Cytokines and anti-cytokines as therapeutics - An update

European Journal of Pharmacology

Volumn 579, Issue 1-3, 2008, Pages 1-12

  Tayal, Vandana ^a   Kalra, Bhupinder Singh ^a  

^a MAULANA AZAD MEDICAL COLLEGE   (India)

Author keywords

Interferons; Interleukins; Tumor necrosis factor

Indexed keywords

494 C10; ABT 874; ABX IL 8; ALPHA INTERFERON; ALPHA2A INTERFERON; ALPHA2B INTERFERON; ALPHAN3 INTERFERON; AMG 714; BASILIXIMAB; BETA1A INTERFERON; CONSENSUS INTERFERON; CYTOKINE; CYTOKINE RECEPTOR; CYTOKINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; DACLIZUMAB; DARBEPOIETIN ALPHA; GAMMA INTERFERON; GAMMA1B INTERFERON; INTERFERON; INTERFERON BETA 2A; INTERFERON BETA SERINE; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2A; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2B; RECOMBINANT CYTOKINE; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; RECOMBINANT GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; RECOMBINANT GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 2; RIBAVIRIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ALBERS SCHOENBERG DISEASE; ALLERGIC REACTION; ALOPECIA; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BONE PAIN; CAPILLARY LEAK SYNDROME; CHILL; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM; CONSTIPATION; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DIARRHEA; DRUG COST; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG FEVER; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG SOLUBILITY; EDEMA; FATIGUE; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GRAFT REJECTION; GRANULOCYTOPENIA; HEART DISEASE; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INJECTION SITE PAIN; INJECTION SITE REACTION; KIDNEY CANCER; MALAISE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MENTAL DISEASE; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; NEOPLASM; PAIN; PATHOLOGY; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT INDICATION; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; URINARY TRACT INFECTION;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INTERLEUKINS; NEOPLASMS; RECEPTORS, CHEMOKINE; RECEPTORS, INTERLEUKIN-1; RECEPTORS, INTERLEUKIN-2; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 37549063078     PISSN: 00142999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.049     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Agarwala S.S., and Kirkwood J.M. Adjuvant interferon treatment for melanoma. Hematol./Oncol. Clin. North Am. 12 (1998) 823-833
2. Andre M., Baudoux E., Bron D., Canon J.L., D'Hondt V., Fassotte M.F., D'Hondt L., Fillet G., Humblet Y., Jerusalem G., Vermeulen P., Symann M., and Beguin Y. Phase III randomized study comparing 5 or 10 microg per kg per day of filgrastim for mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells with chemotherapy, followed by intensification and autologous transplantation in patients with nonmyeloid malignancies. Transfusion 43 (2003) 50-57
3. Atkins M.B., Lotze M.T., Dutcher J.P., Fisher R.I., Weiss G., Margolin K., Abrams J., Sznol M., Parkinson D., Hawkins M., Paradise C., Kunkel L., and Rosenberg S.A. High-dose recombinant interleukin 2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients treated between 1985 and 1993. J. Clin. Oncol. 17 (1999) 2105-2116
4. Avilés A., Neri N., Huerta-Guzmán J., Pérez F., and Sotelo L. Interferon alpha 2b as maintenance therapy improves outcome in follicular lymphoma. Leuk. Lymphoma 45 (2004) 2247-2251
5. Baron S., Tyring S.K., Fleischmann W.R., Coppenhaver D.H., Niesel D.W., Klimpel G.R., Stanton G.J., and Hughes T.K. The interferons. Mechanisms of action and clinical applications. JAMA. 266 (1991) 1375-1383
6. Bazzoni F., and Beutler B. The tumor necrosis factor ligand and receptor families. N. Engl. J. Med. 334 (1996) 1717-1725
7. Bemiller L.S., Roberts D.H., Starko K.M., and Curnutte J.T. Safety and effectiveness of long-term interferon gamma therapy in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Blood Cells Mol. Diseases 21 (1995) 239-247
8. Bennett I.L., and Beeson P.B. Studies on the pathogenesis of fever, II: characterization of fever producing substances from polymorphonuclear leukocytes and from the fluid of sterile exudates. J. Exp. Med. 98 (1953) 493-508
9. Beutler B., Milsark I.W., and Cerami A.C. Passive immunization against cachectin/tumor necrosis factor protects mice from lethal effect of endotoxin. Science 229 (1985) 869-871
10. Bloom B.R., and Bennett B. Mechanism of a reaction in vitro associated with delayed-type hypersensitivity. Science 153 (1966) 80-82
11. Bolger A.P., and Anker S.D. Tumor necrosis factor in chronic heart failure. A peripheral view on pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and therapeutic implications. Drugs 60 (2000) 1244-1254
12. In: Cada D.J., Covington T.R., et al. (Eds). Drug Facts and Comparisons (2000), Facts and Comparisons, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri 1571d-1580d
13. Carswell E.A., Old L.J., Kassel R.L., Green S., Fiore N., and Williamson B. An endotoxin induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 72 (1975) 3666-3670
14. Chapman T.M., and Keating G.M. Basiliximab: a review of its use as induction therapy in renal transplantation. Drugs 63 (2003) 2803-2835
15. Cocco E., Marchi P., Floris G., Mascia M.G., Deriu M., Sirca A., Mamusa E., Lai M., Mura M., Mallarini G., and Marrosu M.G. Effect of dose and frequency of interferon beta-1a administration on clinical and magnetic resonance imaging parameters in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Funct. Neurology 21 (2006) 145-149
16. Cohen S., Bigazzi P.E., and Yoshida T. Similarities of T cell function in cell-mediated immunity and antibody production. Cell. Immunol. 2 (1974) 150-159
17. Cohen S., Hurd E., Cush J., Schiff M., Weinblatt M.E., Moreland L.W., Kremer J., Bear M.B., Rich W.J., and McCabe D. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, in combination with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 46 (2002) 614-624
18. Cohen S., Bigazzi P.E., and Yoshida T. Cytokine: more than a new word, a new concept proposed by Stanley Cohen thirty years ago. Cytokine 28 (2004) 242-247
19. Condos R., Rom W.N., and Schluger N.W. Treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis with interferon-gamma via aerosol. Lancet 349 (1997) 1513-1515
20. Davey R.T., Murphy R.L., Graziano F.M., Boswell S.L., Pavia A.T., Cancio M., Nadler J.P., Chaitt D.G., Dewar R.L., Sahner D.K., Duliege A.M., Capra W.B., Leong W.P., Giedlin M.A., Lane H.C., and Kahn J.O. Immunologic and virologic effects of subcutaneous IL-2 treatment in combination with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 284 (2000) 183-189
21. David J.R. Delayed hypersensitivity in vitro: its mediation by cell-free substances formed by lymphoid cell-antigen interaction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 56 (1966) 72-77
22. Davis G.L., Esteban-Mur R., Rustgi V., Hoefs J., Gordon S.C., Trepo C., Shiffman M.L., Zeuzem S., Craxi A., Ling M.H., and Albrecht J. Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin for the treatment of relapse of chronic hepatitis C. N. Engl. J. Med. 339 (1998) 1493-1499
23. Dinarello C.A. Biological basis for interleukin-1 in disease. Blood 87 (1996) 2095-2147
24. Dumonde D.C., Wolstencroft R.A., Panayi G.S., Matthew M., Morley J., and Howson W.T. "Lymphokines": non-antibody mediators of cellular immunity generated by lymphocyte activation. Nature 224 (1969) 38-42
25. Emsley H.C., Smith C.J., Georgiou R.F., Vail A., Hopkins S.J., Rothwell N.J., Tyrrell P.J., and Acute Stroke Investigators. Acute stroke investigators. A randomized phase II study of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in acute stroke patients. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 76 (2005) 1366-1372
26. Enright H., and McGlave P.B. Biology and treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Oncology (Huntingt) 11 (1997) 1295-1300
27. Evans L.M., Itri L.M., Campion M., Wyler-Plaut R., Krown S.E., Groopman J.E., Goldsweig H., Volberding P.A., West S.B., and Mitsuyasu R.T. Interferon-alpha 2a in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J. Immunother. 10 (1991) 39-50
28. Ferenci P. Pegylated interferon plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C: the role of combination therapy today, tomorrow and in the future. Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol. 52 (2006) 157-174
29. Fleischmann R.M., Schechtman J., Bennett R., Handel M.L., Burmester G.R., Tesser J., Modafferi D., Poulakos J., and Sun G. Anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (r-metHuIL-1ra), in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 48 (2003) 927-934
30. Fried M.W., Shiffman M.L., Reddy R.K., Smith C., Marino G., Goncales F., et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2a in combination with ribavirin: efficacy and safety results from a phase III, randomized, actively controlled, multicenter study [abstract]. Gastroenterology 120 (2001) A55
31. Friedman-Kien A.E. Management of condylomata acuminata with Alferon N injection, interferon alfa-n3 (human leukocyte derived). Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 172 (1995) 1359-1368
32. Friedman-Kien A.E., Eron L.J., Conant M., Growdon W., Badiak H., Bradstreet P.W., Fedorczyk D., Trout J.R., and Plasse T.F. Natural interferon alfa for treatment of condylomata acuminata. JAMA. 259 (1988) 533-538
33. Gelder T.V., Warle M., and Meulen R.G.T. Anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibodies in transplantation: what is the basis for choice?. Drugs 64 (2004) 1737-1741
34. Glue P., Fang J.W., Rouzier-Panis R., Raffanel C., Sabo R., Gupta S.K., Salfi M., and Jacobs S. Pegylated interferon-alpha2b: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and preliminary efficacy data. Hepatitis C Intervention Therapy Group. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 68 (2000) 556-567
35. Hochberg M.C., Tracy J.K., Holt M.H., and Flores R.H. Comparison of the efficacy of the tumour necrosis factor a blocking agents adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab when added to methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 62 (2003) ii13-ii16
36. Ibboston T., and Goa K.L. Darbepoeitin alfa. Drugs 61 14 (2001) 2097-2104
37. Isaacs A., and Lindenmann J. Virus interference. 1. The interferon. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B Biol. Sci. 147 (1957) 258-267
38. Janssen H.L., Gerken G., Carreno V., Marcellin P., Naoumov N.V., Craxi A., Ring-Larsen H., Kitis G., Van Hattum J., de Vries R.A., Michielsen P.P., ten Kate F.J., Hop W.C., Heijtink R.A., Honkoop P., and Schalm S.W. Interferon alfa for chronic hepatitis B infection: increased efficacy of prolonged treatment. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). Hepatology 30 (1999) 238-243
39. Jarvis B., and Faulds D. Etanercept-a review of its use in rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs 57 (1999) 945-966
40. Jonasch E., and Haluska F.G. Interferon in oncological practice: review of interferon biology, clinical applications, and toxicities. Oncologist 6 (2001) 34-55
41. Kao J.H., Chen P.J., Lai M.Y., and Chen D.S. Efficacy of consensus interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15 (2000) 1418-1423
42. Kavanaugh A. Anakinra (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) has positive effects on function and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Adv. Ther. 23 (2006) 208-217
43. Keeffe E.B., and Hollinger F.B. Therapy of hepatitis C: consensus interferon trials. Consensus Interferon Study Group. Hepatology 26 (1997) 101S-107S
44. Key L.L., Rodriguiz R.M., Willi S.M., Wright N.M., Hatcher H.C., Eyre D.R., Cure J.K., Griffin P.P., and Ries W.L. Long-term treatment of osteopetrosis with recombinant human interferon gamma. N. Engl. J. Med. 332 (1995) 1594-1599
45. Kim E.K., Shim T.S., Lee J.Y., Oh Y.M., Lim C.M., Lee S.D., Koh Y., Kim D.S., Kim W.D., and Kim W.S. The adjuvant effect of subcutaneous interferon-gamma in the treatment of refractory multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberc. Respir. Dis. 57 (2004) 226-233
46. Koh W.J., Kwon O.J., Suh G.Y., Chung M.P., Kim H., Lee N.Y., Kim T.S., and Lee K.S. Six-month therapy with aerosolized interferon-gamma for refractory multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. J. Korean Med. Sci. 19 (2004) 167-171
47. Kovacs J.A., Vogel S., Albert J.M., Falloon J., Davey R.T., Walker R.E., Polis M.A., Spooner K., Metcalf J.A., Baseler M., Fyfe G., and Lane H.C. Controlled trial of interleukin-2 infusions in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 335 (1996) 1350-1356
48. Kreitman R.J., Wilson W.H., White J.D., Stetler-Stevenson M., Jaffe E.S., Giardina S., Waldmann T.A., and Pastan I. Phase I trial of recombinant immunotoxin anti-Tac (Fv)-PE38 (LMB-2) in patients with hematologic malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol. 18 (2000) 1622-1636
49. Ksontini R., MacKay S.L.D., and Moldawer L.L. Revisiting the role of tumor necrosis factor α and the response to surgical injury and inflammation. Arch. Surg. 133 (1998) 558-567
50. Leonard W.J. In: Paul W.E. (Ed). Fundamental Immunology. fourth ed. (1999), Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia 741-774
51. Levi-Montalcini R., and Hamburger V. A diffusible agent of mouse sarcoma producing hyperplasia of sympathetic ganglia and hyperneurotization of viscera in the chick embryo. J. Exp. Zool. 123 (1953) 233-288
52. Lindsay K.L., Trepo C., Heintges T., Shiffman M.L., Gordon S.C., Hoefs J.C., Schiff E.R., Goodman Z.D., Laughlin M., Yao R., Albrecht J.K., and Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. A randomized, double-blind trial comparing pegylated interferon alfa-2b to interferon alfa-2b as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 34 (2001) 395-403
53. Loddick S.A., and Rothwell N.J. Neuroprotective effects of human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16 (1996) 932-940
54. Maini R.N., and Taylor P.C. Anti-cytokine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Annu. Rev. Med. 51 (2000) 207-229
55. Mao X.Q., Kawai M., Yamashita T., Enomoto T., Dake Y., Sasaki S., Kataoka Y., Fukuzumi T., Endo K., Sano H., Aoki T., Kurimoto F., Adra C.N., Shirakawa T., and Hopkin J.M. Imbalance production between interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in bronchial asthma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 276 (2000) 607-612
56. McHutchison J.G., Gordon S., Schiff E.R., Shiffman M.L., Lee W.M., Rustgi V.K., Goodman Z.D., Ling M.H., Cort S., and Albrecht J.K. Interferon alfa-2b monotherapy versus interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C: results of a US multicenter randomized controlled study. N. Engl. J. Med. 339 (1998) 1485-1492
57. Melian E.B., and Plosker G.L. Interferon alfacon-1-a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of Chronic hepatitis C. Drugs 61 (2001) 1661-1691
58. Minami Y., Kono T., Miyazaki T., and Taniguchi T. The IL-2 receptor complex: its structure, function, and target genes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 11 (1993) 245-267
59. Morris J.C., and Waldmann T.A. Advances in interleukin 2 receptor targeted treatment. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 59 (2000) i109-i114
60. Neri S., Pulvirenti D., and Bertino G. Psychiatric symptoms induced by antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis C: comparison between interferon-alpha-2a and interferon-alpha-2b. Clin. Drug Investig. 26 (2006) 655-662
61. Nuki G., Bresnihan B., Bear M.B., and McCabe D. Long-term safety and maintenance of clinical improvement following treatment with anakinra (recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 46 (2002) 2838-2846
62. O'Dell J.R. Anticytokine therapy-a new era in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?. N. Engl. J. Med. 340 (1999) 310-312
63. Onuffer J.J., and Horuk R. Chemokines, chemokine receptors and small molecule antagonists: recent developments. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 23 (2002) 459-467
64. Opal S.M., Fisher Jr. C.J., Dhainaut J.F., Vincent J.L., Brase R., Lowry S.F., Sadoff J.C., Slotman G.J., Levy H., Balk R.A., Shelly M.P., Pribble J.P., LaBrecque J.F., Lookabaugh J., Donovan H., Dubin H., Baughman R., Norman J., DeMaria E., Matzel K., Abraham E., and Seneff M. Confirmatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist trial in severe sepsis: a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, multicenter trial. The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist sepsis investigator group. Crit. Care Med. 25 (1997) 1115-1124
65. O'Shea J.J., Visconti R., Cheng T.P., and Gadina M. Jaks and Stats as therapeutic targets. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 59 (2000) i115-i118
66. Pakdaman H., Fallah A., Sahraian M.A., Pakdaman R., and Meysamie A. Treatment of early onset multiple sclerosis with suboptimal dose of interferon Beta-1a. Neuropediatrics 37 (2006) 257-260
67. Pau A.K., and Tavel J.A. Therapeutic use of interleukin-2 in HIV-infected patients. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2 (2002) 433-439
68. Podhajcer O.L., Lopez M.V., and Mazzolini G. Cytokine gene transfer for cancer therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 18 (2007) 183-194
69. Pol S., Couzigon P., Bourliere M., Abergel A., Combis J.M., Larrey D., Tran A., Moussalli J., Poupon R., Berthelot P., and Bréchot C. A randomized trial of ribavirin and interferon-alpha vs. interferon-alpha alone in patients with chronic hepatitis C who were nonresponders to a previous treatment. J. Hepatol. 31 (1999) 1-7
70. Provenzano R., Bhaduri S., and Singh A.K. PROMPT Study Group. Extended epoetin alfa dosing as maintenance treatment for the anemia of chronic kidney disease: the PROMPT study. Clin. Nephrol. 64 (2005) 113-123
71. Ramirez C.B., and Marino I.R. The role of basiliximab induction therapy in organ transplantation. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 7 (2007) 137-148
72. Romeril K.R., Carter J.M., Green G.J., Beard M.E., Heaton D.C., Newhook C.H., Gibbons S.S., and Reddy J. Treatment of hairy cell leukaemia with recombinant alpha interferon. N.Z. Med. J. 102 (1989) 186-188
73. Saleh M.N., LeMaistre C.F., Kuzel T.M., Foss F., Platanias L.C., Schwartz G., Ratain M., Rook A., Freytes C.O., Craig F., Reuben J., Sams M.W., and Nichols J.C. Antitumor activity of DAB389-IL-2 fusion toxin in mycosis fungoides. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 39 (1998) 63-73
74. Schmidinger M., Hejna M., and Zielinski C.C. Aldesleukin in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther. 4 (2004) 957-980
75. Sen G.C., and Lengyel P. The interferon system-a bird's eye view of its biochemistry. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 5017-5020
76. Shalaby M.R., Aggarwal B.B., Rinderknecht E., Svedersky L.P., Finkle B.S., and Palladino Jr. M.A. Activation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophil functions by interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factors. J. Immunol. 135 (1985) 2069-2073
77. Sharma P.K., Hota D., and Pandhi P. Biologics in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Assoc. Phys. India 52 (2004) 231-236
78. Shepherd J., Brodin H., Cave C., Waugh N., Price A., and Gabbay J. Pegylated interferon alpha-2a and -2b in combination with ribavirin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol. Assess. 8 (2004) 1-125
79. Singh J., and Suruchi A. Anti TNF-α strategy: present status of this therapeutic paradigm. Indian J. Pharmacol. 36 (2004) 10-14
80. Skurkovich S.V., and Eremkina E.I. The probable role of interferon in allergy. Ann. Allergy 35 (1975) 356-360
81. Skurkovich S.V., and Skurkovich B. Development of autoimmune diseases is connected with the initial disturbance of IFN synthesis in the cells. J. IFN Res. 9 Suppl. 2 (1989) S305
82. Skurkovich S.V., Klinova E.G., Eremkina E.I., and Levina N.V. Immunosuppressive effect of an anti-interferon serum. Nature 247 (1974) 551-552
83. Thevenot T., Regimbeau C., Ratziu V., Leroy V., Opolon P., and Poynard T. Meta-analysis of interferon randomized trials in the treatment of viral hepatitis C in naive patients: 1999 update. J. Viral Hepatitis 8 (1999) 48-62
84. Vilcek J., and Feldmann M. Historical review: cytokines as therapeutics and targets of therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 25 (2004) 201-209
85. Weinstock-Guttman B., and Jacobs L.D. What is new in the treatment of multiple sclerosis?. Drugs 59 (2000) 401-410
86. Yildirim M., Inaloz H.S., Baysal V., Kesici D., and Candir O. A case of condyloma acuminatum treated successfully with low-dose isotretinoin and interferon. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 58 (2004) 889-891
87. Zeuzem S., Feinman S.V., Rasenack J., Heathcote E.J., Lai M.Y., Gane E., O'Grady J., Reichen J., Diago M., Lin A., Hoffman J., and Brunda M.J. Peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N. Engl. J. Med. 343 (2000) 1666-1672