejano middle class, 1920-1940
    • Nov. esp. 459-60
    • and Roberto R. Treviño, "Prensa y patria: The Spanish-Language Press and the Biculturation of the Tejano Middle Class, 1920-1940," Western Historical Quarterly, 22 (Nov. 1991), esp. 459-60, 470-71.
    • (1991) Western Historical Quarterly , vol.22 , pp. 470-471
    • Treviño, R.R.1
  • 268
    • 0002816035 scopus 로고
    • Racism, revolution, and Indigenismo: Mexico, 1910-1940
    • ed. Richard Graham (Austin)
    • For the Mexican roots of this attachment to whiteness, see also Alan Knight, "Racism, Revolution, and Indigenismo: Mexico, 1910-1940," in The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940, ed. Richard Graham (Austin, 1990);
    • (1990) The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940
    • Knight, A.1
  • 273
    • 85039254048 scopus 로고
    • unidentified clipping, Scrapbook 2, Refugio Lozano Collection (Benson Latin American Collection)
    • See "Vital Statistics Recorded by Race, LULAC Is Informed," unidentified clipping, 1941, Scrapbook 2, Refugio Lozano Collection (Benson Latin American Collection);
    • (1941) Vital Statistics Recorded by Race, LULAC Is Informed
  • 276
    • 85039247783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ted Cazares and A. O. Cane to the Embassy, Republic of Peru, Nov. 23, 1940, box 2001/138-119, W. Lee O'Daniel Papers (Texas State Archives); Weckler to Sánchez, June 25, 1943, box 57, entry no. 1, Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs Records; John Roy to Borella, Sept. 7, 1943, Vital Statistics Recorded by Race, LULAC Is Informed, ibid.;
    • Vital Statistics Recorded by Race, LULAC Is Informed
  • 277
    • 85039247783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolfo G. Dominguez to Smith, March 8, 1945, box 1989/59-44, Good Neighbor Commission Files; Embassy of Mexico, memo, May 6, 1941, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Embassy of Mexico, memo, March 24, 1941, Vital Statistics Recorded by Race, LULAC Is Informed, ibid.;
    • Vital Statistics Recorded by Race, LULAC Is Informed
  • 281
    • 37949002537 scopus 로고
    • Good neighbors - Texas version?
    • June
    • George J. Garza, "Good Neighbors - Texas Version?," Texas Outlook, 27 (June 1943), 39.
    • (1943) Texas Outlook , vol.27 , pp. 39
    • Garza, G.J.1
  • 282
    • 37949037502 scopus 로고
    • Education will make good neighbors
    • March
    • For the article to which Garza was responding, see Madge Stephenson, "Education Will Make Good Neighbors," Texas Outlook, ibid. (March 1943), 26.
    • (1943) Texas Outlook , pp. 26
    • Stephenson, M.1
  • 287
    • 34247440010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Another white race': Mexican Americans and the paradox of whiteness in jury selection
    • Spring
    • On this question, see Clare Sheridan, "'Another White Race': Mexican Americans and the Paradox of Whiteness in Jury Selection," Law and History Review, 21 (Spring 2003), 109-44;
    • (2003) Law and History Review , vol.21 , pp. 109-144
    • Sheridan, C.1
  • 288
    • 34247442986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brown over 'other white': Mexican-Americans' legal arguments and litigation strategy in school desegregation lawsuits
    • Steven H. Wilson, "Brown over 'Other White': Mexican-Americans' Legal Arguments and Litigation Strategy in School Desegregation Lawsuits," Law and History Review, ibid., 145-94;
    • Law and History Review , pp. 145-194
    • Wilson, S.H.1
  • 289
    • 34247459709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Texas Mexicans and the politics of whiteness
    • and Ariela J. Gross, "Texas Mexicans and the Politics of Whiteness," Law and History Review, ibid., 195-205.
    • Law and History Review , pp. 195-205
    • Gross, A.J.1
  • 292
    • 37949005372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'In the interest of all races': African Americans and interracial cooperation in Los Angeles during and after World War II
    • ed. Lawrence B. de Graaf, Kevin Mulroy, and Quintard Taylor (Seattle)
    • Kevin Allen Leonard, "'In the Interest of All Races': African Americans and Interracial Cooperation in Los Angeles during and after World War II," in Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California, ed. Lawrence B. de Graaf, Kevin Mulroy, and Quintard Taylor (Seattle, 2001), 309-40;
    • (2001) Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California , pp. 309-340
    • Leonard, K.A.1
  • 299
    • 5844384643 scopus 로고
    • The Mexican question in the Southwest
    • March esp. 267
    • Emma Tenayuca and Homer Brooks, "The Mexican Question in the Southwest," Communist, 18 (March 1939), 257-68, esp. 267.
    • (1939) Communist , vol.18 , pp. 257-268
    • Tenayuca, E.1    Brooks, H.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.