Brain and mind: An NMR perspective

Brain Energetics and Neuronal Activity: Applications to fMRI and Medicine

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 295-309

  Shulman, Robert G ^a   Hyder, Fahmeed ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Concepts of consciousness; Descartes method; Functional imaging; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS); Neuroscience

Indexed keywords

EID: 37549069300     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/0470020520.ch16     Document Type: Chapter

References (49)

1. Alkire M.T. Quantitative EEG correlations with brain glucose metabolic rate during anesthesia in volunteers, Anesthesiology 89 (1998) 323-333.
2. Alkire M.T., Haier R.G., Fallon J.H. Toward a unified theory of narcosis: brain imaging evidence for a thalamocortical switch as the neurophysiologic basis of anesthesia-induced unconsciousness, Conscious Cogn 9 (2000) 370-386.
3. Braitenberg V., Schuz A. Anatomy of the Cortex: Statistics and Geometry, Springer, Berlin, 1991.
4. Chalmers D. Facing up to the problem of consciousness. In Toward a Science of Consciousness, The First Tucson Discussions and Debates, Ed. Hameroff S.R., Kazniak A.W. and Scott A.C. 1996 pp. 5-28.
5. Changeux J.P. Neuronal man: The Biology of Mind, translated by Garcy L., Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1985.
6. Chapin J.K., Nicolelis M.A. Principal component analysis of neuronal ensemble activity reveals multidimensional somatosensory representations, J Neurosci Methods 94 (1999) 121-140.
7. Clarke D.M. The Cambridge Companion to Descartes, Ed. Cottingham J., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992, pp. 258-285.
8. Crick F.H.C. The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul, Touchstone Books, New York, 1991.
9. Damasio A. The Feeling of What Happens, Harcourt Brace, New York, 1999.
10. Dehaene S., Kerszberg M., Changeux J.P. A neuronal model of a global workspace in effortful cognitive tasks, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (1998) 14529-14534.
11. Dehaene S. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Consciousness, Ed. Dehaene S., MJT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2001.
12. Descartes, R. (1637) Discourse on Method
13. Edelman G.M. Bright Air, brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind, Basic Books, New York, 1992. p. 14.
14. Fodor J. The Mind Doesn't Work that Way: The Scope and Limits of Computational Psychology, A Bradford Book, MIT Press Cambridge, MA, 2000.
15. Friston K. Functional integration and inference in the brain, Prog Neurobiol 68 (2002) 113-143.
16. Gusnard D.A., Raichle M.E. Searching for a baseline: functional imaging and the resting human brain, Nat Rev Neurosci 2 (2001) 685-694.
17. Heinke W., Schwarzbauer C. in vivo imaging of anesthetic action in humans: approaches with position emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Br J Anaesth 89 (2002) 112-122.
18. Hyder F., Rothman D.L., Mason G.F., Rangarajan A., Behar K.L., Shulman R.G. Oxidative glucose metabolism in rat brain during single forepaw stimulation: a spatially localized 1H[13C]NMR study, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17 (1997) 1040-1047.
19. Hyder F., Rothman D.L., Shulman R.G. Total neuroenergetics support localized brain activity: Implications for the interpretation of fMRI, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 (2002) 10771-10776.
20. Kandel E.R., Schwartz Z.J.H., Jessell T.M. Principles of Neural Science, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1991.
21. Kastner S., Deweerd P., Desimone R., Ungerleider L.G. Mechanisms of directed attention in the human extrastriate cortex as revealed by functional MRI, Science 282 (1998) 108-111.
22. Kitcher P. Freud's Dream, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992.
23. Kristan Jr W.B., Shaw B.K. Population coding and behavioral choice, Curr Opin Neurobiol 7 (1997) 826-831.
24. Lebon V., Petersen K.F., Cline G.W., Shen J., Mason G.F., Dufour S., Behar K.L., Shulman G.I., Rothman D.L. Astroglial contribution to brain energy metabolism in humans revealed by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Elucidation of the dominant pathway for neurotransmitter glutamate repletion and measurement of astrocytic oxidative metabolism, J Neurosci 22 (2001) 1523-1531.
25. Llinas R.R. "I of the Vortex" From Neurons to Self, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2002.
26. Magistrtti P., Pellerin L., Rothman D.L., Shulman R.G. Perspective: neuroscience "energy on demand", Science 283 (1999) 496-497.
27. McNeil, P.G. New York Times, July 29, 2003, p. F1.
28. Nagel T. The View from Nowhere, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986.
29. Pellerin L., Magistretti P.J. Glutamate uptake into astrocytes stimulates aerobic glycolysis: a mechanism coupling neuronal activity to glucose utilization, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (1994) 10625-10629.
30. Posner M.I., Raichle M.E. The neuroimaging of human brain function, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (1998) 763-764.
31. Rothman D.L., Hyder F., Sibson N., Behar K.L., Mason G.F., Shen J., Petroff O.A.C., Shulman R.G. in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of the glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter cycles and functional neuroenergetics. In Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress, Eds Davis K.L., Charney D., Coyle J.T., Nemeroff C., Lippincott Willians & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2002, Chapter 25, pp. 315-342.
32. Rothman D.L., Sibson N.R., Hyder F., Shen J., Behar K.L., Shulman R.G. in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of the relationship between the glutamate-glutamine neurotransmitter cycle and functional neuroenergetics, Phil Trans R Soc London Ser B 354 (1999) 1165-1177.
33. Scannell J.W., Young M.P. Neuronal population activity and functional imaging, Proc R Soc London, Ser B 266 (1999) 875-881.
34. Searle J. The Rediscovery of the Mind, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992.
35. Shen J., Petersen K.F., Behar K.L., Brown P., Nixon T.W., Mason G.F., Petroff O.A.C., Shulman G.I., Shulman R.G. Determination of the rate of the glutamate-glutamine cycle in the human brain by in vivo 13C NMR, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (1999) 8235-8240.
36. Shepherd G.M. The Synaptic Organization of the Brain, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994.
37. Shulman R.G. Interview with Robert G. Shulman, J Cong Neurosci 8 (1996) 474-480.
38. Shulman R.G., Hyder F., Rothman D.L. Biophysical basis of brain activity: implications for imaging, Q Rev Biophys 35 (2002) 287-325.
39. Shulman R.G., Hyder F., Rothman D.L. Cerebral metabolism and consciousness, CR Biol (2003) in press.
40. Shulman R.G., Rothman D.L. Interpreting functional imaging studies in terms of neurotransmitter cycling, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (1998) 11993-11998.
41. Shulman R.G., Rothman D.L., Hyder F. Stimulated changes in localized cerebral energy consumption under anesthesia, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (1999) 3245-3250.
42. Sibson N.R., Dhankhar A., Mason G.F., Rothman D.L., Behar K.L., Shulman R.G. Stoichiometric coupling of brain glucose metabolism and glutamatergic neuronal activity, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (1998) 316-321.
43. Sibson N.R., Dhankhar A., Mason G.F., Behar K.L., Rothman D.L., Shulman R.G. In vivo 13C NMR measurements of cerebral glutamine synthesis as evidence for glutamate-glutamine cycling, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 (1997) 2699-2704.
44. Singer W. Putative functions of temporal correlations in neocortical processing. In Large-scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain, Ed. Koch C., Davis J.L., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994, pp. 201-238.
45. Smith A.J., Blumenfeld H., Behar K.L., Rothman D.L., Shulman R.G., Hyder F. Cerebral energetics and spiking frequency: The neurophysiological basis of fMRI, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(16) (2002) 10765-10770.
46. Tsodyks M., Kenet T., Grinvald A., Arieli A. Linking spontaneous activity of single cortical neurons and the underlying functional architecture, Science 286 (1999) 1943-1946.
47. Ueki M., Linn F., Hossman K.A. Functional activation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism and after global ischemia of rat brain, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 8 (1988) 486-494.
48. Ueki M., Mies G., Hossmann K.A. Effect of a-chloralose, halothane, pentobarbital and nitrous oxide anesthesia on metabolic coupling in somatosensory cortex of rat, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36 (1992) 318-322.
49. Zeman A. Consciousness, Brain 24 (2001) 1263-1289.