Pulmonary diseases and the heart

Circulation

Volumn 116, Issue 25, 2007, Pages 2992-3005

  Han, Meilan K ^a   McLaughlin, Vallerie V ^a   Criner, Gerard J ^b   Martinez, Fernando J ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^b TEMPLE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Hypertension, pulmonary; Inflammation; Pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive; Pulmonary heart disease

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOSARTAN; METHOTREXATE; NIFEDIPINE; PREDNISONE; PROSTACYCLIN; SILDENAFIL; STEROID; VASODILATOR AGENT;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COR PULMONALE; DEATH; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; HEALTH STATUS; HEART DEATH; HEART DISEASE; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE; LUNG DISEASE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE; OBESITY; OXYGEN THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; SARCOIDOSIS; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; THORAX DISEASE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

HEART DISEASES; HUMANS; LUNG DISEASES; PREVALENCE;

EID: 37349039743     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.685206     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Agusti A. COPD, a multicomponent disease: implications for management. Respir Med. 2005;99:670-682.
2. Simonneau G, Galie N, Rubin LJ, Langleben D, Seeger W, Domenighetti G, Gibbs S, Lebrec D, Speich R, Beghetti M, Rich S, Fishman A Clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(suppl S):5S-12S.
3. World Health Organization. Chronic cor pulmonale: a report of the expert committee. Circulation. 1963;27:594-598.
4. Niederman MS, Matthay RA. Cardiovascular function in secondary pulmonary hypertension. Heart Lung. 1986;15:341-351.
5. MacNee W. Pathophysiology of cor pulmonale in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: part one. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150:833-852.
6. Ben Jrad I, Slimane ML, Boujnah MR, Ben Hamda K, Ameur Y. Prognosis and treatment of chronic cor pulmonale [in French]. Tunis Med. 1993;71:505-508.
7. Enson Y, Giuntini C, Lewis ML, Morris TQ, Ferrer MI, Harvey RM. The influence of hydrogen ion concentration and hypoxia on the pulmonary circulation. J Clin Invest. 1964;43:1146-1162.
8. Durand J, Le Roy Ladurie M, Ranson-Bitker B. Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on the repartition of pulmonary blood flow in supine subjects. Respir Res. 1970;5:156-165.
9. Clini E, Cremona G, Campana M, Scotti C, Pagani M, Bianchi L, Giordano A, Ambrosino N. Production of endogenous nitric oxide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and patients with cor pulmonale: correlates with echo-Doppler assessment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:446-450.
10. Cargill RI, Kiely DG, Clark RA, Lipworth BJ. Hypoxaemia and release of endothelin-1. Thorax. 1995;50:1308-1310.
11. Wright J, Levy R, Churg A. Pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current theories of pathogenesis and their implications for treatment. Thorax. 2005;60:605-609.
12. Joppa P, Petrasova D, Stancak B, Tkacova R. Systemic inflammation in patients with COPD and pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2006;130:326-333.
13. Voelkel NF, Quaife RA, Leinwand LA, Barst RJ, McGoon MD, Meldrum DR, Dupuis J, Long CS, Rubin LJ, Smart FW, Suzuki YJ, Gladwin M, Denholm EM, Gail DB. Right ventricular function and failure: report of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute working group on cellular and molecular mechanisms of right heart failure. Circulation. 2006;114:1883-1891.
14. Weitzenblum E. Chronic cor pulmonale. Heart. 2003;89:225-230.
15. McLaughlin VV, Presberg KW, Doyle RL, Abman SH, McCrory DC, Fortin T, Ahearn G Prognosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2004;126(suppl):78S-92S.
16. Hsia CC. Cardiopulmonary limitations to exercise in restrictive lung disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(suppl):S28-S32.
17. MacNee W. Pathophysiology of cor pulmonale in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: part two. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150:1158-1168.
18. Vizza CD, Lynch JP, Ochoa LL, Richardson G, Trulock EP. Right and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with severe pulmonary disease. Chest. 1998;113:576-583.
19. Farber MO, Roberts LR, Weinberger MH, Robertson GL, Fineberg NS, Manfredi F. Abnormalities of sodium and H2O handling in chronic obstructive lung disease. Arch Intern Med. 1982;142:1326-1330.
20. Schafer JA. Robert F. Pitts Memorial Lecture: mechanisms coupling the absorption of solutes and water in the proximal nephron. Kidney Int. 1984;25:708-716.
21. Incalzi RA, Fuso L, De Rosa M, Di Napoli A, Basso S, Pagliari G, Pistelli R. Electrocardiographic signs of chronic cor pulmonale: a negative prognostic finding in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Circulation. 1999;99:1600-1605.
22. Burrows B, Kettel LJ, Niden AH, Rabinowitz M, Diener CF. Patterns of cardiovascular dysfunction in chronic obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med. 1972;286:912-918.
23. McGoon M, Gutterman D, Steen V, Barst R, McCrory DC, Fortin TA, Loyd JE Screening, early detection, and diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2004;126(suppl):14S-34S.
24. Arcasoy SM, Christie JD, Ferrari VA, Sutton MS, Zisman DA, Blumenthal NP, Pochettino A, Kotloff RM. Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with advanced lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:735-740.
25. Preston IR, Klinger JR, Landzberg MJ, Houtchens J, Nelson D, Hill NS. Vasoresponsiveness of sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2001;120:866-872.
26. Nunes H, Humbert M, Capron F, Brauner M, Sitbon O, Battesti JP, Simonneau G, Valeyre D. Pulmonary hypertension associated with sarcoidosis: mechanisms, haemodynamics and prognosis. Thorax. 2006;61:68-74.
27. Tillie-Leblond I, Marquette C, Perez T, Scherpereel A, Zanetti C, Tonnel A, Remy-Jardin M. Pulmonary embolism in patients with unexplained exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence and risk factors. Ann Int Med. 2006;144:390-396.
28. Panos RJ, Mortenson RL, Niccoli SA, King TE Jr. Clinical deterioration in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: causes and assessment. Am J Med. 1990;88:396-404.
29. Burke MA, Cotts WG. Interpretation of B-type natriuretic peptide in cardiac disease and other comorbid conditions. Heart Fail Rev. 2007;12:23-36.
30. Leuchte HH, Neurohr C, Baumgartner R, Holzapfel M, Giehrl W, Vogeser M, Behr J. Brain natriuretic peptide and exercise capacity in lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:360-365.
31. Bozkanat E, Tozkoparan E, Baysan O, Deniz O, Ciftci F, Yokusoglu M. The significance of elevated brain natriuretic peptide levels in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Int Med Res. 2005;33:537-544.
32. Leuchte H, Baumgartner R, Nournou M, Vogeser M, Neurohr C, Trautnitz M, Behr J. Brain natriuretic peptide is a prognostic parameter in chronic lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173:744-750.
33. Rutten FH, Cramer MJ, Zuithoff NP, Lammers JW, Verweij W, Grobbee DE, Hoes AW. Comparison of B-type natriuretic peptide assays for identifying heart failure in stable elderly patients with a clinical diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9:651-659.
34. McCullough PA, Hollander JE, Nowak RM, Storrow AB, Duc P, Omland T, McCord J, Herrmann HC, Steg PG, Westheim A, Knudsen CW, Abraham WT, Lamba S, Wu AH, Perez A, Clopton P, Krishnaswamy P, Kazanegra R, Maisel AS. Uncovering heart failure in patients with a history of pulmonary disease: rationale for the early use of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:198-204.
35. Mueller C, Laule-Kilian K, Frana B, Rodriguez D, Scholer A, Schindler C, Perruchoud AP. Use of B-type natriuretic peptide in the management of acute dyspnea in patients with pulmonary disease. Am Heart J. 2006;151:471-477.
36. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD. Available at: http://www.goldcopd.org. Accessed December 4, 2007.
37. Himelman RB, Struve SN, Brown JK, Namnum P, Schiller NB. Improved recognition of cor pulmonale in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med. 1988;84:891-898.
38. Oswald-Mammosser M, Weitzenblum E, Quoix E, Moser G, Chaouat A, Charpentier C, Kessler R. Prognostic factors in COPD patients receiving long-term oxygen therapy: importance of pulmonary artery pressure. Chest. 1995;107:1193-1198.
39. Bach D, Curtis J, Christensen P, Iannettoni M, Whyte R, Kazerooni E, Armstrong W, Martinez F. Preoperative echocardiographic evaluation of patients referred for lung volume reduction surgery. Chest. 1998;114:972-980.
40. Chaouat A, Bugnet AS, Kadaoui N, Schott R, Enache I, Ducolone A, Ehrhart M, Kessler R, Weitzenblum E. Severe pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172:189-194.
41. Christensen CC, Ryg MS, Edvardsen A, Skjonsberg OH. Relationship between exercise desaturation and pulmonary haemodynamics in COPD patients. Eur Respir J. 2004;24:580-586.
42. Scharf S, Iqbal M, Keller C, Criner G, Lee S, Fessler H, National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) Research Group. Hemodynamic characterization of patients with severe emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care. 2002;166:314-322.
43. Doi M, Nakano K, Hiramoto T, Kohno N. Significance of pulmonary artery pressure in emphysema patients with mild-to-moderate hypoxemia. Respir Med. 2003;97:915-920.
44. Kessler R, Faller M, Weitzenblum E, Chaouat A, Aykut A, Ducolone A, Ehrhart M, Oswald-Mammosser M. "Natural history" of pulmonary hypertension in a series of 131 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:219-224.
45. Thabut G, Dauriat G, Stern J, Logeart D, Levy A, Marrash-Chahla R, Mal H. Pulmonary hemodynamics in advanced COPD candidates for lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplantation. Chest. 2005;127:1531-1536.
46. Weitzenblum E, Chaouat A. Severe pulmonary hypertension in COPD: is it a distinct disease? Chest. 2005;127:1480-1482.
47. Thabut G, Dauriat G, Stern JB, Logeart D, Levy A, Marrash-Chahla R, Mal H. Pulmonary hemodynamics in advanced COPD candidates for lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplantation. Chest. 2005;127:1531-1536.
48. Kessler R, Faller M, Fourgaut G, Mennecier B, Weitzenblum E. Predictive factors of hospitalization for acute exacerbation in a series of 64 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:158-164.
49. Weitzenblum E, Hirth C, Ducolone A, Mirhom R, Rasaholinjanahary J, Ehrhart M. Prognostic value of pulmonary artery pressure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1981;36:752-758.
50. Finlay M, Middleton HC, Peake MD, Howard P. Cardiac output, pulmonary hypertension, hypoxaemia and survival in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Eur J Respir Dis. 1983;64:252-263.
51. Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Murray RP. Smoking and lung function of Lung Health Study participants after 11 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:675-679.
52. Long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Report of the Medical Research Council Working Party. Lancet. 1981;1:681-686.
53. Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease. Ann Intern Med. 1980;93:391-398.
54. Timms RM, Khaja FU, Williams GW. Hemodynamic response to oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102:29-36.
55. Weitzenblum E, Sautegeau A, Ehrhart M, Mammosser M, Pelletier A. Long-term oxygen therapy can reverse the progression of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;131:493-498.
56. Sliwinski P, Hawrylkiewicz I, Gorecka D, Zielinski J. Acute effect of oxygen on pulmonary arterial pressure does not predict survival on long-term oxygen therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;146:665-669.
57. Selinger SR, Kennedy TP, Buescher P, Terry P, Parham W, Gofreed D, Medinger A, Spagnolo SV, Michael JR. Effects of removing oxygen from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;136:85-91.
58. Alp S, Skrygan M, Schmidt WE, Bastian A. Sildenafil improves hemodynamic parameters in COPD: an investigation of six patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2006;19:386-390.
59. Morrell NW, Higham MA, Phillips PG, Shakur BH, Robinson PJ, Beddoes RJ. Pilot study of losartan for pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res. 2005;6:88.
60. Kanazawa H, Tateishi Y, Yoshikawa J. Acute effects of nifedipine administration in pulmonary hemodynamics and oxygen delivery during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: implication of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphisms. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2004;24:224-228.
61. Melot C, Hallemans R, Naeije R, Mols P, Lejeune P. Deleterious effect of nifedipine on pulmonary gas exchange in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;130:612-616.
62. Nadrous HF, Pellikka PA, Krowka MJ, Swanson KL, Chaowalit N, Decker PA, Ryu JH. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. 2005;128:2393-2399.
63. Lettieri CJ, Nathan SD, Barnett SD, Ahmad S, Shorr AF. Prevalence and outcomes of pulmonary arterial hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. 2006;129:746-752.
64. Hamada K, Nagai S, Tanaka S, Handa T, Shigematsu M, Nagao T, Mishima M, Kitaichi M, Izumi T. Clinical courses of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis complicated with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest. 2007;131:650-656.
65. Nathan S, Shlobin O, Ahmad S, Urbanek S, Barnett S. Pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary function testing in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. 2007;131:657-663.
66. Sulica R, Teirstein AS, Kakarla S, Nemani N, Behnegar A, Padilla ML. Distinctive clinical, radiographic, and functional characteristics of patients with sarcoidosis-related pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2005;128:1483-1489.
67. Shorr AF, Helman DL, Davies DB, Nathan SD. Pulmonary hypertension in advanced sarcoidosis: epidemiology and clinical characteristics. Eur Respir J. 2005;25:783-788.
68. Handa T, Nagai S, Miki S, Fushimi Y, Ohta K, Mishima M, Izumi T. Incidence of pulmonary hypertension and its clinical relevance in patients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 2006;129:1246-1252.
69. Packe GE, Cayton RM, Edwards CW. Comparison of right ventricular weight at necropsy in interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. J Clin Pathol. 1986;39:594-595.
70. Nathan SD, Noble PW, Tuder RM. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension: connecting the dots. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:875-880.
71. Weitzenblum E, Ehrhart M, Rasaholinjanahary J, Hirth C. Pulmonary hemodynamics in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial pulmonary diseases. Respiration. 1983;44:118-127.
72. Heath D, Gillund TD, Kay JM, Hawkins CF. Pulmonary vascular disease in honeycomb lung. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1968;95:423-430.
73. Cassan SM, Divertie MB, Brown AL Jr. Fine structural morphometry on biopsy specimens of human lung: 2: diffuse idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. 1974;65:275-278.
74. Crystal RG, Gadek JE, Ferrans VJ, Fulmer JD, Line BR, Hunninghake GW. Interstitial lung disease: current concepts of pathogenesis, staging and therapy. Am J Med. 1981;70:542-568.
75. Renzoni EA, Walsh DA, Salmon M, Wells AU, Sestini P, Nicholson AG, Veeraraghavan S, Bishop AE, Romanska HM, Pantelidis P, Black CM, Du Bois RM. Interstitial vascularity in fibrosing alveolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:438-443.
76. Takemura T, Matsui Y, Saiki S, Mikami R. Pulmonary vascular involvement in sarcoidosis: a report of 40 autopsy cases. Hum Pathol. 1992;23:1216-1223.
77. Lettieri CJ, Nathan SD, Browning RF, Barnett SD, Ahmad S, Shorr AF. The distance-saturation product predicts mortality in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med. 2006;100:1734-1741.
78. Flaherty KR, Andrei AC, Murray S, Fraley C, Colby TV, Travis WD, Lama V, Kazerooni EA, Gross BH, Toews GB, Martinez FJ. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prognostic value of changes in physiology and six-minute-walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:803-809.
79. Lama VN, Flaherty KR, Toews GB, Colby TV, Travis WD, Long Q, Murray S, Kazerooni EA, Gross BH, Lynch JP, 3rd, Martinez FJ. Prognostic value of desaturation during a 6-minute walk test in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168:1084-1090.
80. Crockett AJ, Cranston JM, Antic N. Domiciliary oxygen for interstitial lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001(3):CD002883.
81. Ghofrani HA, Wiedemann R, Rose F, Schermuly RT, Olschewski H, Weissmann N, Gunther A, Walmrath D, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Sildenafil for treatment of lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:895-900.
82. Collard H, Anstrom K, Schwartz M, Zisman D. Sildanefil improves walk distance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. 2007;131:897-899.
83. Fisher KA, Serlin DM, Wilson KC, Walter RE, Berman JS, Farber HW. Sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension: outcome with long-term epoprostenol treatment. Chest. 2006;130:1481-1488.
84. Krachman SL, Criner GJ, Chatila W. Cor pulmonale and sleep-disordered breathing in patients with restrictive lung disease and neuromuscular disorders. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;24:297-306.
85. Bye PT, Ellis ER, Issa FG, Donnelly PM, Sullivan CE. Respiratory failure and sleep in neuromuscular disease. Thorax. 1990;45:241-247.
86. Mezon BL, West P, Israels J, Kryger M. Sleep breathing abnormalities in kyphoscoliosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980;122:617-621.
87. Hill R, Robbins AW, Messing R, Arora NS. Sleep apnea syndrome after poliomyelitis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;127:129-131.
88. Melacini P, Vianello A, Villanova C, Fanin M, Miorin M, Angelini C, Dalla Volta S. Cardiac and respiratory involvement in advanced stage Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord. 1996;6:367-376.
89. Yotsukura M, Miyagawa M, Tsuya T, Ishihara T, Ishikawa K. Pulmonary hypertension in progressive muscular dystrophy of the Duchenne type. Jpn Circ J. 1988;52:321-326.
90. Meyer TJ, Hill NS. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory failure. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:760-770.
91. Masa JF, Celli BR, Riesco JA, Sanchez de Cos J, Disdier C, Sojo A. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and not oxygen may prevent overt ventilatory failure in patients with chest wall diseases. Chest. 1997;112:207-213.
92. Hoeppner VH, Cockcroft DW, Dosman JA, Cotton DJ. Nighttime ventilation improves respiratory failure in secondary kyphoscoliosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;129:240-243.
93. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1230-1235.
94. Davies RJ, Stradling JR. The relationship between neck circumference, radiographic pharyngeal anatomy, and the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J. 1990;3:509-514.
95. Judd BG, Liu S, Sateia MJ. Cardiovascular abnormalities in sleep-disordered breathing. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;24:315-322.
96. Atwood CW Jr, McCrory D, Garcia JG, Abman SH, Ahearn GS Pulmonary artery hypertension and sleep-disordered breathing: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2004;126(suppl):72S-77S.
97. Bradley TD, Rutherford R, Grossman RF, Lue F, Zamel N, Moldofsky H, Phillipson EA. Role of daytime hypoxemia in the pathogenesis of right heart failure in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;131:835-839.
98. Sajkov D, Cowie RJ, Thornton AT, Espinoza HA, McEvoy RD. Pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:416-422.
99. Guidry UC, Mendes LA, Evans JC, Levy D, O'Connor GT, Larson MG, Gottlieb DJ, Benjamin EJ. Echocardiographic features of the right heart in sleep-disordered breathing: the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:933-938.
100. Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J. Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1378-1384.
101. Becker HF, Jerrentrup A, Ploch T, Grote L, Penzel T, Sullivan CE, Peter JH. Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation. 2003;107:68-73.
102. Dimsdale JE, Loredo JS, Profant J. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure: a placebo trial. Hypertension. 2000;35(1 Pt 1):144-147.
103. Faccenda JF, Mackay TW, Boon NA, Douglas NJ. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:344-348.
104. Shamsuzzaman AS, Gersh BJ, Somers VK. Obstructive sleep apnea: implications for cardiac and vascular disease. JAMA. 2003;290:1906-1914.
105. Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, Lee ET, Newman AB, Javier Nieto F, O'Connor GT, Boland LL, Schwartz JE, Samet JM. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:19-25.
106. Franklin KA, Nilsson JB, Sahlin C, Naslund U. Sleep apnea and nocturnal angina. Lancet. 1995;345:1085-1087.
107. Peled N, Abinader EG, Pillar G, Sharif D, Lavie P. Nocturnal ischemic events in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and ischemic heart disease: effects of continuous positive air pressure treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:1744-1749.
108. Barvaux V, Aubert G, Rodenstein D. Clinical review article: weight loss as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med Rev. 2000;4:435-452.
109. Sajkov D, Wang T, Saunders NA, Bune AJ, McEvoy RD. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment improves pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:152-158.
110. Arias MA, Garcia-Rio F, Alonso-Fernandez A, Martinez I, Villamor J. Pulmonary hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea: effects of continuous positive airway pressure: a randomized, controlled cross-over study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1106-1113.
111. Arzt M, Schulz M, Wensel R, Montalvan S, Blumberg FC, Riegger GA, Pfeifer M. Nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure improves ventilatory efficiency during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Chest. 2005;127:794-802.
112. Zohar Y, Talmi YP, Frenkel H, Finkelstein Y, Rudnicki C, Fried M, Zahavi Y. Cardiac function in obstructive sleep apnea patients following uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;107:390-394.
113. Seshadri N, Gildea TR, McCarthy K, Pothier C, Kavuru MS, Lauer MS. Association of an abnormal exercise heart rate recovery with pulmonary function abnormalities. Chest. 2004;125:1286-1291.
114. Mapel DW, Dedrick D, Davis K. Trends and cardiovascular co-morbidities of COPD patients in the Veterans Administration Medical System, 1991-1999. Copd. 2005;2:35-41.
115. LeJemtel TH, Serrano C. Vasopressin dysregulation: hyponatremia, fluid retention and congestive heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2007;120:1-9.
116. Sin DD, Wu L, Man SF. The relationship between reduced lung function and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based study and a systematic review of the literature. Chest. 2005;127:1952-1959.
117. Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115-126.
118. Gan WQ, Man SF, Senthilselvan A, Sin DD. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thorax. 2004;59:574-580.
119. Dentener MA, Creutzberg EC, Schols AM, Mantovani A, van't Veer C, Buurman WA, Wouters EF. Systemic anti-inflammatory mediators in COPD: increase in soluble interleukin 1 receptor II during treatment of exacerbations. Thorax. 2001;56:721-726.
120. Eid AA, Ionescu AA, Nixon LS, Lewis-Jenkins V, Matthews SB, Griffiths TL, Shale DJ. Inflammatory response and body composition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1414-1418.
121. Mannino DM, Ford ES, Redd SC. Obstructive and restrictive lung disease and markers of inflammation: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination. Am J Med. 2003;114:758-762.
122. Sin DD, Man SF. Why are patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases? The potential role of systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Circulation. 2003;107:1514-1519.
123. Yasuda N, Gotoh K, Minatoguchi S, Asano K, Nishigaki K, Nomura M, Ohno A, Watanabe M, Sano H, Kumada H, Sawa T, Fujiwara H. An increase of soluble Fas, an inhibitor of apoptosis, associated with progression of COPD. Respir Med. 1998;92:993-999.
124. Perera WR, Hurst JR, Wilkinson TM, Sapsford RJ, Mullerova H, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA. Inflammatory changes, recovery and recurrence at COPD exacerbation. Eur Respir J. 2007;29:527-534.
125. Dahl M, Vestbo J, Lange P, Bojesen SE, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. C-reactive protein as a predictor of prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:250-255.
126. Hurst JR, Donaldson GC, Perera WR, Wilkinson TM, Bilello JA, Hagan GW, Vessey RS, Wedzicha JA. Use of plasma biomarkers at exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:867-874.
127. Man SF, Connett JE, Anthonisen NR, Wise RA, Tashkin DP, Sin DD. C-reactive protein and mortality in mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2006;61:849-853.
128. Pinto-Plata VM, Mullerova H, Toso JF, Feudjo-Tepie M, Soriano JB, Vessey RS, Celli BR. C-reactive protein in patients with COPD, control smokers and non-smokers. Thorax. 2006;61:23-28.
129. de Torres JP, Cordoba-Lanus E, Lopez-Aguilar C, Muros de Fuentes M, Montejo de Garcini A, Aguirre-Jaime A, Celli BR, Casanova C. C-reactive protein levels and clinically important predictive outcomes in stable COPD patients. Eur Respir J. 2006;27:902-907.
130. Sin DD, Lacy P, York E, Man SF. Effects of fluticasone on systemic markers of inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:760-765.
131. Hansell AL, Walk JA, Soriano JB. What do chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients die from? A multiple cause coding analysis. Eur Respir J. 2003;22:809-814.
132. Camilli AE, Robbins DR, Lebowitz MD. Death certificate reporting of confirmed airways obstructive disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133:795-800.
133. Janssens JP, Herrmann F, MacGee W, Michel JP. Cause of death in older patients with anatomo-pathological evidence of chronic bronchitis or emphysema: a case-control study based on autopsy findings. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:571-576.
134. Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Tuomilehto J, Puska P. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis and the risk of coronary disease. Lancet. 1996;348:567-572.
135. Engstrom G, Wollmer P, Hedblad B, Juul-Moller S, Valind S, Janzon L. Occurrence and prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmia is related to pulmonary function: a study from "men born in 1914," Malmo, Sweden. Circulation. 2001;103:3086-3091.
136. Speizer FE, Fay ME, Dockery DW, Ferris BG Jr. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality in six US cities. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;140:S49-S55.
137. Schunemann HJ, Dorn J, Grant BJ, Winkelstein W, Jr., Trevisan M. Pulmonary function is a long-term predictor of mortality in the general population: 29-year follow-up of the Buffalo Health Study. Chest. 2000;118:656-664.
138. Hospers JJ, Postma DS, Rijcken B, Weiss ST, Schouten JP. Histamine airway hyper-responsiveness and mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cohort study. Lancet. 2000;356:1313-1317.
139. Higgins MW, Keller JB. Predictors of mortality in the adult population of Tecumseh. Arch Environ Health. 1970;21:418-424.
140. Sin DD, Man SF. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2005;2:8-11.
141. Tockman MS, Pearson JD, Fleg JL, Metter EJ, Kao SY, Rampal KG, Cruise LJ, Fozard JL. Rapid decline in FEV1. A new risk factor for coronary heart disease mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:390-398.
142. Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Enright PL, Manfreda J. Hospitalizations and mortality in the Lung Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:333-339.
143. Mancini GB, Etminan M, Zhang B, Levesque LE, FitzGerald JM, Brophy JM. Reduction of morbidity and mortality by statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:2554-2560.
144. Soyseth V, Brekke PH, Smith P, Omland T. Statin use is associated with reduced mortality in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2007;29:279-283.