-
1
-
-
0003578918
-
-
Cambridge, Mass.
-
William P. Blocker to Secretary of State, June 17, 1943, enclosure 1, decimal file 811.4016, Records of the Department of State, RG 59 (National Archives, College Park, Md.). Matthew Frye Jacobson has argued that in the mid-twentieth century Caucasian meant "conclusively, certifiably, scientifically white"; see Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 95. It is therefore significant that activists and legislators in drawing up their bills and resolutions repeatedly used the term Caucasian and not white. And yet since the key actors in this story used the terms interchangeably, I have done so as well.
-
(1998)
Whiteness of A Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race
, pp. 95
-
-
Jacobson, M.F.1
-
2
-
-
85039254460
-
-
note
-
A note on terms: a Mexican American is a U.S. citizen of Mexican descent; a Mexican is a citizen of Mexico. Since it is not always possible to determine activists' citizenship, I often refer to "Mexicans and Mexican Americans."
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
0035561436
-
Whiteness and the historians' imagination
-
Fall
-
For a sample of this debate, see Eric Arnesen, "Whiteness and the Historians' Imagination," International Labor and Working-Class History, 60 (Fall 2001), 3-32;
-
(2001)
International Labor and Working-class History
, vol.60
, pp. 3-32
-
-
Arnesen, E.1
-
4
-
-
0002511339
-
Inbetween peoples: Race, nationality, and the 'new immigrant" working class
-
Spring
-
James Barrett and David Roediger, "Inbetween Peoples: Race, Nationality, and the 'New Immigrant" Working Class," Journal of American Ethnic History, 16 (Spring 1997), 3-44;
-
(1997)
Journal of American Ethnic History
, vol.16
, pp. 3-44
-
-
Barrett, J.1
Roediger, D.2
-
5
-
-
1542704649
-
-
New York
-
Thomas A. Guglielmo, White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890-1945 (New York, 2003);
-
(2003)
White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890-1945
-
-
Guglielmo, T.A.1
-
6
-
-
0000012484
-
Whiteness studies: The new history of race in America
-
June
-
Peter Kolchin, "Whiteness Studies: The New History of Race in America," Journal of American History, 81 (June 2002), 154-73;
-
(2002)
Journal of American History
, vol.81
, pp. 154-173
-
-
Kolchin, P.1
-
21
-
-
77954967523
-
-
Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez, ed., (Austin)
-
and Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez, ed., Mexican Americans and World War II (Austin, 2005).
-
(2005)
Mexican Americans and World War II
-
-
-
27
-
-
1842429793
-
Making democracy safe for the World: Race, propaganda, and the transformation of U.S. foreign policy during World War II
-
Feb.
-
Justin Hart, "Making Democracy Safe for the World: Race, Propaganda, and the Transformation of U.S. Foreign Policy during World War II," Pacific Historical Review, 73 (Feb. 2004), 49-84.
-
(2004)
Pacific Historical Review
, vol.73
, pp. 49-84
-
-
Hart, J.1
-
29
-
-
37949028611
-
Mexico's wartime intervention on behalf of Mexicans in the United States
-
ed. Rivas-Rodriguez
-
and Emilio Zamora, "Mexico's Wartime Intervention on Behalf of Mexicans in the United States," in Mexican Americans and World War II, ed. Rivas-Rodriguez, 221-43.
-
Mexican Americans and World War II
, pp. 221-243
-
-
Zamora, E.1
-
33
-
-
1642320349
-
No diplomatic immunity: African diplomats, the state department, and civil rights, 1961-1964
-
Sept.
-
and Renee Romano, "No Diplomatic Immunity: African Diplomats, the State Department, and Civil Rights, 1961-1964," Journal of American History, 87 (Sept. 2000), 546-79.
-
(2000)
Journal of American History
, vol.87
, pp. 546-579
-
-
Romano, R.1
-
34
-
-
4243281694
-
-
The experiences of certain Asian Americans also substantiate this article's "World War civil rights" argument. The wartime alliance of the United States with China, for example, helps explain the 1943 repeal of Chinese exclusion. See Takaki, Double Victory, 118-20;
-
Double Victory
, pp. 118-120
-
-
Takaki1
-
36
-
-
85025157162
-
Straddling the color line: The legal construction of hispanic identity
-
ed. Nancy Foner and George M. Fredrickson (New York)
-
On Mexicans' and Mexican Americans' legal status, see Clarence A. Miller to Secretary of State, June 10, 1942, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Neil Foley, "Straddling the Color Line: The Legal Construction of Hispanic Identity," in Not Just Black and White: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States, ed. Nancy Foner and George M. Fredrickson (New York, 2004), 341-57;
-
(2004)
Not Just Black and White: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States
, pp. 341-357
-
-
Foley, N.1
-
37
-
-
1542423027
-
Mexican Americans, racial discrimination, and the civil rights act of 1866
-
(Jan.) esp. 680-83
-
Gary A. Greenfield and Don B. Kates Jr., "Mexican Americans, Racial Discrimination, and the Civil Rights Act of 1866," California Law Review, 63 (Jan. 1975), esp. 680-83;
-
(1975)
California Law Review
, vol.63
-
-
Greenfield, G.A.1
Kates Jr., D.B.2
-
38
-
-
33645746891
-
The legal construction of race: Mexican-Americans and whiteness
-
Fall
-
and George A. Martinez, "The Legal Construction of Race: Mexican-Americans and Whiteness," Harvard Latino Law Review, 2 (Fall 1997), 321-47.
-
(1997)
Harvard Latino Law Review
, vol.2
, pp. 321-347
-
-
Martinez, G.A.1
-
39
-
-
85039250004
-
-
On the census, see M. L. Austin to George Wythe, Aug. 29, 1939, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Miller to Secretary of State, June 10, 1942, George A. Martinez, Harvard Latino Law Review, ibid.;
-
Harvard Latino Law Review
-
-
Martinez, G.A.1
-
40
-
-
37949026523
-
-
Dec.
-
LULAC News, 6 (Dec. 1939), 24;
-
(1939)
LULAC News
, vol.6
, pp. 24
-
-
-
41
-
-
37949045275
-
Mexican Americans and the politics of citizenship: The case of El Paso, 1936
-
April
-
and Mario T. García, "Mexican Americans and the Politics of Citizenship: The Case of El Paso, 1936," New Mexico Historical Review, 59 (April 1984), 187-204.
-
(1984)
New Mexico Historical Review
, vol.59
, pp. 187-204
-
-
García, M.T.1
-
42
-
-
37949021630
-
-
Albuquerque
-
On the white primary, see James V. Allred to Bryan Blalock, July 25, 1934, Opinions no. 65, p. 548 (Texas State Archives, Austin); "The White Man's Union Association of Wharton County, Texas," George I. Sánchez Papers (Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas, Austin). The Sánchez Papers were being reorganized when I viewed them, and so I have not provided box numbers below. Pauline R. Kibbe, Latin Americans in Texas (Albuquerque, 1946), 227;
-
(1946)
Latin Americans in Texas
, pp. 227
-
-
Kibbe, P.R.1
-
43
-
-
0039727313
-
-
July 27
-
State Department, memo, Sept. 12, 1941, p. 30, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; and New York Times, July 27, 1934, p. 6.
-
(1934)
New York Times
, pp. 6
-
-
-
46
-
-
37949011511
-
Pachucos in the making
-
Autumn
-
George I. Sánchez, "Pachucos in the Making," Common Ground, 3 (Autumn 1943), 13-20;
-
(1943)
Common Ground
, vol.3
, pp. 13-20
-
-
Sánchez, G.I.1
-
48
-
-
37949056040
-
-
May
-
For a small sample of these views, see LULAC News, 9 (May 1942), 6; Alonso S. Perales to Sumner Welles, April 19, 1941, decimal file 811.504, State Department Records; S. S. Vela to Fred V. Klingemann, April 23, 1941, box 1, Seferino Vela Papers (Benson Latin American Collection); George I. Sánchez to R. E. Smith, May 14, 1943, Sánchez Papers; Sánchez to Coke R. Stevenson, Aug. 19, 1943, box 334, Coke R. Stevenson Papers (Texas State Archives); and "Program for Cooperation with Spanish Speaking Minorities in the United States," n.d., box 1717, entry no. 155, Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs Records, RG 229 (National Archives, College Park, Md.).
-
(1942)
LULAC News
, vol.9
, pp. 6
-
-
-
49
-
-
37949044218
-
-
New York
-
For primary source material, see decimal file 811.504, State Department Records. For secondary sources, see Otey M. Scruggs, Braceros, "Wetbacks," and the Farm Labor Problem: Mexican Agricultural Labor in the United States, 1942-1954 (New York, 1988), 246-49;
-
(1988)
Braceros, "Wetbacks," and the Farm Labor Problem: Mexican Agricultural Labor in the United States, 1942-1954
, pp. 246-249
-
-
Scruggs, O.M.1
-
50
-
-
37949040168
-
The United States, Mexico, and the wetbacks, 1942-1947
-
May
-
Otey M. Scruggs, "The United States, Mexico, and the Wetbacks, 1942-1947," Pacific Historical Review, 30 (May 1961), 149-64;
-
(1961)
Pacific Historical Review
, vol.30
, pp. 149-164
-
-
Scruggs, O.M.1
-
51
-
-
37949016349
-
Texas and the Bracero Program, 1942-1947
-
Feb.
-
Otey M. Scruggs, "Texas and the Bracero Program, 1942-1947," Pacific Historical Review, ibid., 32 (Feb. 1963), 251-64;
-
(1963)
Pacific Historical Review
, vol.32
, pp. 251-264
-
-
Scruggs, O.M.1
-
53
-
-
0142191668
-
-
On Mexican American service, see "Spanish Speaking Americans in the War: The Southwest," n.d., box 1082, entry no. 222, Office of War Information Records, RG 208 (National Archives, College Park, Md.); Special Services Division, Office of War Information, "Spanish-Americans in the Southwest and the War Effort," report no. 24, Aug. 18, 1942, p. 3, box 409, entry no. 33, Committee on Fair Employment Practices Records, RG 228, Barbara A. Driscoll, The Tracks North: The Railroad Bracero Program of World War II, ibid.;
-
The Tracks North: the Railroad Bracero Program of World War II
-
-
Driscoll, B.A.1
-
59
-
-
85050836739
-
The war on intolerance: The reformulation of American nationalism, 1939-1941
-
Fall
-
and Richard W. Steele, "The War on Intolerance: The Reformulation of American Nationalism, 1939-1941," Journal of American Ethnic History, 9 (Fall 1989), 9-35. For concern about Mexican American morale, see Office of War Information, "Illustration of Enemy Short-Wave Broadcasts on American Discriminations, Particularly Against Mexicans," memo, Nov. 21, 1942, box 1802, entry no. 222, Office of War Information Records; and "Resident Latin Americans," memo, March 7, 1942, box 1717, entry no. 155, Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs Records.
-
(1989)
Journal of American Ethnic History
, vol.9
, pp. 9-35
-
-
Steele, R.W.1
-
62
-
-
4043108581
-
-
State Department, memo, Sept. 12, 1941, p. 2, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; and Blocker to Secretary of State, Feb. 27, 1942, enclosure 1, Perales, Are We Good Neighbors?, ibid.
-
Are We Good Neighbors?
-
-
Perales1
-
63
-
-
85039248786
-
-
note
-
Fred Martinez Sr. to Stevenson, July 19, 1943, box 333, Stevenson Papers.
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
37949021630
-
-
For a sample of protest letters to Stevenson, see George M. Villareal to Stevenson, Nov. 19, 1943, box 333, Stevenson Papers; Richard M. Garza to Stevenson, Aug. 29, 1943, Kibbe, Latin Americans in Texas, ibid.;
-
Latin Americans in Texas
-
-
Kibbe1
-
71
-
-
37949021630
-
-
Leocadio Duran to Stevenson, Oct. 16, 1943, Sánchez Papers; Joe Mitchell to Stevenson, May 6, 1945, box 1989/59-19, Good Neighbor Commission Files (Texas State Archives); and Roddy Villecas to Stevenson, June 6, 1945, Kibbe, Latin Americans in Texas, ibid.
-
Latin Americans in Texas
-
-
Kibbe1
-
73
-
-
37949017915
-
The law and race relations
-
March
-
See Franklin D. Roosevelt, Exec. Order No. 8,802, 6 Fed. Reg. 3109 (June 27, 1941). On the wartime passage of state antidiscrimination laws, Will Maslow, "The Law and Race Relations," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 244 (March 1946), 75-81;
-
(1946)
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
, vol.244
, pp. 75-81
-
-
Maslow, W.1
-
74
-
-
37949027353
-
Race discrimination and the law
-
Winter
-
Carey McWilliams, "Race Discrimination and the Law," Science and Society, 9 (Winter 1945), 1-22;
-
(1945)
Science and Society
, vol.9
, pp. 1-22
-
-
McWilliams, C.1
-
75
-
-
37949004461
-
Race relations and antidiscriminatory legislation
-
March
-
John H. Burma, "Race Relations and Antidiscriminatory Legislation," American Journal of Sociology, 56 (March 1951), 416-23;
-
(1951)
American Journal of Sociology
, vol.56
, pp. 416-423
-
-
Burma, J.H.1
-
76
-
-
34547187884
-
'The Hitlerian rule of Quotas': Racial conservatism and the politics of fair employment legislation in New York State, 1941-1945
-
March
-
and Anthony S. Chen, "'The Hitlerian Rule of Quotas': Racial Conservatism and the Politics of Fair Employment Legislation in New York State, 1941-1945," Journal of American History, 92 (March 2006), 1238-64.
-
(2006)
Journal of American History
, vol.92
, pp. 1238-1264
-
-
Chen, A.S.1
-
77
-
-
37949052213
-
-
April 15
-
See House Bill 909, Bill File (Texas State Archives). On the importance of M. C. Gonzales and Alonso S. Perales to the bill's introduction, see Fagan Dickson to Perales, April 16, 1941, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; and San Antonio Light, April 15, 1941.
-
(1941)
San Antonio Light
-
-
-
78
-
-
84897273670
-
-
transcription, attached to Blocker to Secretary of State, Feb. 27, 1942, San Antonio Light, ibid.
-
San Antonio Light
-
-
-
79
-
-
37949052213
-
-
April 15
-
San Antonio Light, April 15, 1941, transcription, attached to Blocker to Secretary of State, Feb. 27, 1942, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records;
-
(1941)
San Antonio Light
-
-
-
80
-
-
84897273670
-
-
Vela to Klingeman, April 23, 1941, box 1, Vela Papers. See also Perales to Welles, April 19, 1941, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Perales to Welles, April 25, 1941, San Antonio Light, ibid.;
-
San Antonio Light
-
-
-
81
-
-
84897273670
-
-
Perales to Richard M. Kleburg, Jan. 10, 1941, transcription, attached to Blocker to Secretary of State, Feb. 27, 1942, San Antonio Light, ibid.;
-
San Antonio Light
-
-
-
82
-
-
84897273670
-
-
Adela S. Vento to Welles, April 29, 1941, San Antonio Light, ibid.;
-
San Antonio Light
-
-
-
83
-
-
84897273670
-
-
and Vento to Homer Leonard, April 26, 1941, San Antonio Light, ibid.
-
San Antonio Light
-
-
-
84
-
-
84897273670
-
-
Mexican Embassy memos and Mexican newspaper articles cited here and below are State Department translations and transcriptions. Embassy of Mexico, memo, May 6, 1941, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Re cords; Embassy of Mexico, memo, June 11, 1941, San Antonio Light, ibid.;
-
San Antonio Light
-
-
-
85
-
-
37949037876
-
-
April
-
Novedades [April 1941].
-
(1941)
Novedades
-
-
-
86
-
-
85039246278
-
-
attached to Blocker to Secretary of State, Feb. 27, 1942, Novedades, ibid.;
-
Novedades
-
-
-
87
-
-
37949017708
-
-
April 23, ibid
-
El Universal, April 23, 1941, ibid.
-
(1941)
El Universal
-
-
-
88
-
-
84870111147
-
-
See House Bill 909, Bill File; and Blocker to Secretary of State, Feb. 27, 1942, incident 47, enclosure 1, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records. On the State Department, see Welles to Perales [April 1941], El Universal, ibid.;
-
El Universal
-
-
-
89
-
-
84870111147
-
-
Allan Dawson to Vento, July 5, 1941, El Universal, ibid.;
-
El Universal
-
-
-
90
-
-
84870111147
-
-
Herbert S. Bursley, memo, May 16, 1941, El Universal, ibid.;
-
El Universal
-
-
-
91
-
-
84870111147
-
-
and Allan Dawson, memo, June 11, 1941, El Universal, ibid.
-
El Universal
-
-
-
95
-
-
79952022592
-
Mexican labor in the United States: Dimmit county, winter garden District, South Texas
-
Paul S. Taylor, "Mexican Labor in the United States: Dimmit County, Winter Garden District, South Texas," University of California Publications in Economics, 6 (no. 5, 1930), 398-410;
-
(1930)
University of California Publications in Economics
, vol.6
, Issue.5
, pp. 398-410
-
-
Taylor, P.S.1
-
97
-
-
84900092140
-
-
see Special Services Division, Office of War Information
-
For the population figure, see Special Services Division, Office of War Information, "Spanish-Americans in the Southwest and the War Effort," 1.
-
Spanish-Americans in the Southwest and the War Effort
, pp. 1
-
-
-
99
-
-
85039252138
-
-
see U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, 78 Cong., 1 sess.
-
For the Bracero Agreement of August 4, 1942, see U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Farm Labor Program, 1943: Hearings, 78 Cong., 1 sess., 1943, pp. 49-53.
-
(1943)
Farm Labor Program, 1943: Hearings
, pp. 49-53
-
-
-
101
-
-
85039249539
-
-
See Sánchez to Smith, April 30, 1943, Sánchez Papers; Perales to Welles, Jan. 26, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Carlos E. Castañeda to Perales, April 30, 1943, box 38, Carlos Castañeda Papers (Benson Latin American Collection); Castañeda to M. C. Gonzales, April 30, 1943, Mexico's Wartime Intervention on Behalf of Mexicans in the United States, ibid.;
-
Mexico's Wartime Intervention on Behalf of Mexicans in the United States
-
-
-
103
-
-
85039249539
-
-
Victor Borella to Joseph E. Weckler, memo, March 30, 1943, box 1717, entry no. 155, Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs Records; Perales to Nelson A. Rockefeller, Jan. 26, 1943 (microfilm: reel 5), Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs Control Slips, Nelson A. Rockefeller Papers, RG 4 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, N.Y.); and Gonzales to Rockefeller, March 27, 1943, Mexico's Wartime Intervention on Behalf of Mexicans in the United States, ibid.
-
Mexico's Wartime Intervention on Behalf of Mexicans in the United States
-
-
-
104
-
-
85039250474
-
-
April 15
-
See El Paso Herald-Post, April 15, 1943, clipping, attached to Blocker to Secretary of State, April 16, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records;
-
(1943)
El Paso Herald-post
-
-
-
105
-
-
85039249272
-
Inter-American relations in Texas at the University of Texas: Report of activities, 1943-1945
-
n.d.
-
Sánchez to Elmore R. Torn, March 31, 1943, Sánchez Papers; "Inter-American Relations in Texas at the University of Texas: Report of Activities, 1943-1945," n.d., El Paso Herald-post, ibid.; Castaneda to Perales, April 30, 1943, box 38, Castañeda Papers; "Observations of Mr. Robert G. McGregor Jr., Secretary of Embassy," n.d., p. 5, decimal file 811.504, State Department Records; and Weckler to Borella, memo, March 30, 1943, box 1717, entry no. 155, Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs Records.
-
El Paso Herald-post
-
-
-
107
-
-
85039247345
-
-
Blocker to Secretary of State, April 16, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; and Blocker to Secretary of State, June 17, 1943, enclosure 1, Equality of Opportunity for Latin-Americans in Texas, ibid.
-
Equality of Opportunity for Latin-Americans in Texas
-
-
-
108
-
-
37949039905
-
-
April 4
-
Perales to Castañeda, May 17, 1943, box 38, Castañeda Papers; McAllen Evening Monitor, April 4, 1944, attached to Henry G. Krausse to Secretary of State, April 8, 1944, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records.
-
(1944)
McAllen Evening Monitor
-
-
-
109
-
-
85039245262
-
-
See also Blocker to Secretary of State, June 17, 1943, McAllen Evening Monitor, ibid.; and J. A. Garcia to Stevenson, July 29, 1943, box 333, Stevenson Papers.
-
McAllen Evening Monitor
-
-
-
110
-
-
85039253707
-
-
note
-
Mexican Embassy to U.S. State Department, memo, July 23, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records.
-
-
-
-
111
-
-
85039254070
-
-
George S. Messersmith, memo, June 17, 1943, attached to Robert G. McGregor Jr. to Secretary of State, June 21, 1943, decimal file 811.504, ibid
-
George S. Messersmith, memo, June 17, 1943, attached to Robert G. McGregor Jr. to Secretary of State, June 21, 1943, decimal file 811.504, ibid.;
-
-
-
-
112
-
-
85039252296
-
-
Messersmith to Joseph F. McGurk, July 23, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, ibid
-
Messersmith to Joseph F. McGurk, July 23, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, ibid.
-
-
-
-
113
-
-
85039242983
-
-
For more on the ban, see State Department, memo, June 30, 1943, decimal file 811.504, ibid
-
For more on the ban, see State Department, memo, June 30, 1943, decimal file 811.504, ibid.;
-
-
-
-
116
-
-
84860046565
-
-
See Cullen W. Briggs to Stevenson, July 8, 9, 1943, box 333, Stevenson Papers; Tom Garrard to Stevenson, July 30, 1943, Scruggs, Braceros, "Wetbacks," and the Farm Labor Problem, ibid.;
-
Braceros, "Wetbacks," and the Farm Labor Problem
-
-
Scruggs1
-
117
-
-
85039254966
-
-
Sept. 17, clipping, ibid
-
Corpus Christi Caller, Sept. 17, 1943, clipping, ibid.; Bursley to Secretary of State, July 21, 1943, decimal file 811.504, State Department Records.
-
(1943)
Corpus Christi Caller
-
-
-
118
-
-
85039243852
-
Open letter to peace officers in Texas
-
n.d.
-
Blocker to Laurence Duggan, June 29, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Coke R. Stevenson, "Open Letter to Peace Officers in Texas," n.d., Corpus Christi Caller, ibid.;
-
Corpus Christi Caller
-
-
Stevenson, C.R.1
-
119
-
-
84860044578
-
The good neighbor policy and Mexicans in Texas
-
ed. Carlos E. Cortés (New York)
-
Coke R. Stevenson and Ezequiel Padilla, "The Good Neighbor Policy and Mexicans in Texas," in The Mexican Americans and the Law, ed. Carlos E. Cortés (New York, 1974).
-
(1974)
The Mexican Americans and the Law
-
-
Stevenson, C.R.1
Padilla, E.2
-
120
-
-
85039253248
-
-
Aug. 10
-
n.p. The close involvement of the State Department and the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs in the vetting and publicizing of the Stevenson-Padilla exchange is clear from numerous documents in decimal files 811.504 and 811.4016, State Department Records. McAllen Evening Monitor, Aug. 10, 1943, clipping, attached to Krausse to Secretary of State, Aug. 17, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records;
-
(1943)
McAllen Evening Monitor
-
-
-
121
-
-
37949029473
-
The good neighbor commission and Texas Mexicans
-
ed. Jerrel H. Shofner and Linda V. Ellsworth (Pensacola)
-
Good Neighbor Commission of Texas, Statement of Policy, n.d., box 334, Stevenson Papers. On the Texas Good Neighbor Commission, see George N. Green, "The Good Neighbor Commission and Texas Mexicans," in Ethnic Minorities in Gulf Coast Society, ed. Jerrel H. Shofner and Linda V. Ellsworth (Pensacola, 1979), 111-28;
-
(1979)
Ethnic Minorities in Gulf Coast Society
, pp. 111-128
-
-
Green, G.N.1
-
124
-
-
37949000140
-
-
On Stevenson's trip to Mexico, see Messersmith to Stevenson, Sept. 17, 1943, box 333, Stevenson Papers; Messersmith to Ezequiel Padilla, July 17, 1943, Nellie Ward Kingrea, History of the First Ten Years of the Texas Good Neighbor Commission and Discussion of Its Major Problems, ibid.;
-
History of the First Ten Years of the Texas Good Neighbor Commission and Discussion of Its Major Problems
-
-
Kingrea, N.W.1
-
127
-
-
37949003163
-
Bad neighbors
-
Feb. 7
-
and "Bad Neighbors," Time, Feb. 7, 1944, p. 34.
-
(1944)
Time
, pp. 34
-
-
-
128
-
-
85039248096
-
-
See, for example, State Department, memo, July 26, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Messersmith to Blocker, June 20, 1944, decimal file 811.504, Time, ibid.;
-
Time
-
-
-
129
-
-
85039247067
-
-
Blocker to Messersmith, June 17, 1944, Time, ibid.;
-
Time
-
-
-
130
-
-
85039245578
-
-
Messersmith to Secretary of State, March 15, 1944, Time, ibid.;
-
Time
-
-
-
131
-
-
85039249327
-
-
and Messersmith to Secretary of State, Aug. 4, 1943, Time, ibid.
-
Time
-
-
-
132
-
-
85039252411
-
-
Bursley to Secretary of State, Aug. 4, 1943, decimal file 811.504, State Department Records. On the political risks, see Messersmith, memo, June 17, 1943, Time, ibid.;
-
Time
-
-
-
133
-
-
85039246358
-
-
Blocker to Secretary of State, Aug. 20, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, Time, ibid.;
-
Time
-
-
-
136
-
-
0003858759
-
-
On the zoot suit riots, see the newspaper article transcriptions attached to Guy W. Ray to Duggan, June 21, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Messersmith to Secretary of State, June 11, 1943, David G. Gutiérrez, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity, ibid.;
-
Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity
-
-
Gutiérrez, D.G.1
-
137
-
-
0003858759
-
-
and Messersmith to Duggan, June 21, 1943, David G. Gutiérrez, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity, ibid.
-
Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity
-
-
Gutiérrez, D.G.1
-
138
-
-
85039246649
-
Court upholds pool in ban on latins
-
clipping, Feb. 2, box 1, M. C. Gonzales Collection, (Benson Latin American Collection)
-
"Court Upholds Pool in Ban on Latins," clipping, Feb. 2, 1944, box 1, M. C. Gonzales Collection, LULAC Records (Benson Latin American Collection);
-
(1944)
LULAC Records
-
-
-
139
-
-
85039253687
-
-
Terrell Wells Swimming Pool v. Rodriguez, 182 S.W. 2d 824 (1944)
-
Terrell Wells Swimming Pool v. Rodriguez, 182 S.W. 2d 824 (1944).
-
-
-
-
140
-
-
37949052281
-
-
Aug. 4
-
On the initial lower court ruling, see San Antonio Express, Aug. 4, 1943, transcription, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records.
-
(1943)
San Antonio Express
-
-
-
141
-
-
84879167237
-
-
On the State Supreme Court, see David Thomasson to Secretary of State, Oct. 9, 1944, San Antonio Express, ibid.;
-
San Antonio Express
-
-
-
142
-
-
37949055215
-
-
Oct. 5, transcription ibid
-
and El Paso Times, Oct. 5, 1944, transcription, ibid.
-
(1944)
El Paso Times
-
-
-
143
-
-
84903495627
-
-
Gonzales to Louis Joughin, Jan. 19, 1944, Sánchez Papers. See also Sánchez to Roger Baldwin, Aug. 23, 1943, El Paso Times, ibid.
-
El Paso Times
-
-
-
145
-
-
85039248926
-
-
Dec. 18
-
See also Austin Statesman, Dec. 18, 1943, p. 7;
-
(1943)
Austin Statesman
, pp. 7
-
-
-
146
-
-
37949022067
-
On the home front
-
March
-
Helen Jean Nolan, "On the Home Front," Inter-American, 3 (March 1944), 39;
-
(1944)
Inter-American
, vol.3
, pp. 39
-
-
Nolan, H.J.1
-
147
-
-
85039249510
-
-
and Blocker to Secretary of State, Aug. 23, 1944, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records. For further evidence of Mexican government lobbying, see Luis L. Duplan to Kleburg, July 16, 1943, Helen Jean Nolan, Inter-American, ibid.;
-
Inter-American
-
-
Nolan, H.J.1
-
148
-
-
85039249510
-
-
State Department, memo, July 26, 1943, Helen Jean Nolan, Inter-American, ibid.; and Carlos Palacios Roji to Stevenson, July 27, 1943, box 333, Stevenson Papers.
-
Inter-American
-
-
Nolan, H.J.1
-
149
-
-
85039249510
-
-
Victory War Mothers Club to Stevenson, Sept. 8, 1944, box 296, Stevenson Papers. For the resolution, see attachment to Albert U. Treviño to Stevenson, Nov. 10, 1944, Helen Jean Nolan, Inter-American, ibid.
-
Inter-American
-
-
Nolan, H.J.1
-
150
-
-
85039249510
-
-
On Perales, see Perales to Stevenson, Feb. 25, 1944, Helen Jean Nolan, Inter-American, ibid.;
-
Inter-American
-
-
Nolan, H.J.1
-
151
-
-
85039245773
-
-
Nov. 27
-
Messersmith to Blocker, Aug. 11, 1944, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Novedades, Nov. 27, 1944.
-
(1944)
Novedades
-
-
-
152
-
-
85039253653
-
-
attached to Thomasson to Secretary of State, Nov. 29, 1944, decimal file 840.1 (microfilm), Novedades, ibid.;
-
Novedades
-
-
-
153
-
-
37949010144
-
-
Sept. 1
-
Fraternidad, Sept. 1, 1944, pp. 4-5;
-
(1944)
Fraternidad
, pp. 4-5
-
-
-
154
-
-
4043108581
-
-
Perales to Franklin D. Roosevelt, March 10, 1944, in Perales, Are We Good Neighbors?, 280-81;
-
Are We Good Neighbors?
, pp. 280-281
-
-
Perales1
-
155
-
-
85039242661
-
-
Perales to Roosevelt, March 17, 31, 1944, Perales, Are We Good Neighbors?, ibid., 281, 278-80.
-
Are We Good Neighbors?
, vol.281
, pp. 278-280
-
-
Perales1
-
156
-
-
4043108581
-
-
See, for example, W. S. Gandy to Stevenson, n.d., box 333, Stevenson Papers; Will F. Evans to Stevenson, July 29, 1943, Perales, Are We Good Neighbors?, ibid.;
-
Are We Good Neighbors?
-
-
Perales1
-
157
-
-
85039246713
-
-
Feb. 19, box 296, ibid
-
Chris P. Fox to Time, Feb. 19, 1944, box 296, ibid.;
-
(1944)
Time
-
-
Fox, C.P.1
-
158
-
-
85039250505
-
-
"An American Texan" to Association of Commerce, El Paso, Texas, April 24, 1944, Time, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.;
-
Time
-
-
Fox, C.P.1
-
159
-
-
85039250505
-
-
and L. A. Wicks to Stevenson, March 24, 1943, box 333, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.
-
Time
-
-
Fox, C.P.1
-
160
-
-
85039250505
-
-
Ernest J. Boyett (Stevenson's executive secretary) to Perales, Feb. 17, 1944, box 296, Stevenson Papers. See also Maurice E. Turner (secretary to the governor) to Joe Hopkins, Aug. 5, 1943, box 333, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.
-
Time
-
-
Fox, C.P.1
-
161
-
-
85039250505
-
-
Messersmith to Blocker, March 12, 1945, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records. For officials' views of activists, see Kibbe to Blocker, Sept. 28, 1943, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.;
-
Time
-
-
Fox, C.P.1
-
162
-
-
85039250505
-
-
Messersmith to Blocker, Aug. 11, 1944, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.;
-
Time
-
-
Fox, C.P.1
-
163
-
-
85039250505
-
-
Blocker to Bursley, Jan. 23, 1942, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.;
-
Time
-
-
Fox, C.P.1
-
164
-
-
85039250505
-
-
and Bursley to Duggan, March 4, 1942, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.
-
Time
-
-
Fox, C.P.1
-
165
-
-
85039250505
-
-
Blocker to Secretary of State, Jan. 11, 1945, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.
-
Time
-
-
Fox, C.P.1
-
166
-
-
85039250505
-
-
See also Fourth Meeting of the Good Neighbor Commission of Texas, minutes, May 12, 1944, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.;
-
Time
-
-
Fox, C.P.1
-
167
-
-
85039250505
-
-
Blocker to Secretary of State, Aug. 23, 1944, Chris P. Fox to Time, ibid.; Kibbe to Joseph Wearden, Nov. 10, 1944, box 1989/59-18, Good Neighbor Commission Files; and Sánchez to Baldwin, May 28, 1945, Sánchez Papers.
-
Time
-
-
Fox, C.P.1
-
168
-
-
37949028536
-
-
May 29
-
See Senate Bill 1, Bill File; El Paso Herald-Post, May 29, 1945, p. 1;
-
(1945)
El Paso Herald-post
, pp. 1
-
-
-
170
-
-
37949046656
-
Mexico and U.S. racism: How Mexicans view our treatment of minorities
-
June 22
-
Hensley C. Woodbridge, "Mexico and U.S. Racism: How Mexicans View Our Treatment of Minorities," Commonweal, June 22, 1945, p. 236.
-
(1945)
Commonweal
, pp. 236
-
-
Woodbridge, H.C.1
-
171
-
-
0345903879
-
-
Jan. 11
-
On Mexican newspapers' support for the Spears bill, see Excelsior, Jan. 11, 1945, clipping, box 1989/59-26, Good Neighbor Commission Files;
-
(1945)
Excelsior
-
-
-
172
-
-
85039252587
-
-
Jan. 12
-
and Novedades, Jan. 12, 1945.
-
(1945)
Novedades
-
-
-
173
-
-
4043108581
-
-
in Perales, Are We Good Neighbors?, 129-30. C. A. Calderon to Kibbe, Jan. 17, 1945, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records.
-
Are We Good Neighbors?
, pp. 129-130
-
-
Perales1
-
174
-
-
37949028536
-
-
March 9
-
On John Lee Smith and Antonio Villalobos, see El Paso Herald-Post, March 9, 1945.
-
(1945)
El Paso Herald-post
-
-
-
175
-
-
84903672828
-
-
transcription, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; and Messersmith to John Willard Carrigan, March 14, 1945, El Paso Herald-post, ibid.
-
El Paso Herald-post
-
-
-
176
-
-
84903672828
-
-
On the controversy over the Lone Star Café in Pecos, see Messersmith to Secretary of State, March 24, 1945, El Paso Herald-post, ibid.;
-
El Paso Herald-post
-
-
-
177
-
-
84903672828
-
-
Blocker to Secretary of State, April 2, 1945, El Paso Herald-post, ibid.;
-
El Paso Herald-post
-
-
-
178
-
-
84903672828
-
-
Joseph C. Grew to Sen. Thomas Connally, n.d., El Paso Herald-post, ibid.;
-
El Paso Herald-post
-
-
-
179
-
-
85039252587
-
-
March 26
-
Novedades, March 26, 1945.
-
(1945)
Novedades
-
-
-
180
-
-
85039249331
-
-
attached to Thomasson to Secretary of State, March 27, 1945, Novedades, ibid.;
-
Novedades
-
-
-
181
-
-
85039252587
-
-
March 27, ibid
-
Novedades, March 27, 1945, ibid.;
-
(1945)
Novedades
-
-
-
182
-
-
37949021209
-
-
March 26, ibid
-
El Nacional, March 26, 1945, ibid.;
-
(1945)
El Nacional
-
-
-
183
-
-
37949021209
-
-
March 27, ibid
-
El Nacional, March 27, 1945, ibid.;
-
(1945)
El Nacional
-
-
-
184
-
-
0346534885
-
-
March 27, ibid
-
El Popular, March 27, 1945, ibid.;
-
(1945)
El Popular
-
-
-
185
-
-
0345903879
-
-
March 27, ibid
-
Excelsior, March 27, 1945, ibid. ;
-
(1945)
Excelsior
-
-
-
186
-
-
33645493536
-
-
March 26, ibid.; and box 1989/59-19, Good Neighbor Commission Files
-
El Universal, March 26, 1945, ibid.; and box 1989/59-19, Good Neighbor Commission Files.
-
(1945)
El Universal
-
-
-
187
-
-
85039250835
-
-
March 30, box 1989/59-19, Good Neighbor Commission Files
-
Blocker to Secretary of State, April 2, 1945, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records. See also Pauline Kibbe, "Report to the Good Neighbor Commission Re: Incident in Lone Star Café, Pecos, Reeve County, Texas," March 30, 1945, box 1989/59-19, Good Neighbor Commission Files.
-
(1945)
Report to the Good Neighbor Commission Re: Incident in Lone Star Café, Pecos, Reeve County, Texas
-
-
Kibbe, P.1
-
190
-
-
37949032174
-
-
March 7
-
San Antonio Express, March 7, 1945, p. 5;
-
(1945)
San Antonio Express
, pp. 5
-
-
-
191
-
-
37949021669
-
-
March 6
-
Mitchell to Stevenson, May 6, 1945, box 1989/59-19, Good Neighbor Commission Files. See also Blocker to Secretary of State, March 6, 1945, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Austin American, March 6, 1945, p. 2;
-
(1945)
Austin American
, pp. 2
-
-
-
192
-
-
37949021669
-
-
March 7
-
Austin American, ibid., March 7, 1945, p. 3; and Sánchez to Baldwin, March 8, 1945, Sánchez Papers.
-
(1945)
Austin American
, pp. 3
-
-
-
193
-
-
37949010369
-
-
March 9
-
On the newspaper leak about the Good Neighbor Commission, see Kibbe to Blocker, Feb. 8, 1945, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; San Antonio Light, March 9, 1945.
-
(1945)
San Antonio Light
-
-
-
195
-
-
37949032174
-
-
March 12
-
San Antonio Express, March 12, 1945, p. 4.
-
(1945)
San Antonio Express
, pp. 4
-
-
-
196
-
-
37949021669
-
-
May 2
-
Austin American, May 2, 1945, p. 9.
-
(1945)
Austin American
, pp. 9
-
-
-
197
-
-
37949010279
-
-
July 1
-
On the legislative wrangling over the Spears bill, see, in addition to the articles already cited, Fraternidad, July 1, 1945, p. 10;
-
(1945)
Fraternidad
, pp. 10
-
-
-
199
-
-
85039246197
-
-
May 12
-
Austin Statesman, May 12, 1945, p. 4;
-
(1945)
Austin Statesman
, pp. 4
-
-
-
201
-
-
84903672828
-
-
transcription, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Robert C. Eckhardt to Blocker, May 26, 1945, El Paso Herald-post, ibid.;
-
El Paso Herald-post
-
-
-
202
-
-
84903672828
-
-
Blocker to Secretary of State, Jan. 11, March 6, 7, 1945, El Paso Herald-post, ibid.;
-
El Paso Herald-post
-
-
-
203
-
-
84903672828
-
-
Messersmith to Blocker, Jan. 18, 27, Feb. 2, March 12, 1945, El Paso Herald-post, ibid.;
-
El Paso Herald-post
-
-
-
205
-
-
37949028536
-
-
April 5, transcription, ibid
-
El Paso Herald-Post, April 5, 1945, transcription, ibid.;
-
(1945)
El Paso Herald-post
-
-
-
206
-
-
37949024469
-
On the home front
-
April
-
Helen Jean Nolan, "On the Home Front," Inter-American, 4 (April 1945), 38;
-
(1945)
Inter-american
, vol.4
, pp. 38
-
-
Nolan, H.J.1
-
210
-
-
84903672828
-
-
transcription, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Carrigan to Dr. Munre, memo, June 21, 1945, El Paso Herald-post, ibid.
-
El Paso Herald-post
-
-
-
213
-
-
37949005799
-
-
See Blocker to Bursley, Jan. 23, 1942, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Blocker to Secretary of State, Feb. 27, 1942, pp. 5-9, Clinchy, Equality of Opportunity for Latin-Americans in Texas, ibid.;
-
Equality of Opportunity for Latin-Americans in Texas
-
-
Clinchy1
-
218
-
-
85039248063
-
-
Ezequiel Padilla to Stevenson, July 20, ed. Cortés, n.p.
-
Ezequiel Padilla to Stevenson, July 20, 1943, in Mexican Americans and the Law, ed. Cortés, n.p.;
-
(1943)
Mexican Americans and the Law
-
-
-
229
-
-
0003461359
-
-
New York
-
and George J. Śnchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993), 108-28.
-
(1993)
Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945
, pp. 108-128
-
-
Śnchez, G.J.1
-
230
-
-
0009250691
-
Race relations in the American West
-
For a seminal essay on the international nature of race in the West, see Richard White, "Race Relations in the American West," American Quarterly, 38 (no. 3, 1986), 396-416.
-
(1986)
American Quarterly
, vol.38
, Issue.3
, pp. 396-416
-
-
White, R.1
-
237
-
-
0346170807
-
-
Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles
-
For a view in line with my own, see Cynthia E. Orozco, "The Origins of the League of United Latin American Citizens and the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement in Texas with an Analysis of Women's Political Participation in a Gendered Context, 1910-1929" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1992), 6.
-
(1992)
The Origins of the League of United Latin American Citizens and the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement in Texas with An Analysis of Women's Political Participation in A Gendered Context, 1910-1929
, pp. 6
-
-
Orozco, C.E.1
-
238
-
-
37949009574
-
-
July
-
Evidence for this point is too abundant to cite here. For a sample, see LULAC News, 12 (July 1945), 36;
-
(1945)
LULAC News
, vol.12
, pp. 36
-
-
-
239
-
-
37949016685
-
-
June
-
LULAC News, ibid., 9 (June 1942), 2;
-
(1942)
LULAC News
, vol.9
, pp. 2
-
-
-
240
-
-
85039254086
-
-
Perales to Welles, April 19, 1941, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; D. S. Hernandez to Welles, Aug. 20, 1943, LULAC News, ibid.;
-
LULAC News
-
-
-
241
-
-
85039250179
-
-
Villareal to Stevenson, Nov. 19, 1943, box 333, Stevenson Papers; Garza to Stevenson, Aug. 29, 1943, LULAC News, ibid.;
-
LULAC News
-
-
-
242
-
-
85039246106
-
-
L. Garcia to Stevenson, Aug. 4, 1943, LULAC News, ibid.;
-
LULAC News
-
-
-
243
-
-
85039249102
-
-
and Gonzales to Stevenson, June 23, 1943, LULAC News, ibid.
-
LULAC News
-
-
-
245
-
-
37949033754
-
-
Gonzales to Sánchez, May 13, 1943, Sánchez Papers. See also Sánchez to Charles A. Bunn, Sept. 15, 1942, Johnson, Revolution in Texas, ibid.;
-
Revolution in Texas
-
-
Johnson1
-
246
-
-
85039242499
-
Conference on the scope and power of committee on fair employment practices
-
transcript, Feb. 19
-
"Conference on the Scope and Power of Committee on Fair Employment Practices," transcript, Feb. 19, 1943, Revolution in Texas, ibid.;
-
(1943)
Revolution in Texas
-
-
-
247
-
-
85039245875
-
-
Sánchez to Gonzales, Sept. 15, 1942, Revolution in Texas, ibid.;
-
Revolution in Texas
-
-
-
249
-
-
84860048470
-
George I. Sánchez and the civil rights movement: 1940-1960
-
Fall
-
Ricardo Romo, "George I. Sánchez and the Civil Rights Movement: 1940-1960," La Raza Law Journal, 1 (Fall 1986), 347-48;
-
(1986)
La Raza Law Journal
, vol.1
, pp. 347-348
-
-
Romo, R.1
-
250
-
-
37949008418
-
The failed promise of wartime opportunity for Mexicans in the texas oil industry
-
Jan.
-
and Emilio Zamora, "The Failed Promise of Wartime Opportunity for Mexicans in the Texas Oil Industry," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 95 (Jan. 1992), 323-50.
-
(1992)
Southwestern Historical Quarterly
, vol.95
, pp. 323-350
-
-
Zamora, E.1
-
251
-
-
37949010144
-
-
June, cover
-
Eloísa Galán to Stevenson, Sept. 18, 1943, box 324, Stevenson Papers; Fraternidad, June 1944, cover;
-
(1944)
Fraternidad
-
-
-
252
-
-
37949010144
-
-
Sept. 1, cover
-
Fraternidad, ibid., Sept. 1, 1944, cover;
-
(1944)
Fraternidad
-
-
-
253
-
-
37949010279
-
-
July 1, cover
-
Fraternidad, ibid., July 1, 1945, cover.
-
(1945)
Fraternidad
-
-
-
254
-
-
85039251886
-
-
Blocker to Secretary of State, Dec. 23, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Fourth Good Neighbor Commission Meeting, minutes, May 12, 1944, Fraternidad, ibid.
-
Fraternidad
-
-
-
255
-
-
85039251886
-
-
See also Robert G. McGregor Jr., memo, Aug. 4, 1943, decimal file 811.504, Fraternidad, ibid.;
-
Fraternidad
-
-
-
256
-
-
85039251886
-
-
Messersmith to Blocker, Jan. 27, 1945, decimal file 811.4016, Fraternidad, ibid.;
-
Fraternidad
-
-
-
257
-
-
85039251886
-
-
and Blocker to Messersmith, June 17, 1944, decimal file 811.504, Fraternidad, ibid.
-
Fraternidad
-
-
-
258
-
-
33744458518
-
-
Westport
-
George Norris Green, The Establishment in Texas Politics: The Primitive Years, 1938-1957 (Westport, 1979), 81. For more on Stevenson's views on African Americans, see material in boxes 315, 324, 326, and 341, Stevenson Papers; and Blocker to Secretary of State, Dec. 23, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records.
-
(1979)
The Establishment in Texas Politics: The Primitive Years, 1938-1957
, pp. 81
-
-
Green, G.N.1
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259
-
-
0003608117
-
-
Berkeley
-
For examples of such scholarship, see Neil Foley, The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture (Berkeley, 1997), 206-11;
-
(1997)
The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture
, pp. 206-211
-
-
Foley, N.1
-
260
-
-
0041461561
-
Becoming hispanic: Mexican Americans and the faustian pact with whiteness
-
ed. Neil Foley (Austin)
-
Neil Foley, "Becoming Hispanic: Mexican Americans and the Faustian Pact with Whiteness," in Reflexiones 1997: New Directions in Mexican American Studies, ed. Neil Foley (Austin, 1998), 53-70;
-
(1998)
Reflexiones 1997: New Directions in Mexican American Studies
, pp. 53-70
-
-
Foley, N.1
-
261
-
-
37949012385
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Partly colored or other white: Mexican Americans and their problem with the color line
-
ed. Stephanie Cole and Alison M. Parker (College Station)
-
Neil Foley, "Partly Colored or Other White: Mexican Americans and Their Problem with the Color Line," in Beyond Black and White: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the U.S. South and Southwest, ed. Stephanie Cole and Alison M. Parker (College Station, 2004);
-
(2004)
Beyond Black and White: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the U.S. South and Southwest
-
-
Foley, N.1
-
266
-
-
0040711814
-
Shifting self perceptions and ethnic consciousness among Mexicans in Houston, 1908-1946
-
F. Arturo Rosales, "Shifting Self Perceptions and Ethnic Consciousness among Mexicans in Houston, 1908-1946," Aztlán, 16 (nos. 1 and 2, 1987), 71-94;
-
(1987)
Aztlán
, vol.16
, Issue.1-2
, pp. 71-94
-
-
Arturo Rosales, F.1
-
267
-
-
33750845839
-
Prensa y patria: The Spanish-Language press and the biculturation of the tejano middle class, 1920-1940
-
Nov. esp. 459-60
-
and Roberto R. Treviño, "Prensa y patria: The Spanish-Language Press and the Biculturation of the Tejano Middle Class, 1920-1940," Western Historical Quarterly, 22 (Nov. 1991), esp. 459-60, 470-71.
-
(1991)
Western Historical Quarterly
, vol.22
, pp. 470-471
-
-
Treviño, R.R.1
-
268
-
-
0002816035
-
Racism, revolution, and Indigenismo: Mexico, 1910-1940
-
ed. Richard Graham (Austin)
-
For the Mexican roots of this attachment to whiteness, see also Alan Knight, "Racism, Revolution, and Indigenismo: Mexico, 1910-1940," in The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940, ed. Richard Graham (Austin, 1990);
-
(1990)
The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940
-
-
Knight, A.1
-
270
-
-
0013266852
-
-
Richard M. Garza to "Gentleman," n.d., box 333, Stevenson Papers. See also Castillo to Stevenson, July 22, 1943, translation, Martha Menchaca, Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans, ibid.;
-
Recovering History, Constructing Race: the Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans
-
-
Menchaca, M.1
-
271
-
-
0013266852
-
-
Treviño to Stevenson, Nov. 10, 1944, box 296, Martha Menchaca, Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans, ibid.; Vela to Klingemann, April 23, 1941, box 1, Vela Papers; Francisco J. Flores to Sánchez, May 1, 1943, Sánchez Papers; and Hernandez to Welles, Aug. 20, 1943, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records.
-
Recovering History, Constructing Race: the Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans
-
-
Menchaca, M.1
-
272
-
-
0013266852
-
-
Miller to Secretary of State, June 10, 1942, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Jesus G. Valdez, affidavit, June 26, 1941, attached to Blocker to Secretary of State, Feb. 27, 1942, Martha Menchaca, Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans, ibid.
-
Recovering History, Constructing Race: the Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans
-
-
Menchaca, M.1
-
273
-
-
85039254048
-
-
unidentified clipping, Scrapbook 2, Refugio Lozano Collection (Benson Latin American Collection)
-
See "Vital Statistics Recorded by Race, LULAC Is Informed," unidentified clipping, 1941, Scrapbook 2, Refugio Lozano Collection (Benson Latin American Collection);
-
(1941)
Vital Statistics Recorded by Race, LULAC Is Informed
-
-
-
276
-
-
85039247783
-
-
Ted Cazares and A. O. Cane to the Embassy, Republic of Peru, Nov. 23, 1940, box 2001/138-119, W. Lee O'Daniel Papers (Texas State Archives); Weckler to Sánchez, June 25, 1943, box 57, entry no. 1, Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs Records; John Roy to Borella, Sept. 7, 1943, Vital Statistics Recorded by Race, LULAC Is Informed, ibid.;
-
Vital Statistics Recorded by Race, LULAC Is Informed
-
-
-
277
-
-
85039247783
-
-
Adolfo G. Dominguez to Smith, March 8, 1945, box 1989/59-44, Good Neighbor Commission Files; Embassy of Mexico, memo, May 6, 1941, decimal file 811.4016, State Department Records; Embassy of Mexico, memo, March 24, 1941, Vital Statistics Recorded by Race, LULAC Is Informed, ibid.;
-
Vital Statistics Recorded by Race, LULAC Is Informed
-
-
-
281
-
-
37949002537
-
Good neighbors - Texas version?
-
June
-
George J. Garza, "Good Neighbors - Texas Version?," Texas Outlook, 27 (June 1943), 39.
-
(1943)
Texas Outlook
, vol.27
, pp. 39
-
-
Garza, G.J.1
-
282
-
-
37949037502
-
Education will make good neighbors
-
March
-
For the article to which Garza was responding, see Madge Stephenson, "Education Will Make Good Neighbors," Texas Outlook, ibid. (March 1943), 26.
-
(1943)
Texas Outlook
, pp. 26
-
-
Stephenson, M.1
-
286
-
-
85039248036
-
-
July 17
-
n.p. See also George M. Johnson and John A. Davis, "Spanish- Americans in the Southwest, or the Race Problem in the Southwest," July 17, 1945, p. 3, box 409, entry no. 33, Committee on Fair Employment Practices Records.
-
(1945)
Spanish-Americans in the Southwest, or the Race Problem in the Southwest
, pp. 3
-
-
Johnson, G.M.1
Davis, J.A.2
-
287
-
-
34247440010
-
'Another white race': Mexican Americans and the paradox of whiteness in jury selection
-
Spring
-
On this question, see Clare Sheridan, "'Another White Race': Mexican Americans and the Paradox of Whiteness in Jury Selection," Law and History Review, 21 (Spring 2003), 109-44;
-
(2003)
Law and History Review
, vol.21
, pp. 109-144
-
-
Sheridan, C.1
-
288
-
-
34247442986
-
Brown over 'other white': Mexican-Americans' legal arguments and litigation strategy in school desegregation lawsuits
-
Steven H. Wilson, "Brown over 'Other White': Mexican-Americans' Legal Arguments and Litigation Strategy in School Desegregation Lawsuits," Law and History Review, ibid., 145-94;
-
Law and History Review
, pp. 145-194
-
-
Wilson, S.H.1
-
289
-
-
34247459709
-
Texas Mexicans and the politics of whiteness
-
and Ariela J. Gross, "Texas Mexicans and the Politics of Whiteness," Law and History Review, ibid., 195-205.
-
Law and History Review
, pp. 195-205
-
-
Gross, A.J.1
-
291
-
-
0013309536
-
-
Chapel Hill
-
Matt Garcia, A World of Its Own: Race, Labor, and Citrus in the Making of Greater Los Angeles, 1900-1970 (Chapel Hill, 2001), 235-36;
-
(2001)
A World of Its Own: Race, Labor, and Citrus in the Making of Greater Los Angeles, 1900-1970
, pp. 235-236
-
-
Garcia, M.1
-
292
-
-
37949005372
-
'In the interest of all races': African Americans and interracial cooperation in Los Angeles during and after World War II
-
ed. Lawrence B. de Graaf, Kevin Mulroy, and Quintard Taylor (Seattle)
-
Kevin Allen Leonard, "'In the Interest of All Races': African Americans and Interracial Cooperation in Los Angeles during and after World War II," in Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California, ed. Lawrence B. de Graaf, Kevin Mulroy, and Quintard Taylor (Seattle, 2001), 309-40;
-
(2001)
Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California
, pp. 309-340
-
-
Leonard, K.A.1
-
295
-
-
37949029538
-
-
Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, esp. chap. 3
-
and Tom I. Romero Jr., "Of Race and Rights: Legal Culture, Social Change, and the Making of a Multiracial Metropolis, Denver, 1940-1975" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 2004), esp. chap. 3.
-
(2004)
Of Race and Rights: Legal Culture, Social Change, and the Making of A Multiracial Metropolis, Denver, 1940-1975
-
-
Romero Jr., T.I.1
-
299
-
-
5844384643
-
The Mexican question in the Southwest
-
March esp. 267
-
Emma Tenayuca and Homer Brooks, "The Mexican Question in the Southwest," Communist, 18 (March 1939), 257-68, esp. 267.
-
(1939)
Communist
, vol.18
, pp. 257-268
-
-
Tenayuca, E.1
Brooks, H.2
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