Immunohistochemical approaches to the diagnosis of undifferentiated malignant tumors

Annals of Diagnostic Pathology

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 72-84

  Wick, Mark R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

Algorithmic diagnosis; Carcinomas; Immunohistology; Lymphomas; Melanomas; Mesotheliomas; Sarcomas; Undifferentiated malignant neoplasms

Indexed keywords

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE PLACENTA ISOENZYME; ALPHA ACTIN; CALRETININ; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; CD15 ANTIGEN; CD30 ANTIGEN; CD31 ANTIGEN; CD34 ANTIGEN; CD45 ANTIGEN; CD56 ANTIGEN; CD99 ANTIGEN; CHROMOGRANIN; CYTOKERATIN; EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE ANTIGEN; MOC 31; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; NEUROBLASTOMA 84; PODOPLANIN; PROTEIN S 100; STEM CELL FACTOR RECEPTOR; SYNAPTOPHYSIN; THROMBOMODULIN; TUMOR MARKER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS PROTEIN;

ALGORITHM; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOHISTOLOGY; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LYMPHOMA; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MESOTHELIOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SARCOMA; SOLID TUMOR; TUMOR CLASSIFICATION; TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION;

ALGORITHMS; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; NEOPLASMS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 37349091609     PISSN: 10929134     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2007.10.003     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Miettinen M. Keratin immunohistochemistry: update on applications and pitfalls. Pathol Annu 28 (1993) 113-143
2. Battifora H. Diagnostic uses of antibodies to keratins: a review and immunohistochemical comparison of seven monoclonal and three polyclonal antibodies. Prog Surg Pathol 8 (1988) 1-15
3. Chan J.K.C., Suster S., Wenig B.M., Tsang W.Y., Chan J.B., and Lau A.L. Cytokeratin 20 immunoreactivity distinguishes Merkel cell (primary cutaneous neuroendocrine) carcinomas and salivary gland small cell carcinomas from small cell carcinomas of various sites. Am J Surg Pathol 21 (1997) 226-234
4. Pruss R.M., Mirsky R., Raff M.C., Thorpe R., Dowding A.J., and Anderton B.H. All classes of intermediate filaments share a common antigenic determinant defined by a monoclonal antibody. Cell 27 (1981) 419-428
5. Caselitz J., Janner M., Breitbart E., Weber K., and Osborn M. Malignant melanomas contain only the vimentin type of intermediate filaments. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 400 (1983) 43-51
6. Gustmann C., Altmannsberger M., Osborn M., Griesser H., and Feller A.C. Cytokeratin expression and vimentin content in large cell anaplastic lymphomas and other non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Am J Pathol 138 (1991) 1413-1422
7. Swanson P.E., and Wick M.R. Soft tissue tumors. In: Colvin R., Bhan A., and McCluskey R. (Eds). Diagnostic immunopathology. 2nd ed. (1995), Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven 599-632
8. Battifora H. Assessment of antigen damage in immunohistochemistry. The vimentin internal control. Am J Clin Pathol 96 (1991) 669-671
9. Truong L.D., Rangdaeng S., Cagle P.T., Ro J.Y., Hawkins H., and Font R.L. The diagnostic utility of desmin. A study of 584 cases and review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol 93 (1990) 305-314
10. Trojanowski J.Q., Lee V.M.Y., and Schlaepfer W.W. An immunohistochemical study of human central and peripheral nervous system tumors with monoclonal antibodies against neurofilaments and glial filaments. Hum Pathol 15 (1984) 248-257
11. Morrison C.D., and Prayson R.A. Immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of neoplasms of the central nervous system. Semin Diagn Pathol 17 (2000) 204-215
12. Kurtin P.J., and Pinkus G.S. Leukocyte common antigen-a diagnostic discriminant between hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic neoplasms in paraffin sections using monoclonal antibodies: correlation with immunologic studies and ultrastructural localization. Hum Pathol 16 (1985) 353-365
13. Wick M.R. Monoclonal antibodies to leukocyte common antigen. In: Wick M.R., and Siegal G.P. (Eds). Monoclonal antibodies in diagnostic immunohistochemistry (1988), Marcel Dekker, New York 285-307
14. Heyderman E., Steele K., and Ormerod M.G. A new antigen on the epithelial membrane: its immunoperoxidase localization in normal and neoplastic tissue. J Clin Pathol 32 (1979) 35-39
15. Sloane J.P., and Ormerod M.G. Distribution of epithelial membrane antigen in normal and neoplastic tissues and its value in diagnostic tumor pathology. Cancer 47 (1981) 1786-1795
16. Pinkus G.S., and Kurtin P.J. Epithelial membrane antigen-a diagnostic discriminant in surgical pathology: immunohistochemical profile in epithelial, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic neoplasms using paraffin sections and monoclonal antibodies. Hum Pathol 16 (1985) 929-938
17. Swanson P.E., Manivel J.C., Scheithauer B.W., and Wick M.R. Epithelial membrane antigen in human sarcomas. An immunohistochemical study. Surg Pathol 2 (1989) 313-322
18. DeLellis R.A., and Dayal Y. The role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of poorly-differentiated malignant neoplasms. Semin Oncol 14 (1987) 173-192
19. Wick M.R., Swanson P.E., and Manivel J.C. Placental-like alkaline phosphatase reactivity in human tumors: an immunohistochemical study of 520 cases. Hum Pathol 18 (1987) 946-954
20. Elgin J., Phillips J.G., Reddy V.V., Gibbs P.O., and Listinsky C.M. Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: spectrum of morphologic and immunophenotypic overlap. Ann Diagn Pathol 3 (1999) 263-275 [(This reference emphasizes the morphological and immunohistological difficulties in separating non-Hodgkin from Hodgkin lymphoma in selected cases)]
21. Salter D.M., Krajewski A.S., Miller E.P., and Dewar A.E. Expression of leucocyte common antigen and epithelial membrane antigen in plasmacytic malignancies. J Clin Pathol 38 (1985) 843-844
22. Schnitt S.J., and Vogel H. Meningiomas. Diagnostic value of immunoperoxidase staining for epithelial membrane antigen. Am J Surg Pathol 10 (1986) 640-649
23. Ruitenbeek C.T., Gouw A.S.H., and Poppema S. Immunocytology of body cavity fluids. MOC-31, a monoclonal antibody discriminating between mesothelial and epithelial cells. Arch Pathol Lab Med 118 (1994) 265-269
24. Sosolik R.C., McGaughy V.R., and De Young B.R. Anti-MOC-31: a potential addition to the pulmonary adenocarcinoma versus mesothelioma immunohistochemistry panel. Mod Pathol 10 (1997) 716-719
25. Chenard-Neu M.P., Kabou A., Mechine A., Brolly F., Orion B., and Bellocq J.P. Immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma. Evaluation of 5 new antibodies and 6 traditional antibodies. Ann Pathol 18 (1998) 460-465
26. De Young B.R., and Wick M.R. Immunohistologic evaluation of metastatic carcinomas of unknown origin: an algorithmic approach. Semin Diagn Pathol 17 (2000) 184-193
27. Bollinger D.J., Wick M.R., Dehner L.P., et al. Peritoneal malignant mesothelioma versus serous papillary adenocarcinoma: a histochemical and immunohistochemical comparison. Am J Surg Pathol 13 (1989) 659-670
28. Manivel J.C., Jessurun J., Wick M.R., et al. Placental alkaline phosphatase immunoreactivity in testicular germ cell neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 11 (1987) 21-29
29. Niehans G.A., Manivel J.C., Copland G.T., et al. Immunohistochemistry of germ cell and trophoblastic neoplasms. Cancer 62 (1988) 1113-1123
30. Suster S., Moran C.A., Dominguez-Malagon H., and Quevedo-Blanco P. Germ cell tumors of the mediastinum and testis: a comparative immunohistochemical study of 120 cases. Hum Pathol 29 (1998) 737-742
31. Cheville J.C., Rao S., Iczkowshi K.A., Lohse C.M., and Pankratz V.S. Cytokeratin expression in seminoma of the human testis. Am J Clin Pathol 113 (2000) 583-588
32. Colcher D., Hand P.H., Nuti M., and Schlom J. Differential binding to human mammary and nonmammary tumors of monoclonal antibodies reactive with carcinoembryonic antigen. Cancer Invest 1 (1983) 127-138
33. Wick M.R. Monoclonal antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen. In: Wick M.R., and Siegal GP. (Eds). Monoclonal antibodies in diagnostic immunohistochemistry (1988), Marcel Dekker, New York 539-567
34. Sheahan K., O'Brien M.J., Burke B., et al. Differential reactivities of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CEA-related monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in common epithelial malignancies. Am J Clin Pathol 94 (1990) 157-164
35. Sheibani K., Battifora H., Burke J.S., and Rappaport H. Leu-M1 antigen in human neoplasms. An immunohistologic study of 400 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 10 (1986) 227-236
36. Arber D.A., and Weiss L. CD15: a review. Appl Immunohistochem 1 (1993) 17-30
37. Wick M.R., Mills S.E., and Swanson P.E. Expression of "myelomonocytic" antigens in mesotheliomas and adenocarcinomas involving the serosal surfaces. Am J Clin Pathol 94 (1990) 18-26
38. Al-Shamkhani A. The role of CD30 in the pathogenesis of hematopoietic malignancies. Curr Opin Pharmacol 4 (2004) 355-359
39. Ulbright T.M. Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly-appreciated, and controversial issues. Mod Pathol 10 Suppl (2005) S61-S79 [(This review considers the major diagnostic features and morphologic pitfalls in the diagnosis of germ-cell tumors with potentially-undifferentiated appearances)]
40. Tos A.P., and Doglioni C. Calretinin: a novel tool for diagnostic immunohistochemistry. Adv Anat Pathol 5 (1998) 61-66
41. Gotzos V., Wintergerst E.S., Musy J.P., Spichtin H.P., and Genton C.Y. Selective distribution of calretinin in adenocarcinomas of the human colon and adjacent tissues. Am J Surg Pathol 23 (1999) 701-711
42. Chhieng D.C., et al. Calretinin staining pattern aids in the differentiation of mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma in serous effusions. Cancer 90 (2000) 194-200
43. Kitazume H., et al. Cytologic differential diagnosis among reactive mesothelial cells, malignant mesothelioma, and adenocarcinoma: utility of combined E-cadherin and calretinin immunostaining. Cancer 90 (2000) 55-60
44. Ordonez N.G. Value of calretinin immunostaining in differentiating epithelial mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma. Mod Pathol 11 (1998) 929-933
45. Attanoos R.L., Dojcinov S.D., Webb R., and Gibbs A.R. Antimesothelial markers in sarcomatoid mesothelioma and other spindle cell neoplasms. Histopathology 37 (2000) 224-231
46. Drier J., Swanson P.E., Cherwitz D.L., and Wick M.R. S100 protein immunoreactivity in poorly-differentiated carcinomas: immunohistochemical comparison with malignant melanoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111 (1987) 447-452
47. Wick M.R., Ockner D.M., Mills S.E., Ritter J.H., and Swanson P.E. Homologous carcinomas of the breasts, skin, and salivary glands. A histologic and immunohistochemical comparison of ductal mammary carcinoma, ductal sweat gland carcinoma, and salivary duct carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 109 (1998) 75-84
48. Matsushima S., Mori M., Adachi Y., Matsukuma A., and Sugimachi K. S100 protein-positive breast carcinomas: an immunohistochemical study. J Surg Oncol 55 (1994) 108-113
49. Loeffel S.C., Gillespie G.Y., Mirmiran A., Sawhney D., Askin F.B., and Siegal G.P. Cellular immunolocalization of S100 protein within fixed tissue sections by monoclonal antibodies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 109 (1985) 117-122
50. Yaziji H., and Gown A.M. Immunohistochemical markers of melanocytic tumors. Int J Surg Pathol 11 (2003) 11-15 [(This paper is a practical and yet comprehensive review of commonly-used immunohistochemical markers for melanocytic neoplasms.)]
51. Rochaix P., Lacroix-Triki M., Lamant L., et al. PNL2, a new monoclonal antibody directed against a fixative-resistant melanocyte antigen. Mod Pathol 16 (2003) 481-490
52. Kaufmann O., Koch S., Burghardt J., Audring H., and Dietel M. Tyrosinase, melan-A, and KBA62 as markers for the immunohistochemical identification of metastatic amelanotic melanomas on paraffin sections. Mod Pathol 11 (1998) 740-746
53. Lloyd R.V., and Wilson B.S. Specific endocrine tissue marker defined by a monoclonal antibody. Science 222 (1983) 628-630
54. Wilson B.S., and Lloyd R.V. Detection of chromogranin in neuroendocrine cells with a monoclonal antibody. Am J Pathol 115 (1984) 458-468
55. Wick M.R. Immunohistology of neuroendocrine and neuroectodermal tumors. Semin Diagn Pathol 17 (2000) 194-203 [This review outlines the typical immunoprofiles of neuroendocrine carcinomas and non-epithelial neuroectodermal neoplasms.]
56. Miettinen M. Synaptophysin and neurofilament proteins as markers for neuroendocrine tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111 (1987) 813-818
57. Gould V.E., Lee I., Wiedenmann B., et al. Synaptophysin: a novel marker for neurons, certain neuroendocrine cells, and their neoplasms. Hum Pathol 17 (1986) 979-983
58. Buffa R., Rindi G., Sessa F., et al. Synaptophysin immunoreactivity and small clear vesicles in neuroendocrine cells and related tumours. Mol Cell Probes 1 (1987) 367-381
59. Stirdsberg M. The use of chromogranin, synaptophysin, and islet amyloid polypeptide as markers for neuroendocrine tumours. Ups J Med Sci 100 (1995) 169-199
60. Miettinen M. Immunohistochemistry in tumour diagnosis. Ann Med 25 (1993) 221-233
61. Assaf C., Gellrich S., Whittaker S., et al. CD56-positive haematological neoplasms of the skin: a multicentre study of the Cutaneous Lymphoma Project Group of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. J Clin Pathol 60 (2007) 981-989 10.1136/jcp.2006.042135 (Accessed 6/25/07)
62. Smith M.J., Goodfellow P.J., and Goodfellow P.N. The genomic organisation of the human pseudoautosomal gene MIC2 and the detection of a related locus. Hum Mol Genet 2 (1993) 417-422
63. Dehner L.P. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor and Ewing's sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 17 (1993) 1-13
64. Lumadue J.A., Askin F.B., and Perlman E.J. MIC2 analysis of small cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 102 (1994) 692-694
65. Zhang L., Eddy A., Teng Y.T., et al. An immunological renal disease in transgenic mice that overexpress FLI-1, a member of the ETS family of transcription factor genes. Mol Cell Biol 15 (1995) 6961-6970
66. Sebire N.J., Gibson S., Rampling D., et al. Immunohistochemical findings in embryonal small round cell tumors with molecular diagnostic confirmation. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 13 (2005) 1-5
67. Rossi S., Orvieto E., Furlanetto A., et al. Utility of the immunohistochemical detection of FLI-1 expression in round-cell and vascular neoplasms using a monoclonal antibody. Mod Pathol 17 (2004) 547-552
68. Kumar S., Perlman E., Pack S., et al. Absence of EWS/FLI1 fusion in olfactory neuroblastomas indicates these tumors do not belong to the Ewing's sarcoma family. Hum Pathol 30 (1999) 1356-1360
69. Thomas J.O., Nijjar J., Turley H., Micklem K., and Gatter K.C. NB84: a new monoclonal antibody for the recognition of neuroblastoma in routinely-processed material. J Pathol 163 (1991) 69-75
70. Miettinen M., Chatten J., Paetau A., and Stevenson A. Monoclonal antibody NB84 in the differential diagnosis of neuroblastoma and other small round-cell tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 22 (1998) 327-332 [(This paper is an excellent review of immunohistochemistry as applied to mesenchymal malignancies.)]
71. Tsukada T., McNutt M.A., Ross R., and Gown A.M. HHF35, a muscle actin-specific monoclonal antibody. II. Reactivity in normal, reactive, and neoplastic human tissues. Am J Pathol 127 (1987) 389-402
72. Rangdaeng S., and Truong L.D. Comparative immunohistochemical staining for desmin and muscle-specific actin: a study of 576 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 96 (1991) 32-45
73. Miettinen M., Lindenmayer A.E., and Chaubal A. Endothelial cell markers CD31, CD34, and BNH9 antibody to H- and Y-antigens: evaluation of their specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of vascular tumors and comparison with von Willebrand factor. Mod Pathol 7 (1994) 82-90
74. Traweek S.T., Kandalaft P.L., Mehta P., and Battifora H. The human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen (CD34) in vascular neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol 96 (1991) 25-31
75. Cohen P.R., Rapini R.P., and Farhood A.I. Expression of the human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 in vascular and spindle cell tumors. J Cutan Pathol 20 (1993) 15-20
76. Suster S. Recent advances in the application of immunohistochemical markers for the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors. Semin Diagn Pathol 17 (2000) 225-235
77. DeYoung B.R., Wick M.R., Fitzgibbon J.F., et al. CD31: an immunospecific marker for endothelial differentiation in human neoplasms. Appl Immunohistochem 1 (1993) 97-100
78. Karmochkine M., and Boffa M.C. Thrombomodulin: physiology and clinical applications (excluding systemic diseases). Rev Med Interne 18 (1997) 119-125
79. Ordonez N.G. Value of thrombomodulin immunostaining in the diagnosis of mesothelioma. Histopathology 31 (1997) 25-30
80. Appleton M.A., Attanoos R.L., and Jasani B. Thrombomodulin as a marker of vascular and lymphatic tumours. Histopathology 29 (1996) 1531-2157
81. Tsuura Y., Hiraki H., Watanabe K., et al. Preferential localization of c-kit product in tissue mast cells, basal cells of skin, epithelial cells of breast, small cell lung carcinoma and seminoma/dysgerminoma in humans: immunohistochemical study on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Virchows Arch 424 (1994) 135-141 [(This review is a concise and yet comprehensive summary of immunohistochemical findings in small round-cell malignancies.)]
82. Hornick J.L., and Fletcher C.D.M. Immunohistochemical staining for KIT (CD117) in soft tissue sarcomas is very limited in distribution. Am J Clin Pathol 117 (2002) 188-193
83. Ordonez N.G. Podoplanin: a novel diagnostic immunohistochemical marker. Adv Anat Pathol 13 (2006) 83-88
84. Padgett D.M., Cathro H.C., Wick M.R., and Mills S.E. Podoplanin as a marker for sarcomatoid mesothelioma. Am J Surg Pathol (2007) [in press]
85. Lau S.K., Weiss L.M., and Chu P.G. D2-40 immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of seminoma and embryonal carcinoma: a comparative immunohistochemical study with KIT (CD117) and CD30. Mod Pathol 20 (2007) 320-325
86. Nandedkar M.A., Palazzo J., Abbondanzo S.L., Lasota J., and Miettinen M. CD45 (leukocyte common antigen) immunoreactivity in metastatic undifferentiated and neuroendocrine carcinoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall. Mod Pathol 11 (1998) 1204-1210
87. Devoe R., and Weidner N. Immunohistochemistry of small round-cell tumors. Semin Diagn Pathol 17 (2000) 216-224
88. Parham D.M., Dias P., Kelly D.R., Rutledge J.C., and Houghton P. Desmin positivity in primitive neuroectodermal tumors of childhood. Am J Surg Pathol 16 (1992) 483-492
89. Guinee Jr. D.G., Fishback N.F., Koss M.N., et al. The spectrum of immunohistochemical staining of small cell lung carcinoma in specimens from transbronchial and open-lung biopsies. Am J Clin Pathol 102 (1994) 406-414
90. Wick M.R., and Swanson P.E. Carcinosarcomas: current perspectives and an historical review of nosological concepts. Semin Diagn Pathol 10 (1993) 118-127
91. Wick M.R., Fitzgibbon J.F., and Swanson P.E. Cutaneous sarcomas and sarcomatoid neoplasms of the skin. Semin Diagn Pathol 10 (1993) 148-158
92. Elgin J., Phillips J.G., Reddy V.V., Gibbs P.O., and Listinsky C.M. Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: spectrum of morphologic and immunophenotypic overlap. Ann Diagn Pathol 3 (1999) 263-275
93. Manivel J.C., Wick M.R., Dehner L.P., and Sibley R.K. Epithelioid sarcoma. An immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol 87 (1987) 319-326
94. Laskin W.B., and Miettinen M. Epithelioid sarcoma: new insights based on an extended immunohistochemical analysis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 127 (2003) 1161-1168
95. Papas-Corden P.C., Zarbo R.J., Gown A.M., and Crissman J.D. Immunohistochemical characterization of synovial, epithelioid, and clear-cell sarcomas. Surg Pathol 2 (1989) 43-58
96. Swanson P.E., Dehner L.P., Sirgi K.E., and Wick M.R. Cytokeratin-immunoreactivity in malignant tumors of bone and soft tissue. Appl lmmunohistochem 2 (1994) 103-112 [(This summary review paper provides a compendium of immunohistochemical data on mesothelioma, by an experienced author.)]
97. Wick M.R., Swanson P.E., Scheithauer B.W., and Manivel J.C. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. An immunohistochemical study of 62 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 87 (1987) 425-433
98. Sarlomo-Rikala M., Kovatich A.J., Barusevicius A., et al. CD117: a sensitive marker for gastrointestinal stromal tumors that is more specific than CD34. Mod Pathol 11 (1998) 728-734
99. Wick M.R., and Mills S.E. Mesothelial proliferations: an increasing morphologic spectrum. Am J Clin Pathol 113 (2000) 619-622
100. Miettinen M., Limon J., Niezabitowski A., and Lasota J. Calretinin and other mesothelioma markers in synovial sarcoma: analysis of antigenic similarities and differences with malignant mesothelioma. Am J Surg Pathol 25 (2001) 610-617
101. Moran C.A., Wick M.R., and Suster S. The role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Semin Diagn Pathol 17 (2000) 178-183
102. Ordonez N.G. What are the current best immunohistochemical markers for the diagnosis of epithelioid mesothelioma? A review and update. Hum Pathol 38 (2007) 1-16 [(This summary review paper provides a compendium of immunohistochemical data on mesothelioma, by an experienced author.)]