Hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction: An overview

Asian Journal of Andrology

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 36-43

  Gurbuz, Nilgun ^a   Mammadov, Elnur ^a   Usta, Mustafa Faruk ^a  

^a AKDENIZ UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Erectile physiology; Symptomatic late onset hypogonadism; Testosterone

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; ANDROSTANOLONE; ANTIANDROGEN; BICALUTAMIDE; DUTASTERIDE; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; FINASTERIDE; NAFARELIN; NEURONAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE V; PHOSPHODIESTERASE V INHIBITOR; PLACEBO; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; SILDENAFIL; TADALAFIL; TESTOSTERONE; TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE;

ANDROGEN DEFICIENCY; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL GROWTH; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORPUS CAVERNOSUM; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; EJACULATION DISORDER; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; HORMONE DETERMINATION; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPOGONADISM; HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM; LIBIDO DISORDER; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT MONITORING; PENIS NOCTURNAL TUMESCENCE; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PREVALENCE; PROSTATE HYPERTROPHY; REVIEW; TESTOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

AGING; ANDROGENS; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; HUMANS; HYPOGONADISM; MALE; TESTOSTERONE;

EID: 37749021427     PISSN: 1008682X     EISSN: 17457262     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00375.x     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Krause W, Mueller U, Mazur A. Measurement of steroid levels in saliva in a population- based survey of lifestyle, medical conditions, marriage, sex life and hormone status in aging men: A feasibility study. Aging Male 2002; 5: 203-15.
2. Morales A, Buvat J, Gooren LJ, Guay AT, Kaufman JM, Tan HM, et al. Endocrine aspects of sexual dysfunction in men. J Sex Med 2004; 1: 69-81.
3. Saad F, Grahl AS, Aversa A, Yasin AA, Kadioglu A, Moncada I, et al. Effects of testosterone on erectile function: Implications for the therapy of erectile dysfunction. BJU Int 2007; 99: 988-92.
4. El-Sakka AI, Hassoba HM. Age related depletion in patients with erectile dysfunction. J Urol 2006; 176: 2589-93.
5. Foresta C, Carretta N, Rossato M, Garolla A, Ferlin A. Role of androgens in erectile function. J Urol 2000; 171: 2358-62.
6. Aversa A, Isidori AM, De Martino M, Caprio M, Fabrini E, Rocchietti-March M, et al. Androgens and penile erection: Evidence for a direct relationship between free testosterone and cavernous vasodilation in men with erectile dysfunction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000; 53: 517-22.
7. Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, Pearson J, Blackman MR. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 724-31.
8. Morley JE, Kaiser FE, Pery HM III. Longitudinal changes in testosterone. Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in healthy older men. Metabolism 1997; 46: 410-3.
9. Araujo AB, Esche GR, Kupelian V, O'Donnell AB, Travison TG, Williams RE, et al. Prevalence of symptomatic androgen deficiency in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 4241-7.
10. Makhsida N, Shah J, Yan G, Fish H, Shabsigh R. Hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome: Implications for testosterone therapy. J Urol 2005; 174: 827-34.
11. Kratzik CW, Schatzl G, Lunglmayr G, Rücklinger E, Huber J. The impact of age, body mass index and testosterone on erectile dysfunction. J Urol 2005; 174: 240-3.
12. Kaplan SA, Meehan AG, Shah A. The age related decrease in testosterone is significantly exacerbated in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. What are the implications for the relatively high incidence of erectile dysfunction observed in these men?. J Urol 2006; 176 (4 Pt 1): 1524-7; discussion 1527-8.
13. Guay A, Jacobsen J. The relationship between testosterone levels, the metabolic syndrome (by two criteria), insulin resistance in a population of men with organic erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med 2007; 4 (4 Pt 1): 1046-55.
14. Zohdy W, Kamal EE, Ibrahim Y. Androgen deficiency and abnormal penile duplex parameters in obese men with erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med 2007; 4: 797-808.
15. Montorsi F, Oettel M. Testosterone and sleep-related erections: An overview. J Sex Med 2005; 2: 771-84.
16. Traish AM, Guay A. Are androgens critical for penile erections in human?Examinig the clinical and preclinical evidence. J Sex Med 2006; 3: 382-407.
17. Traish AM, Goldstein I, Kim N. Testosterone and erectile function: From basic research to a new clinical paradigm for managing men with androgen insufficiency and erectile dysfunction. Eur Urol 2007; 52: 54-70.
18. Keast JR, Gleeson RJ, Shulkes A, Morris MJ. Maturational and maintanence effects of testosterone on terminal axon density and neuropeptide expression in the rat vas deferens. Neuro-science 2002; 112: 291-398.
19. Giuliano F, Rampin O, Schirar A, Jardin A, Rousseau JP. Autonomic control of penile erection: Modulation by testosterone in the rat. J Neuroendocrinol 1993; 5: 677-83.
20. Rogers RS, Graziottin TM, Lin CM, Kan YW, Lue TF. Intra-cavernosal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection and adeno-associated virus mediated VEGF gene therapy prevent and reverse venogenic erectile dysfunction in rats. Int J Imp Res 2003; 15: 26-37.
21. Suzuki N, Sato Y, Hisasue SI, Kato R, Suzuki K, Tsukamato T. Effect of testosterone on intracavernosal pressure elicited with elecrical stimulation of he medial preoptic area and cavernous nerve in male rats. J Androl 2007; 28: 218-22.
22. Lugg JA, Rajfer J, Gonzales-Cadavid NF. Dihydrotestosterone is the active androgen in the maintenance of nitric oxide-mediated penile erection in the rat. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 1495-501.
23. Seo SI, Kim SW, Paick JS. The effects of androgen on penile reflex, erectile response to electrical stimulation and penile NOS activity in the rat. Asian J Androl 1999; 1: 169-74.
24. Schirar A, Bonnefond C, Meusnier C, Devinoy E. Androgens modulate nitric oxide synthase Messenger ribonucleic acid expression in neurons of he major pelvic ganglion in the rat. Endocrinology 1997; 138: 3093-102.
25. Zhang XH, Morelli A, Luconi M, Vignozzi L, Filippi S, Marini M, et al. Testosterone regulates PDE-5 expression and in vivo responsiveness to tadalafil in rat corpus cavernosum. Eur Urol 2005; 47: 409-16.
26. Morelli A, Filippi S, Mancina R, Luconi M, Vignozzi L, Marini M, et al. Androgens regulate phospodiesterase type 5 expression and functional activity in corpora cavernosa. Endocrinology 2004; 146: 2253-63.
27. Armagan A, Kim NN, Goldstein I, Traish AM. Dose-response relationship between testosterone and erectile function: Evidence for the existance of a critical threshold. J Androl 2006; 27: 517-26.
28. Traish AM, Park K, Dhir V, Kim NN, Moreland RB, Goldstein I. Effects of castration and androgen replacement on erectile function in a rabbit model. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 1861-8.
29. Shen ZJ, Zhou XL, Lu YL, Chen ZD. Effect of androgen deprivation on penile ultrastructure. Asian J Androl 2003; 5: 33-6.
30. Traish AM, Toselli P, Jeong SJ, Kim NN. Adipocyte accumulation in penile corpus cavernosum of the orchiectomized rabbit: A potential mechanism for venoocclusive dysfunction in androgen deficiency. J Androl 2005; 26: 242-8.
31. Bhasin S, Taylor WE, Singh R, Artaza J, Sinha-Hikim I, Jasuja R, et al. The mechanism of androgen effects on body composition: Mesenchymal pluripotent cells as he target of androgen action. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58: M1103-10.
32. Singh R, Artaza JN, Taylor WE, Gonzales-Cadavid NF, Bhasin S. Androgens stimulate myogenic differentiation and inhibit adipogenesis in C3H 10T1/ 2 pluripotent cells through an androgen receptor-mediated pathway. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 5081-8.
33. Corradi LS, Goes RM, Carvalho HF, Taboga SR. Inhibition of 5α-reductase activity induces stromal remodeling and smooth muscle de-differentiation in adult gerbil ventral prostate. Differentiation 2004; 72: 198-208.
34. Zhang XH, Filippi S, Morelli A, Vignozzi L, Luconi M, Donati S, et al. Testosterone restores diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction and sildenafil responsiveness in two distinct animal models of chemical diabetes. J Sex Med 2006; 3: 253-64.
35. Cohan P, Korenmann SG. Erectile dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 2391-4.
36. Jannini EA, Screponi E, Carosa E, Pepe M, Lo Guidice F, Trimarchi F, et al. Lack of sexual activity from erectile dysfunction is associated with reversible reduction in serum tstosterone. Int J Androl 1999; 22: 385-92.
37. Becker AJ, Ückert S, Stief CG, Scheller F, Knapp WH, Hartmann U, et al. Cavernous and systemic testosterone plasma levels during different penile conditions in healthy males and patients with erectile dysfunction. Urology 2001; 58: 435-40.
38. Carani C, Scuteri A, Marrama P, Bancroft J. The effects of testosterone administartion and visual erotic stimuli on nocturnal enile tumescence in normal men. Horm Behav 1990; 24: 435-41.
39. Aversa A, Isidori AM, Spera G, Lenzi A, Fabbri A. Androgens improve cavernous vasodilation and response to sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003; 58: 632-8.
40. Cunningham GR, Hirshkowitz M. Inhibition of steroid 5 alpha-reductase with finasteride: Sleep-related erections, potency, and libido in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 1934-40.
41. Tosti A, Pazzaglia M, Soli M, Rossi A, Rebora A, Atzori L, et al. Evaluation of sexual function with an international index of erectile function in subjects taking finasteride for androgenetic alopecia. Arch Dermatol 2004; 140: 857-8.
42. Rosen RC, Giuliano F, Carson CC. Sexual dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Eur Urol 2005; 47: 824-37.
43. Peters CA, Walsh PC. The effect of nafarelin acetate, a luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone agonist, on benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med 1987; 317: 599-604.
44. Eri LM, Tveter KJ. Safety, side effects and patients acceptance of the luteinizing hormone relasing hormone agonist leuprolide in he treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1994; 152: 448-52.
45. Schiavi RC, Schreiner-Engel P, Mandeli J, Schanzer H, Cohen E. Healthy aging and male sexual dysfunction. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 766-41.
46. Cunningham GR, Karacan I, Ware JC, Lantz GD, Thornby JI. The relationship between serum testosterone and prolactin levels and nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) in impotent men. J Androl 1982; 3: 241-7.
47. Kwan M, Greeleaf WJ, Mann J, Crapo L, Davidson JM. The nature of androgen action on male sexuality: A combined laboratory-self-report study on hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 57: 557-62.
48. Schiavi RC, White D, Mandeli J. Pituitary-gonadal function during sleep in healthy aging men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1992; 17: 599-609.
49. Liu PY, Yee B, Wishart SM, Jimenez M, Jung DG, Grunstein RR, et al. The short-term effects of high-dose testosterone on sleep, breathing, and function in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 3605-13.
50. Guay AT, Jacobsen J, Perez JB, Hodge MB, Velasquez E. Clomiphene increases free testosterone levels in men with both secondary hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction: Who does and who does not benefit? Int J Imp Res 2003; 15: 156-65.
51. Tancredi A, Reginster JY, Schleich F, Pire G, Maassen P, Luyckx F, et al. Interest of the androgen deficiency in aging males (ADAM) questionnaire fort he identification of hypogonadism in elderly-dweling male volunteers. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 151: 355-60.
52. Heinemann LA, Saad F, Heinemann K, Thai DM. Can results of the Aging Males' Symptom (AMS) scale predict those of screening scales for androgen deficiency? Aging Male 2004; 7: 211-8.
53. Corona G, Mannucci E, Petrone L, Balercia G, Fisher AD, Chiarini V, et al. ANDROTEST: A structured interview fort he screening of hypogonadism in patients with sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2006; 3: 706-15.
54. Nieschlag E, Mauss J, Coet A, Kicovic P. Plasma androgen levels in men after oral administration of testosterone or testosterone undeconate. Acta Endocrinologica 1975; 79: 366-74.
55. Schulte-Beerbühl M, Nieschlag E. Comparison of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone in serum after injection of testosterone enanthate or testosterone cypionate. Fert Steril 1980; 33: 201-3.
56. Behre HM, von Rckardstein S, Kliesch S, Nieschlag E. Long-term substituion therapy of hypogonadal men with transscrotal testosterone over 7-10 years. Clin Endocrinol 1999; 50: 629-35.
57. Dobs AS, Meikle W, Arver S, Sanders SW, Caramelli KE, Mazer NA. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system in comparison with biweekly injections of testosterone enanthate for the treatment of hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 3469-78.
58. Wang C, Cunningham G, Dobs A, Iranmanesh A, Matsumato AM, Synder PJ, et al. Long-tem testosterone gel (AndroGel) treatment maintains beneficial effects on sexual function and mood, lean and fat mass, and bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2085-98.
59. Korbonits M, Slawik M, Cullen D, Ross RJ, Stalla G, Schneider H, et al. A comparison of a novel testosterone bioadhesive buccal system, striant, with a testosterone adhesive patch in hypogonadal males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2039-43.
60. Schubert M, Minnemann T, Hübler D, Rouskova D, Christoph A, Oettel M, et al. Intramuscular testosterone undeconate: Pharmacokinetic aspects of a novel testosterone formulation during long-term treatment of men with hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 5429-34.
61. Jain P, Rademaker A, McVary K. Testosterone supplementation for erectile dysfunction: Results of a meta-analysis. J Urol 2000; 164: 371-5.
62. Morales A, Johnston B, Heaton J P, Lundie M. Testosterone supplementation for hypogonadal impotence: Assessment of biochemical measures and therapeutic outcomes. J Urol 1997; 157: 849-54.
63. Buvat J, Lemaire A. Endocrine screening in 1 022 men with erectile dysfunction: Clinical significance and cost-effective strategy. J Urol 1997; 158: 1764-7.
64. Wang C, Swedloff RS, Iranmanesh A, Dobs A, Snyder PJ, Cunningham G, et al. Testosterone Gel Study Group. Transdermal testosterone gel improves sexual function, mood, muscle strength, and body composition parameters in hpogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 2839-53.
65. Isidori AM, Giannetta E, Gianfrilli D, Greco EA, Bonifacio V, Aversa A, et al. Effects of testosterone on sexual function in men: Rsults of a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63: 381-94.
66. Yassin AA, Saad F. Inprovement of sexual function in men with late-onset hypogonadism treated with testosterone only. J Sex Med 2007; 4: 497-501.
67. Kalinchenko SY, Kozlov GI, Gontcharov NP, Katsiya GV. Oral testosterone undeconate reverses erectile dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus in patients failing on sildenafil citrate therapy alone. Aging Male 2003; 6: 94-9.
68. Shabsigh R, Kaufman JM, Steidle C, Padma-Nathan H. Randomized study of testosterone gel as adjunctive therapy to sildenafil in hypogonadal men with erectile dysfunction who do not respond to sildenafil alone. J Urol 2004; 172: 658-63.
69. Greenstein A, Mabjeesh NJ, Sofer M, Kaver I, Matzkin H, Chen J. Does sildenafil combined with testosterone gel improve erectile dysfunction in hypogonadal men in whom testosterone supplement therapy alone failed? J Urol 2005; 173: 530-2.
70. Yassin AA, Saad F, Diede HE. Combination therapy with testosterone and tadalafil in hypogonadal patients with erectile dysfunction who do not respond to tadalafil as monotherapy (in German). Blickpunkt DER MANN 2003; 2: 37-9.
71. El-Sakka AI, Hassoba HM, Elbakry AM, Hassan HA. Prostatic specific antigen in patients with hypogonadism: Effect of testosterone replacement. J Sex Med 2005; 2: 235-40.
72. Saad F, Kamischke A, Yasin A, Zitzmann M, Schubert M, Jockenhovel F, et al. More than eight years' hands-on experience with the novel long-acting parentral testosterone undeconate. Asian J Androl 2007; 9: 291-7.